Anatomy Unit I: General Terms/skin, Bones, And Muscle

Front 1

anatomical position

Back 1

-position of reference for all anatomical discussions
-standing straight
-facing forward/looking forward
-palms forward, arms near sides
-feet together

Front 2

median plane

Back 2

-plane that runs from from ventral-->dorsal, thus dissecting the body into right and left sides
-helps determine medial/lateral

Front 3

coronal plane

Back 3

plane running from finger tip to finger tip that divides body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

Front 4

sagittal planes

Back 4

any plane parallel to medial plane

Front 5

transverse plane

Back 5

-aka horizontal or axial
-runs anterior to posterior and divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top/bottom)

Front 6

superior vs. inferior

Back 6

-aka cranial vs. caudal
-higher (superior) or lower (inferior)

Front 7

anterior vs. posterior

Back 7

-aka ventral vs. dorsal
-closer to front (anterior) or closer to back (posterior)

Front 8

medial vs. lateral

Back 8

-medial=closer to midline
-lateral=father from midline

Front 9

proximal vs. distal

Back 9

-proximal=closer to body/reference point
-distal=farther from body/reference point

Front 10

superficial vs. deep

Back 10

-superficial=closer to surface
-deep=farther from surface

Front 11

ipsilateral

Back 11

same side as structure

Front 12

contralateral

Back 12

opposite side as structure

Front 13

basic bony landmarks (3)

Back 13

-head
-neck
-shaft

Front 14

fovea

Back 14

-L. pit
-indentation of bone

Front 15

trochanter

Back 15

-G. runner
-greater and lesser trochanter near neck of femur

Front 16

fossa

Back 16

-L. trench or ditch
-trochanteric fossa

Front 17

tubercule

Back 17

-L. swelling
-quadrate tubercule
-ischial tuberosity

Front 18

crest

Back 18

-L. crista=ridge
-intertrochanteric crest

Front 19

foramen

Back 19

-L. aperature
-obturator formane of hip bone

Front 20

condyle

Back 20

-G. knuckle
-medial and lateral condyle on inferior end of femur

Front 21

sustentaculum tali

Back 21

-healbone of foot
-L. to support

Front 22

caracoid process

Back 22

-G. like a crow's beak
-L. projection/outgrowth
-small hook on lateral edge of superior anterior portion of scapula

Front 23

pterygoid plate

Back 23

-portion of bone at skull base
-pterygoid=wing
-plate=flate, broad

Front 24

tissue

Back 24

collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them

Front 25

types of skin

Back 25

-thin hairy skin (most of body)
-glabrous skin (palms of hands, soles of feet)

Front 26

layers of skin

Back 26

-epidermis=superficial
-dermis=deepest layer of skin

Front 27

superficial fascia qualities

Back 27

-connective tissue
-contains veins, cutaneous nerves
-aka fatty layer
-irregular, loose arrangement of connective tissue

Front 28

deep fascia qualities

Back 28

-forms tough barrier covering muscles
-dense, irregular arrangement of connective tissue
-helps compartmentalize body

Front 29

types of cartilage

Back 29

-hyaline
-fibrocartilage
-elastic

Front 30

hyaline cartilage

Back 30

-covers surfaces of most bones
-protection for bones rubbing against each other

Front 31

fibrocartilage

Back 31

-tougher, subject to more wear and tear
-e.g. menisci of knee; head of mandible

Front 32

elastic cartilage

Back 32

-flexible cartilage
-e.g. external ear

Front 33

compact bone

Back 33

-aka cortical bone
-hard, white shell of bones

Front 34

spongy bone

Back 34

-orange/yellow/reddish color of bones
-marrow of bones
-red=blood-producing
-yellow=fat-storing

Front 35

composition of bone matrix

Back 35

-collagen-->resists tinsel (side) forces
-minerals (calcium, phosphate)--> resists compression forces

Front 36

flexion

Back 36

movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

Front 37

extension

Back 37

movement that increases the angle between two body parts

Front 38

abduction

Back 38

movement away from the midline

Front 39

adduction

Back 39

movement towards the midline

Front 40

medial rotation

Back 40

rotating movement towards the midline

Front 41

lateral rotation

Back 41

rotating movement away from the midline

Front 42

elevation vs. depression

Back 42

-elevation=movement in a superior direction
-depression=movement in an inferior direction

Front 43

pronation

Back 43

-moves palm of hand so that it is facing posteriorly
-forearms are pronated when typing on a keyboard

Front 44

supination

Back 44

-moves palm of hand so it's facing anteriorly
-hands are supinated when holding a bowl of soup

Front 45

dorsiflexion vs. plantarflexion

Back 45

-dorsi=extension at ankle so foot points superiorly
-plantar=flexion at ankle so foot point inferiorly

Front 46

opposition vs. reposition

Back 46

-opposition=thumb and little finger together
-reposition=thumb and little finger apart

Front 47

Bony landmarks

Back 47

-aka "bone markings"
-appear wherever tendons, ligaments and fascias are attached or where arteries lie next to/enter bones

Front 48

capitulum

Back 48

-small, round articular head
-e.g. capitulum of humerus

Front 49

epicondyle

Back 49

-eminence superior to a condyle
-e.g. lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Front 50

facet

Back 50

-smooth, flat area covered with cartilage
-where bone articulates with another bone
-e.g. superior costal facet on body of vertebra for articulation with rib

Front 51

groove

Back 51

-elongated depression or furrow
-e.g. radial groove of the humerus

Front 52

line

Back 52

-linear elevation
-e.g. soleal line of the tibia

Front 53

malleolus

Back 53

-rounded process
-e.g. lateral malleolus of the fibula

Front 54

notch

Back 54

-indentaion at the edge of a bone
-e.g. the greater sciatic notch

Front 55

protuberance

Back 55

-projection of bone
-e.g. external occipital protuberance

Front 56

spine

Back 56

-thorn-like process
-e.g. spine of the scapula

Front 57

spinous process

Back 57

-projecting spine-like part
-e.g. spinous process of a vertebra

Front 58

trochlea

Back 58

-spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley
-e.g. trochlea of humerus

Front 59

tuberosity

Back 59

-large, rounded elevation
-e.g. ischial tuberosity

Front 60

Types of solid joints

Back 60

-fibrous (interosseus)
-cartilaginous (growth plates, intevertebral discs)

Front 61

Fibrous joints

Back 61

-transfers weight/forces between bones
-allow little to no movement
-e.g. between bones of skull

Front 62

Cartilaginous joints

Back 62

-synchondroses=growth plates, hyaline only, aka "primary cartilaginous joints"
-symphses=intevertebral discs, hyaline or fibrocartilage, aka "secondary cartilaginous joints"

Front 63

Synovial joints

Back 63

-allow for increased movement
-produce synovial fluid that acts as a lubricant

Front 64

Types of synovial joints

Back 64

-plane
-hinge
-saddle
-condyloid
-ball and socket
-pivot

Front 65

Plane joint

Back 65

-synovial joint
-sliding/gliding movement limited by tight joint capsules

Front 66

Hinge joint

Back 66

-synovial joint
-flex/ext movement only
-loose capsule in movement direction but tight lateral to movement
-e.g. elbow joint

Front 67

Saddle joint

Back 67

-synovial joint
-allows flex/ext, abduction/adduction, circumduction
-articular surfaces look like a saddle
-e.g. carpometacarpal joint (thumb base)

Front 68

Condyloid joint

Back 68

-synovial joint
-allows same biaxial movement but movement in one plane is greater than the other
-e.g. metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)

Front 69

Ball and Socket joint

Back 69

-synovial joint
-movement in multiple planes/axes
-flex/ext, abduct/adduct, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation
-e.g. hip joint

Front 70

Pivot joint

Back 70

-synovial joint
-rotation around a central axis
-e.g. atlantoaxial joint: atlas (C1 vertebrae) rotates around axis (C2 vertebrae)

Front 71

diaphysis

Back 71

-midsection of long bones
-"between growth"
-primary center of ossification
-ossification begins after a vascular invasion of necrotic cartilage

Front 72

ephiphysis

Back 72

-rounded ends of long bones
-secondary ossification center

Front 73

traction epiphysis

Back 73

-bony landmarks/growths cause by stress/force of muscle attachments and actions
-e.g. greater and lesser trochanter of the femur

Front 74

epiphyseal plate

Back 74

-"growth plate"
-cartilage separations of the two centers of ossification (diaphysis and epiphysis)
-present in pubescent or pre-pubescent bones

Front 75

epiphyseal line

Back 75

-seam formed by fusion of diaphysis and epiphysis
-present in adult bones

Front 76

Types of muscle

Back 76

-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

Front 77

Skeletal Muscle Qualities

Back 77

-found in skeletal muscles
-striated
-strong, quick, discontinuous contraction
-voluntary
-multi-nucleated w/nuclei near fiber edges

Front 78

Cardiac muscle qualities

Back 78

-found only in the heart
-striated
-strong, quick, continuous contraction
-involuntary
-multi-nucleated w/nuclei within fibers

Front 79

Smooth muscle qualities

Back 79

-found in vessels, organs, glands
-spindle-shaped
-longer, slower contractions
-involuntary

Front 80

Functions of skeletal muscles

Back 80

-movement/move joints
-support/stabilize joints
-body heat generation

Front 81

Skeletal Muscle Nomenclature

Back 81

-Attachments (flexor carpi ulnaria)
-Function (extensor digitorum)
-Shape (deltoid)
-Location (biceps brachii)
-Appearance (lumbrical)