Anatomy Unit Vi- Ch 20&21

Front 1

Testes produce

Back 1

Sperm and androgen hormone

Front 2

What does the epididymis do?

Back 2

Stores sperm until they're mature enough to go into the vas deferens

Front 3

What does the prostate gland secrete?

Back 3

Fluid that protects and nourishes sperm

Front 4

What does the bulbourethral gland do

Back 4

Secretes an alkaline substance before sperm enters the urethra, to protect again urine acid and vaginal acidity

Front 5

What function does the acrosome have

Back 5

Located at the head of a sperm, contains enzymes to break down the egg barrier for fertilization

Front 6

What's the definition of Amenorrhea?

Back 6

Absence of menstruation

Front 7

Disorders of ovaries, pituitary glands, hypothalamus or uterus can lead to

Back 7

Amenorrhea-lack of menstruation

Front 8

Menstruation cramps caused by prostaglandin release when fertilization doesn't occur is called?

Back 8

Dysmenorrhea

Front 9

Menopause marks the end of menstruation that typically happens by age

Back 9

50

Front 10

When the egg is released for ovulation, what triggers it?

Back 10

FSH & LH

Front 11

Shedding of the uterine lining every 28 days, due to an unfertilized egg is called?

Back 11

Menses

Front 12

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle

Back 12

Menstrual- thickened endometrial sheds

Follicular- new endometrium forms in anticipation of fertilized egg( triggered by FSH)

Ovulation- mature egg released from follicle into fallopian tube (triggered by LH)

Front 13

Ovulation occurs how many days after the beginning of a cycle?

Back 13

14

Front 14

What is the Myometrium?

Back 14

Thick muscle layer that contracts during labor

Front 15

What is the Endometrium?

Back 15

Vascular inner lining

Front 16

Endometrium sheds if fertilization doesn't occur, what happens to it if it does?

Back 16

Becomes thicker- stimulated by estrogen

Front 17

What triggers the mammory glands?

Back 17

Prolactin

Front 18

Where are alveolar glands located?

Back 18

In the areola

Front 19

What are the alveolar glands for?

Back 19

To lubricate the skin during suckling

Front 20

Perineum is located

Back 20

Between the anus and genitals

Front 21

Where does fertilization occur?

Back 21

In the fallopian tube

Front 22

When a sperm and an egg come together, what do they form?

Back 22

A zygote

Front 23

What's a haploid?

Back 23

Cell that has half the usual number of chromosomes

Front 24

What's a gamete?

Back 24

A mature male or female haploid

Front 25

The embryonic disc has three layers, what are they?

Back 25

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Front 26

Where is the embryonic disc located?

Back 26

Inside the amniotic cavity

Front 27

Chorionic villi are finger like projections that contain capillaries and emerge from

Back 27

Chorionic and enter the endometrium

Front 28

A single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing containing half the original generated info. What is this called

Back 28

Meisosis

Front 29

Sex cells are also called

Back 29

Gametes

Front 30

What does the yolk sac do for the fetus?

Back 30

Brings in nutrition and aids the fetus as it's circulatory system

Front 31

The baby is considered a fetus between the ages of

Back 31

8wks to birth

Front 32

The baby is considered an embryo from what age

Back 32

Fertilization to 8 weeks

Front 33

Where does FSH, Oxytocin, prolactin, and LH come from?

Back 33

The pituitary

Front 34

What hormone stimulates:

Follicle development

Production of estrogen by follicles

Meisosis in oocytes

Sperm production

Back 34

FSH

Front 35

What hormone

Triggers ovulation

Formation of corpus luteum from ruptured follicles

Sperm maturation

Back 35

LH

Front 36

What's oxytocins job?

Back 36

Stimulate uterine contractions at birth

Milk let down

Front 37

What inhibits LH & FSH production in the anterior pituitary?

Back 37

Testosterone

Front 38

What do trophoblastic cells secrete?

Back 38

hCG

Front 39

Estrogen and progesterone come from the corpus luteum and later from the

Back 39

Placenta

Front 40

Estrogen increases receptors for ______ in the Myometrium for labor

Back 40

Oxytocin

Front 41

What does progesterone inhibit?

Back 41

Contractions of the uterus

Front 42

What stimulates Endometrium gland development?

Back 42

Progesterone

Front 43

Progesterone helps develop mammory gland _____

Back 43

Alveoli

Front 44

What does prolactin stimulate?

Back 44

Milk production

Front 45

What does the umbilical cord connect the fetus to?

Back 45

The placenta

Front 46

How many arteries/veins does the umbilical cord have inside it?

Back 46

2 arteries

1 vein

Front 47

Arteries in the womb for baby are what color? Making veins the opposite?

Back 47

Arteries are blue

Veins are red

Front 48

What are the jobs of the placenta?

Back 48

Allows diffusion of nutrients n wastes to and from Mom's blood

Secretes estrogen, hCG, progesterone & relaxine

Front 49

What is the major channel that develops through the embryonic liver, from the left umbilical vein to the IVC?

Back 49

Ductus venosus

Front 50

The ductus arteriosus is the fetal

Back 50

Blood vessel that joins the the Aorta with the pulmonary artery

Front 51

Foramen ovale is the septal opening between

Back 51

The left n right atriums

Front 52

Three stages of labor?

Back 52

First- dialation

Second- birth

Third- delivery of placenta

Front 53

ATGC is an example of

Back 53

A Genotype

Front 54

Genotype is an actual generic make up, a set of

Back 54

Traits

Front 55

A phenotype is how genes are

Back 55

Expressed on the outside

Front 56

The phenotype is an interaction with it's

Back 56

Genotype and environment

Front 57

Individuals (such as twins) that have identical alleles for a given trait are

Back 57

Homozygous

Front 58

Having dissimilar pairs of genes/alleles for any hereditary characteristics is called

Back 58

Heterozygous

Front 59

Single nucleotide polymorphisms aka

Back 59

SNPs

Front 60

What is the most common type of generic variation along people?

Back 60

SNPs

Front 61

Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a

Back 61

Nucleotide

Front 62

Mitochondrial DNA is only passed down by _________, but can be received by _____&______.

Back 62

Women / men and women

Front 63

Mitochondrial DNA contain how many genes?

Back 63

37

Front 64

Meiosis is cell division process that produces

Back 64

Gametes

Front 65

Gametes are also called

Back 65

Sperm and ova

Front 66

Define spermatogenesis

Back 66

Creation of sperm

Front 67

How many chromosomes does a single sperm have?

Back 67

23

Front 68

When does sperm production begin?

Back 68

Puberty

Front 69

Lutenizing Hormone (LH) stimulates testosterone secretion, which in return promotes what

Back 69

Sperm maturation

Front 70

In a sperm cell, where is the mitochondria located?

Back 70

Tail- it powers the tail to propel the cell

Front 71

ATP it's made up of

Back 71

Glucose and oxygen

Front 72

What temperature do the testes need to be kept at

Back 72

96°

Front 73

If the temperature of the testes is higher than 96°, what happens?

Back 73

The sperm cells won't mature

Front 74

What's the function of Seminiferous tubules?

Back 74

Sperm production

Front 75

Where is the Epididymis located?

Back 75

Backside of the Testes

Front 76

What's function does the Epididymis serve?

Back 76

To house sperm while they mature

Front 77

The Ductus Deferens is also called

Back 77

Vas deferens

Front 78

The vas Deferens goes over top of what organ?

Back 78

The bladder n connects on the backside

Front 79

What is the function of the ejaculatory ducts?

Back 79

The meeting place of the vas Deferens and the seminal vesicle

Front 80

What does the seminal vesicle provide for sperm?

Back 80

Fructose for energy

Front 81

Prostate gland secretes an Alkaline substance that

Back 81

Neutralizes acid from urine and helps sperm motility

Front 82

Bulbourethral glands secrete an Alkaline substance as well that helps with

Back 82

Neutralizing acid from urine as well as acid inside a vagina

Front 83

What gland secretes the precum fluid?

Back 83

Bulbourethral glands

Front 84

Sperm mixed with secretions is called

Back 84

Semen

Front 85

Approximately how many sperm are in 2-4mL?

Back 85

100 million

Front 86

The flow of hormonal triggers in a male

Back 86

Hypothalamus releases hormones

To trigger the anterior pituitary to release LH & FSH.

LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce test

FSH stimulates Seminiferous tubules to produce sperm

Test inhibits LH & FSH production from occuring

Front 87

FSH _________ sperm

Back 87

Produces

Front 88

LH ________ sperm

Back 88

Matures

Front 89

Testosterone _________ sperm

Back 89

Matures

Front 90

LH __________ testosterone release

Back 90

Triggers

Front 91

What is released by testes to make the pituitary regulate FSH & LH

Back 91

Inhibin

Front 92

Define oogenesis

Back 92

Creation of egg cell and ovum

Front 93

Location of oogenesis?

Back 93

Ovaries

Front 94

Oogenesis is paused until ______ then stops at ________

Back 94

Puberty / menopause

Front 95

Ovaries start meisosis, then stops until

Back 95

Puberty

Front 96

A primary oocytes ( immature egg) is surrounded by

Back 96

Follicular cells

Front 97

What are the primary follicles

Back 97

Ovaries

Front 98

How many chromosomes does an ovum have?

Back 98

23

Front 99

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells- each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Back 99

Meiosis

Front 100

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells- each having the same number/kind of chromosomes as the parents nucleus

Back 100

Mitosis

Front 101

A _______ is a cell containing two COMPLETE sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Back 101

Diploid

Front 102

Define oligomenorrhea

Back 102

Infrequent menstrual periods

Front 103

Ovarian follicles contain one incomplete _______

Back 103

Primary oocytes (proto-egg)

Front 104

Follicle cells surround the primary oocyte, they are the

Back 104

Supporting cells

Front 105

The ovarian cycle does what

Back 105

Matures follicles and eggs

Front 106

Menstrual cycle happens in the uterus, to prepare for

Back 106

A fertilized egg

Front 107

Ovarian cycle releases

Back 107

GnRH

Front 108

When puberty begins the hypothalamus starts up the ovarian cycle to release the sex hormone GnRH to trigger the production of

Back 108

FSH & LH

Front 109

GnRH stimulates the growth of only

Back 109

One follicle- the most mature

Front 110

Follicle releases estrogen, triggered by

Back 110

FSH & LH

Front 111

Estrogen is released from a stimulated follicle cell, which then makes the estrogen trigger the release of

Back 111

Even more LH to finish the maturation of the follicle

Front 112

LH triggers the dormant oocyte (inside the follicle) to finish completing

Back 112

Meiosis 1, to move onto metapase 2

Front 113

When the follicle is a mature oocyte, it pushes up against the ovary wall and with the help of _________ breaches the wall and is released out towards the fimbriae

Back 113

Enzymes

Front 114

How does a corpus luteum form

Back 114

An mature oocyte gets ejected from an ovary, and the now damaged follicle it was encased in, slows it's estrogen production and forms into a corpus luteum

Front 115

The corpus luteum secretes ______,________&________ to make the pituitary to secrete more FSH & LH

Back 115

Progesterone, estrogen & inhibin

Front 116

Fallopian tube are made up of

Back 116

Sheets of smooth muscle &

Highly folded mucosa layer

Front 117

Meiosis 2 is only completed when

Back 117

Sperm meets an egg cell

Front 118

What are the layers of the uterus

Back 118

Perimetrium- outside

Myometrium- middle (contracts during labor)

Endometrium- inner mucosal lining

Front 119

What layer of the uterus has two layers of it's own?

Back 119

Endometrium

Front 120

If fertilization does not occur, what layer of the Endometrium sloughs off?

Back 120

Stratum functionalis

Front 121

The shedding of the stratum functionalis is triggered by a drop in what hormones

Back 121

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 122

If fertilization does occur, the progesterone from the corpus luteum will trigger the thickening of

Back 122

The strateum functionalis

Front 123

The vagina is approximately how long?

Back 123

4 inches

Front 124

What are the four phases of menstruation called in order?

Back 124

Phase 1- Menstrual

Phase 2- Follicular

Phase 3- Ovulation

Phase 4- Luteal

Front 125

Morula happens when Zygotes

Back 125

Divide

Front 126

Fertilization occurs where?

Back 126

In the fallopian tubes

Front 127

Two zygotes 23+23=

Back 127

Diploid 46 chromosomes

Front 128

Cleavage is the mitotic division, while staying the same size inside the

Back 128

Morula

Front 129

What does the hormone hCG do?

Back 129

Egg development

Stimulates egg release-ovulation

Increase sperm count

Front 130

GnRH is released in the male, causing FSH & LH to secrete into the blood, causing the leydig cells to release

Back 130

Testosterone

Front 131

When sperm are triggered by testosterone to divide, they completely split into 2 daughter cells and

Back 131

One stays to continue to duplicate and the other get pushed towards the (lumen) middle of the Seminiferous tubules

Front 132

Meiosis 2 begins in sperm before they even have tails. How many daughter cells form

Back 132

Four

Front 133

When the four daughter sperm cells reach the side of the lumen (Seminiferous tubules) each one

Back 133

Begins to form a tail

Front 134

Where do sperm gain their mitochondria?

Back 134

Epididymis

Front 135

What happens to the sperms acrosome inside the vagina

Back 135

The vaginas environment starts the break down the outer covering allowing the sperm to secrete the enzyme to get into the egg

Front 136

Where does a diploid zygote form?

Back 136

Inside an egg, right after a sperm breaks the barrier

Front 137

The first stage of fertilization is

Back 137

The cleavage stage-when the cells split in two over and over

Front 138

The cleavage stage makes a zygote go from one cell into how many

Back 138

16

Front 139

A morula marks the end of what stage?

Back 139

The cleavage

Front 140

A _______ rearranges all the cells that were formed during the cleavage phase

Back 140

Blastocyst

Front 141

A blastocyst is contained by a single layer of

Back 141

Trophoblasts

Front 142

Inside the blastocyst that cluster of multiplied zygotes will collect to one side and eventually form

Back 142

Into the embryo

Front 143

Trophoblasts will eventually form the

Back 143

Placenta

Front 144

About a week after fertilization the blastocyst will

Back 144

Implant into the endometrial layet

Front 145

The corpus luteum excretes estrogen and progesterone into the Endometrium to make what possible

Back 145

Implantation of the zygote

Front 146

The trophoblasts secretes what hormone AFTER implantation takes place, to protect the zygote and stop menses from occuring

Back 146

hCG

Front 147

When delivery date comes near, the placenta stops making progesterone and kicks up the production of

Back 147

Estrogen

Front 148

Oxytocin is release before delivery into the Myometrium, telling the cells it's time to contact, this in return makes the placenta release

Back 148

Prostaglandin

Front 149

Prostaglandin and oxytocin releases ultimately cause

Back 149

Labor

Front 150

Zygote becomes a ____________

Morula becomes a ___________

Back 150

Blastomere

Blastocyst

Front 151

What four hormones does the placenta release?

Back 151

Estrogen, progesterone, hCG & Relaxine

Front 152

What does Relaxine do?

Back 152

Makes the cartilage in the hip area soften