Anatomy Unit 4 Exam (Internal Organs)

Front 1

how many layers is the digestive tract composed of?

Back 1

4

Front 2

ths innermost layer of the digestive tract specialized to carry out various digestive functions, including absorption, secretion and protection

Back 2

mucosa

Front 3

what are the three layers of the mucosa layer of the digestive tract?

Back 3

(1) Epithelium
(2) Lamina propria
(3) Muscular mucosae

Front 4

what type of epithelium is in the mucosa layer of the digestive tract?

Back 4

simple columnar

Front 5

this is the loose, cellular connective tissue layer of the mucosa layer of the digestive tract that contains lymphatics, small vessels, and in some areas diffuse collection of lymphocytes

Back 5

lamina propria

Front 6

this is the layer of smooth muscle fibers in the mucosa layer of the digestive tract

Back 6

muscularis mucosae

Front 7

what are the four layers of the digestive tract?

Back 7

(1) mucosa
(2) submucosa
(3) tunica muscularis
(4) tunica serosa

Front 8

this layer of the digestive tract is a layer of moderately dense irregular connective tissue with few cells; it carries major distributing blood vessels, glands, nerves, and nerve plexuses, lymphatics and glands in duodenum

Back 8

submucosa

Front 9

this is the layer of the digestive tract that has mostly mechanical functions (tonus, transport, mixing); in the stomach, the stucture is more complex with three layers

Back 9

tunica muscularis

Front 10

what is the shape of the inner layer of the tunica muscularis?

Back 10

circular

Front 11

what is the shape of the outer layer of the tunica muscularis?

Back 11

longitudinal

Front 12

how many layers does the tunica muscularis have in the stomach?

Back 12

3

Front 13

this is hte layer of the digestive tract that is a thin layer of loose connective tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium, continuous with the mesentery

Back 13

tunica serosa

Front 14

this component of the GI tract starts at the level of the larynx, passes through the diaphragm and continues in the stomach; functions to move food into the stomach

Back 14

esophagus

Front 15

what are the three anatomically important regions that the esophagus passes through?

Back 15

(1) neck
(2) posterior mediastinum
(3) abdomen

Front 16

what type of muscle is contained in the upper 2/3 of the esophagus?

Back 16

skeletal

Front 17

what type of muscle is contained in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus?

Back 17

smooth

Front 18

this organ is located in the upper left area of the abdomen; continues digestive process begun in the oral cavity and converst it into a viscous mass

Back 18

stomach

Front 19

what two things does the stomach secrete into ingested food to continue the digestive process?

Back 19

(1) hydrochloric acid
(2) pepsin

Front 20

through muscular activity, the stomach converts ingested food into this viscous mass

Back 20

chyme

Front 21

the stomach secretes an intrinsic factor for absorption of what vitamin from the ileum?

Back 21

vitamin B12

Front 22

this portion of the stomach is right where the esophagus enters the fundic portion; upper bulging area above the entrance of the esophagus body

Back 22

cardiac portion

Front 23

a narrowed area of the stomach that enters the duodenum and contains the pyloric valve

Back 23

pylorus

Front 24

the mucosa of the stomach contains what types of glands, whose cells are responsible for secreting various products?

Back 24

simple tubular

Front 25

the main function of this organ is to absorb nutrients, electrolytes, and water, and also moves chyme forward and continues digestion with enzymes secreted by the liver, pancreas, and its own intrinsic glands

Back 25

small intestine

Front 26

how many divisions are there of the pharynx?

Back 26

3

Front 27

what nerve is responsible for stimulating the release of HCl and pepsin in the stomach?

Back 27

vagus (parasympathetic input)

Front 28

what type of input is responsible for sphincter function and visceral pain?

Back 28

sympathetic

Front 29

what three structures increase the surface area of the small intestine tremedously?

Back 29

(1) circular plicae
(2) villi intestinales
(3) microvilli

Front 30

what six structures does the small intestinal mucosa form?

Back 30

(1) plicae ciruclares
(2) villi intestinales
(3) glands
(4) epithelial cells with microvilli
(5) entero-endocrine cells
(6) goblet (mucus) cells

Front 31

how many meters long is the small intestine?

Back 31

6

Front 32

how many parts are there of the small intestine, and what are their names?

Back 32

3
duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 33

this part of the small intestine is a C shaped structure, most of which is attached to theposterior abdominal wall; it has four parts

Back 33

duodenum

Front 34

what are the four parts of the duodenum of the small intestine?

Back 34

(1) superior
(2) descending
(3) horizontal
(4) ascending

Front 35

this is the first of two parts of the small intestine that is referred to as the mesenteric small intestine; it is attached to the posterior abdominal wall by folds of the mesentery and moves freely in the abdomen

Back 35

jejunum

Front 36

this is a direct continuation of the jejunum that is slightly smalle rin diameter, with thinner walls and lower folds inside; the mucosa contains lymphatic nodules (Payer's patches) and is attached to the posterior abdominal wall via the mesentery

Back 36

ileum

Front 37

what are the lymphatic nodules called that are found in the ileum portion of the small intestine?

Back 37

Payer's patches

Front 38

the function of this organ is to absorb water and remaining salts from the rest of the digestive tract

Back 38

large intestine (colon)

Front 39

what surface of the large intestine contains no villi and is smooth, and most of the epithelial cells are goblet cells?

Back 39

lumenal

Front 40

the muscularis externa of the colon is arranged in three groups called the __ __

Back 40

taenie coli

Front 41

technically, how many parts does the large intestine have?

Back 41

7

Front 42

this part of the large intestine meets with the ileum at the iliocecal vale; extending from its lateroposterior wall is the appendix;

Back 42

cecum

Front 43

this extends from the lateroposterior wall of the cecum, and is found where the three taniae come together at the base of the cecum

Back 43

appendix

Front 44

this part of the large intestine is a fixed, immovable part that continues upward towards the right hypochondrium

Back 44

ascending colon

Front 45

this part of the large intestine is suspended from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure; it is freely attached, movable, and suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by mesentery

Back 45

transverse colon

Front 46

this part of the large intestine is from the left colic flexure down to the brim of the pelvis, where it becomes the sigmoid; it is attached to the posterior abdominal wall

Back 46

descending colon

Front 47

this part of the large intestine is S shaped and freely movable; goes down from the iliac crest down to the true pelvis

Back 47

sigmoid colon

Front 48

this part of the large intestine is thrown up into the longitudinal folds and has sphincters in order to keep it closed

Back 48

rectum and anal canal

Front 49

what line do the system of the portal veins and the inferior vena cava communicate at?

Back 49

pectinate line

Front 50

what type of muscle is the internal sphincter of the anus?

Back 50

smooth

Front 51

what nerve innervates the external sphincter of the anus?

Back 51

pudendal nerve

Front 52

what nerve innervates the levator ani muscle?

Back 52

pudendal nerve

Front 53

what type of muscle is the external sphincter of the anus?

Back 53

skeletal

Front 54

this organ is found in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen; it is the largest organ in the body after the skin, and has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Back 54

liver

Front 55

what are the 5 functions of the liver?

Back 55

(1) converts glucose to glycogen, stores vitamins
(2) bile secretion
(3) protein synthesis
(4) metabolism
(5) detoxification

Front 56

what is important in emulsifying lipids brought in by the digestive tract, and also functions to solubilize cholesterol and promote its secretion from the body?

Back 56

bile

Front 57

what are three proteins that the liver produces and secretes as an endocrine function?

Back 57

(1) albumin
(2) prothrombin
(3) fibrinogen

Front 58

what is the process of the liver converting lipids and amino acids into glucose?

Back 58

gluconeogenesis

Front 59

what product does the liver form when it deaminates amino acids; it is a nontoxic excretory product excreted by the kidney

Back 59

urea

Front 60

what are the three steps in inactivating drugs by the liver?

Back 60

(1) oxidation
(2) methylation
(3) conjugation

Front 61

what is the thin capsule of regular dense connective tissue that surrounds the liver?

Back 61

Glisson's capsule

Front 62

where is Glisson's capsule the thickest on the liver?

Back 62

hilum

Front 63

what two things enter and exit at the hylum of the liver?

Back 63

the portal vein and hepatic artery enter
right and left hepatic ducts exit

Front 64

what is the basic structural component of the liver?

Back 64

lobule

Front 65

what are the two sources of the blood supply to the liver?

Back 65

(1) portal vein system
(2) arterial system

Front 66

this system carries oxygen poor but nutrient rich blood from the mesenteric veins of the gut to the liver

Back 66

portal vein system

Front 67

what vein do the hepatic veins drain into?

Back 67

inferior vena cava

Front 68

from the preterminal and terminal branches of the portal vein system that run around liver lobules, the blood enters the lobule, where it runs between plates of liver parenchymal cels in irregular channels called __

Back 68

sinusoids

Front 69

this substance is produced in liver cells and flows in the opposite direction of the blood and into the hepatic duct

Back 69

bile

Front 70

this organ is a greenish colored sac which lies in the depression of the inferior surface of the liver bweten the right hepatic lobe and quadrate lobe

Back 70

gallbladder

Front 71

what duct drains bile from the gallbladder?

Back 71

cystic

Front 72

what duct drains bile from the liver?

Back 72

common hepatic duct

Front 73

what two ducts come together to form the common bile duct?

Back 73

cystic and common hepatic

Front 74

where does the common bile duct enter the descending duodenum?

Back 74

the major duodenal papilla (Vateri)

Front 75

what two ducts enter the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla (Vateri)?

Back 75

(1) common bile duct
(2) pancreatic duct

Front 76

this organ does both exocrine and endocrine secretion; it is the principle enzyme producing accessory gland of the digestive system

Back 76

pancreas

Front 77

the excretory product of this organ includes a wide variety of enzymes capable of breaking down nearly all organic constituents of food (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids)

Back 77

pancreas

Front 78

scattered patchets of what type of cells in the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagons and other hormones?

Back 78

islets of Langerhans

Front 79

what are the four parts of the pancreas?

Back 79

(1) head
(2) uncinate process
(3) body
(4) tail

Front 80

the exocrine secretory units of the pancreas are organized in grape-like clusters of __ which secrete into a branching duct system

Back 80

acini

Front 81

what artery branches off the celiac trunk and supplies the left side of the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Back 81

left gastric artery

Front 82

what branch of the splenic artery (which branches off the celiac trunk) supplies the greater curvature of the stomach to the greater omentum?

Back 82

left gastroepiploic artery

Front 83

what artery branches off the common hepatic artery and supplies the right side of the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Back 83

right gastric artery

Front 84

what branch of the gastroduodenal artery (which branches off the common hepatic artery) supplies the right greater curvature of the omentum?

Back 84

right gastroepiploic artery

Front 85

what branch of the gastroduodenal artery (that branches off the common hepatic artery) supplies the upper half of the duodenum and head of the pancreas?

Back 85

superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Front 86

from what nerves does the sympathetic input to the GI system come (up to the left colic flexure)?

Back 86

thoracic splanchnics

Front 87

from what nerves does the sympathetic input to the GI system come (after the left colic flexure to the anus)?

Back 87

lumbar splanchnics (L1, L2)

Front 88

what nerve takes care of parasympathetic input to the gut as far as the left colic flexure?

Back 88

vagus

Front 89

what nerves give parasympathetic input to the gut after the left colic flexure?

Back 89

sacral parasympathetics/splanchnics (S2-S4)

Front 90

the lining of the gut and its associated organs is derived from what embryonic structure?

Back 90

endoderm

Front 91

muscle, connective tissue, and other layers of the gut and its associated organs are derived from what embryonic structure?

Back 91

splanchnic mesoderm

Front 92

what is the future anal opening called in an embryo?

Back 92

cloaka

Front 93

the embryonic gut is divided into how many parts, and what are their names?

Back 93

3
foregut, midgut, and hindgut

Front 94

the passage of what substance stimulates gut development in the embryo?

Back 94

amniotic fluid

Front 95

when does the cranial end of the embryo open?

Back 95

3-5 weeks

Front 96

when does the cloacal membrane rupture in the embryo to allow the passage of amniotic fluid?

Back 96

7 weeks

Front 97

the remnants of the ventral mesentery from embryonic development exist from what level?

Back 97

from the umbilical vein upward to the diaphragm

Front 98

the aorta lies in the posterior abdominal wall in the embryo, where how many unpaired arteries arise? what are their names?

Back 98

three
(1) celiac
(2) superior mesenteric
(3) inferior mesenteric

Front 99

what division of the gut is associated with the celiac trunk arising from the aorta?

Back 99

foregut

Front 100

which division of the gut is associated with the superior mesenteric artery arising from the aorta?

Back 100

midgut

Front 101

which division of the gut is associated with the inferior mesentery artery arising from the aorta?

Back 101

hindgut

Front 102

what three organs develop in the embryo as an outpouching of the descending duodenum between the foregut and midgut?

Back 102

(1) liver
(2) pancreas
(3) gallbladder

Front 103

what are the four structures that are secondary retriperitoneal part of the GI tract?

Back 103

(1) most of the duodenum
(2) ascending colon
(3) descending colon
($) pancreas

Front 104

which thoracic vertebra contains both a full facet and a demi facet for articulation with the head of the rib?

Back 104

T1

Front 105

which thoracic vertebrae contain a demi-facet for articulation with the head of the rib?

Back 105

T2-T8

Front 106

which thoracic vertebra contains a superior demi-facet for articulation with the head of the rib?

Back 106

T9

Front 107

which thoracic vertebrae contain full facets for articulation with the head of the rib?

Back 107

T1, T10-T12

Front 108

what range of angle do the spinous processes of T2-T4 sit at?

Back 108

20-40º downward

Front 109

what range of angle do the spinous processes of T3-T8 sit at?

Back 109

40-60º downward

Front 110

what thoracic vertebrae's spinous processes are more straightly oriented?

Back 110

T9-T12

Front 111

this process laterally comes off the junction point where the pedicle and laminae meet

Back 111

transverse process

Front 112

the end of the tranverse processes in the thoracic region articulate with the __ of its rib

Back 112

tubercle

Front 113

what are the three components of a rib?

Back 113

(1) vertebral
(2) body
(3) sternal

Front 114

this part of the vertebral portion of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the same numbered vertebrae

Back 114

tubercle

Front 115

this part of the vertebral portion of the rib articulates with the vertebral body of the thoracic column

Back 115

head

Front 116

what are the three structures found in the vertebral portion of the rib?

Back 116

head, neck, and tubercle

Front 117

this facet of the rib is for the inferior costal facet of the thoracic vertebra numbered one number lower than the rib

Back 117

superior articular facet

Front 118

this facet of the rib is for the superior costal facet of the thoracic vertebra of the same number as the rib

Back 118

inferior articular facet

Front 119

this facet of the rib is for the transverse costal facet of the thoracic vertebra of the same number as the rib

Back 119

articular facet of tubercle

Front 120

this ligament surrounds the head of the rib and articulation with the vertebrae

Back 120

radiate ligament

Front 121

this ligament runs from the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae to the rib

Back 121

lateral costotransverse ligament

Front 122

this ligament runs from the superior aspect of one rib to the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra above it

Back 122

superior costotransverse ligament

Front 123

this ligament runs fro transverse process to transverse process in the thoracic spine

Back 123

intertransverse ligament

Front 124

what surrounds the articulation of the vertebral portion of the rib with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra?

Back 124

an articular capsule

Front 125

what type of joints are the articulations of the vertebral portion of the rib with the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebra?

Back 125

synovial joints

Front 126

this structure on the body of the rib lies just sternal to the articular facets

Back 126

rib angle

Front 127

this structure on the body of the rib houses the intercostal veins

Back 127

inferior costal groove

Front 128

what are the two structures found on the body of the rib?

Back 128

rib angle
inferior costal groove

Front 129

what is the order of structures that the inferior costal groove of the rib houses, from superior to inferior?

Back 129

Vein
artery
nerve

Front 130

what two ribs do not articulate with the sternum and are considered "floating"?

Back 130

11 and 12

Front 131

what ribs are considered true ribs because they articulate with the sternum?

Back 131

ribs 1-7

Front 132

what ribs are considered false ribs because they do not articulate with the sternum?

Back 132

ribs 8-12

Front 133

the first rib is fused with the manubrium of the sternum as what type of joint?

Back 133

synarthrosis

Front 134

the 2nd rib articulates at the stenral angle as what type of joint?

Back 134

synovial joint

Front 135

the 3rd-7th ribs articulate with the body of the sternum as what type of joints?

Back 135

synovial

Front 136

the 8-10th ribs articulate with the ribs above as what type of joint?

Back 136

synovial

Front 137

these ribs are considered false ribs because they articulate with the costal cartilages above

Back 137

ribs 8-10

Front 138

where do most fractures of ribs occur?

Back 138

where bone meets cartilage (most flexible here)

Front 139

this is the superior portion of the stenrum that articulates with rib 1, part of rib 2, and the clavicle; the inferior portion fuses with the body to form the sternal angle

Back 139

manubrium

Front 140

the inferior portion of the manubrium and the body of the sternum come together to form what structure?

Back 140

sternal angle

Front 141

this portion of the sternum has four segments that fuse between puberty and the 25th year; superior portion fuses with manubrium to form the sternal angle

Back 141

body

Front 142

this portion of the sternum is inferior to the body and partially articulates with rib 7

Back 142

xiphoid process

Front 143

what is the fiber direction of the external intercostal muscles?

Back 143

downward and forward

Front 144

what is the fiber direction of the internal intercostal muscles?

Back 144

downward and backward

Front 145

what is the fiber direction of the innermost intercostal muscles?

Back 145

downward and posteriorly

Front 146

what is the fiber direction of the subcostal muscles?

Back 146

downward and medially

Front 147

what is the fiber direction of the transversus thoracis muscle?

Back 147

upward and outward

Front 148

what is the fiber direction of the levatores costarum muscle?

Back 148

downward and outward

Front 149

what are the four accessory muscles of the thorax?

Back 149

(1) abdominals
(2) sternocleidomastoid
(3) quadratus lumborum
(4) sacrospinalis

Front 150

what nerves are the ventral rami of the first 11 pairs of thoracic nerves?

Back 150

intercostal nerves

Front 151

each intercostal nerve gives rise to what two branches?

Back 151

(1) lateral cutaneous branch
(2) anterior cutaneous branch

Front 152

this type of respiration is accomplished mostly by contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals which increases vertical height and A-P and lateral diameter due to bucket handle movement of the ribs

Back 152

quiet inspiration and expiration

Front 153

this type of respiration is when the first two ribs are elevated by contraction of scalenes and SCM, all intercostals contract, serratus posterior superior, levatores costarum, sacrospinalis, and diaphragm contract

Back 153

forced inspiration

Front 154

this type of respiration occurs when the last two ribs are pulled down by quadratus lumborum, intercostal constract, serratu sposterior inferior, abdominal musculature contracts and releases intraabdominal pressure, which pulls down on ribs and sternum and pushes upward in diaphragm increasing pleural cavity pressure

Back 154

forced expiration

Front 155

what is the first functioning system of the embryo?

Back 155

cardiovascular

Front 156

at what day in development are the cardiogenic cords in the cardiogenic areas of the embryo formed?

Back 156

18th day

Front 157

by what day in development do the angiogenic cells canalize to form the endocardiac heart tubes fuse together to form the pericardial cavity?

Back 157

21st or 22nd day

Front 158

after day 21/22 of development, the heart elongates and developes what five structures?

Back 158

(1) truncus anteriosus
(2) bulbous cordis
(3) ventricle
(4) atrium
(5) sinus venosus

Front 159

what forms from the splanchnic mesenchyne and surrounds the developing heart tube during development?

Back 159

myoepicardial mantle

Front 160

the myoepicardial mantle and the heart tube are separated by what substance?

Back 160

cardiac jelly

Front 161

the myoepicardial mantle differentiates into what two structures?

Back 161

myocardium and epicardium

Front 162

the endocardial tube during development becomes what lining of the heart?

Back 162

epithelial

Front 163

at what day of development does the heart bend on itself, forming the bulboventricular loop (common ventricular and atrial region)?

Back 163

23rd day

Front 164

during what weeks of development does formation of the interatrial and ventricular walls occur?

Back 164

4-8th weeks

Front 165

what structures are divided into the aorta and pulmonary trunks during development?

Back 165

bulbous cordis and truncus anteriosus

Front 166

this developmental defect is a defect of the foramen ovale; the blood flow is from the left to the right (increased blood flow to right atrium), pulmonary HTN, congestive heart failure, atrial arrhythmias, and increased risk of stroke

Back 166

atrial septal defect

Front 167

this developmental defect is when blood flows from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, and is a serious septal defect

Back 167

ventricular septal defect

Front 168

this developmental defect occurs when there is a ventricular septal defect, and the overriding aorta straddles the VSD, causing a pulmonary stenosis (increase in pressure) and R ventricular hypertrophy (and ultimately R ventricular failure)

Back 168

tetralogy of Fallot

Front 169

where does the heart lie in the chest?

Back 169

middle mediastinum

Front 170

this is the area above the heart

Back 170

superior mediastinum

Front 171

this is the area in front of the heart

Back 171

anterior mediastinum

Front 172

this is the area behind the heart

Back 172

posterior mediastinum

Front 173

the apex of the left ventricle of the heart lies at what intercostal space, 3-3.5 inches from midline?

Back 173

5th

Front 174

this type of pericardium is the outer sac that surrounds the heart and great vessels, and is attached to the diaphragm and sternum

Back 174

fibrous

Front 175

this type of pericardium has two parts, the parietal and visceral; lines the fibrous sac and the surface of heart and great vessels

Back 175

serous pericardium

Front 176

what are the two subdivisions of the serous pericardium?

Back 176

(1) parietal
(2) visceral

Front 177

this layer of the serous pericardium lines the fibrous sac

Back 177

parietal

Front 178

this layer of the serous pericardium lines the surface of the heart and the great vessels

Back 178

visceral

Front 179

the space between the two sacs (fibrous and serous pericardium) is filled with fluid and is known as what cavity?

Back 179

pericardial cavity

Front 180

this reflection of the serous pericardium is a space in which the finger can be passed behind the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and in front of the atria

Back 180

transverse sinus

Front 181

this reflection of the serous pericardium is a cul-de-sac where two fingers can enter the sinus between the right and left pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava on right and left atrium in front

Back 181

oblique sinus

Front 182

this groove on the outer surface of the heart houses the circumflex artery and coronary sinus

Back 182

atrioventricular groove

Front 183

this groove on the outer surface of the heart contains the left anterior descending artery

Back 183

anterior interventricular groove

Front 184

this groove on the outer surface of the heart contains the right posterior descending artery

Back 184

posterior interventricular groove

Front 185

this artery of the heart supplies the left atria, left ventricle, and portions of the septum

Back 185

left coronary artery

Front 186

what are the two branches of the left coronary artery?

Back 186

(1) circumflex
(2) left anterior descending

Front 187

this artery of the heart supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, SA node, and the posterior portion of the L ventricle in 80-90% of hearts

Back 187

right coronary artery

Front 188

what are the four branches of the right coronary artery?

Back 188

(1) branch to the SA node
(2) circumflex
(3) posterior interventricular
(4) marginal

Front 189

what are the three cardiac veins?

Back 189

(1) small cardiac
(2) middle cardiac
(3) great cardiac

Front 190

what cardiac vein helps to form the coronary sinus, which dumps into the right atrium?

Back 190

great cardiac vein

Front 191

what cardiac vein parallels the right coronary artery and brings blood from the apex of the heart?

Back 191

middle cardiac vein

Front 192

what external vessels of the heart bring blood from the lungs?

Back 192

pulmonary veins

Front 193

what external vessels of the heart take blood to the lungs?

Back 193

pulmonary arteries

Front 194

what two external vessels of the heart dump into the right atrium?

Back 194

superior and inferior vena cava

Front 195

during what phase of the heart beat are the valves of the heart open?

Back 195

diastole

Front 196

during what phase of the heart beat are the valves of the heart closed?

Back 196

systole

Front 197

oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in the __ __ in the prenate

Back 197

umbilical vein

Front 198

from the inferior vena cava, in a prenate, the blood is direction through the __ __ to the L atrium; it mixes with deoxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

Back 198

foramen ovale

Front 199

blood from the head and neck that comes in through the superior vena cava in a prenate passes through the R ventricle and exits the heart through the pulmonary trunk; the majority of the blood bypasses the lungs and gets to the aorta via the __ __

Back 199

ductus arteriosis

Front 200

what is the SA node beat rate?

Back 200

60-80 bpm

Front 201

what is the AV node beat rate?

Back 201

40-50 bpm

Front 202

what is the Purkinje fiber beat rate?

Back 202

30 bpm

Front 203

where does sympathetic control of the heart come from directly?

Back 203

directly from T1-T4 spinal nerves

Front 204

where does the sympathetic control of the heart come from indirectly?

Back 204

cervical ganglia

Front 205

the action of this control of the heart is to speed up the heart rate and force of the contraction

Back 205

sympathetic

Front 206

the sympathetic control of the heart ends in the __ __

Back 206

cardiac plexus

Front 207

what nerve supplies parasympathetic control of the heart?

Back 207

vagus

Front 208

the action of this stimulation of the heart is to slow down the heart rate and decrease the force of the contraction

Back 208

parasympathetic

Front 209

aspiration into the lungs is usually through what side of the bronchi?

Back 209

right side (because left side is at more of an acute angle)

Front 210

deoxygenated blood comes into the lungs via what vessel?

Back 210

pulmonary artery

Front 211

oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via what vessel?

Back 211

pulmonary veins

Front 212

how many lobes does the right lung have, and what are their names?

Back 212

3 lobes, superior middle and inferior

Front 213

how many lobes does the left lung have, and what are their names?

Back 213

2 lobes, superior and inferior

Front 214

this is a portion of the left lung superior lobe that acts like the right middle lobe

Back 214

lingula

Front 215

what fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?

Back 215

oblique fissure

Front 216

what fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?

Back 216

horizontal fissure

Front 217

what fissure separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung?

Back 217

oblique fissure

Front 218

the development of the lungs occurs as an outpouching of what structure?

Back 218

foregut

Front 219

at the root of the lung during development, the parietal and visceral pleura create a fold inferior to the root known as the __ __

Back 219

pulmonary ligament

Front 220

surfactant begins to be produced at __ weeks gestation

Back 220

28

Front 221

these are the spaces the lungs expand into when fully inflated (inspiration)

Back 221

pleural spaces

Front 222

these are the recesses where the ribs meet the diaphragm

Back 222

costodiaphragmatic recesses

Front 223

this is the area behind the sternum and anterior to the heart

Back 223

costomedial recesses

Front 224

nutritional blood supply to the bronchial walls is through __ vessels

Back 224

bronchial

Front 225

the posterior thoracic wall is composed of what five things?

Back 225

(1) bones
(2) muscles
(3) fascia
(4) costal pleura (internally)
(5) skin (externally)

Front 226

the posterior thoracic wall is in close relationship with the __ __, which lies posterior to the pericardium

Back 226

posterior mediastinum

Front 227

the posterior mediastinum is located anterior to what thoracic vertebrae?

Back 227

T5-T12

Front 228

the thoracic part of the descending aorta begins on the left side of the inferior border of the body of what vertebra?

Back 228

T4

Front 229

the descending aorta enters the abdominal cavity through what opening?

Back 229

the aortic hiatus

Front 230

the __ and __ descend on the descending aorta's right side and accompany it through the aortic hiatus into the abdomen

Back 230

thoracic duct and azygos vein

Front 231

what are the branches that come off of the descending aorta?

Back 231

(1) intercostal arteries for ribs 3-11
(2) subcostal artery

Front 232

the first two intercostal artery branches arise from the __ trunk

Back 232

costocervical

Front 233

the esophagus descends into the posterior mediastinum passing __ and to the __ of the aortic arch

Back 233

posterior, to the right of

Front 234

the esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through what opening?

Back 234

esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Front 235

at what level is the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

Back 235

T10

Front 236

at what level is the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?

Back 236

T12

Front 237

what two things does the azygos system of veins on each side of the vertebral column drain?

Back 237

(1) intercostal spaces
(2) mediastinal viscera

Front 238

each side of the azygos venous system is formed by the union of what two veins?

Back 238

(1) subcostal vein
(2) ascending lumbar vein

Front 239

the normal azygos vein drains the right intercostal spaces and emptires into the __ just above the right atrium

Back 239

superior vena cava

Front 240

what vein drains the two upper intercostal spaces on the left side?

Back 240

superior intercostal vein into the left brachiocephalic vein

Front 241

what vein drains the left intercostal spaces 3-8?

Back 241

accessory hemiazygous vein into the right azygous vein

Front 242

what vein drains the left intercostal spaces 9-11?

Back 242

hemiazygous vein and cross over to the right and drains into the azygos vein

Front 243

would you insert a needle to perform a pleural tap above or below the upper margin of the rib?

Back 243

ABOVE so as not to affect the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve

Front 244

would you insert a needle to perform an intercostal nerve block above or below the lower margin of the rib?

Back 244

below (to reach the intercostal nerve)

Front 245

lymph drainage from the greater part of the body is returned to the venous system mainly by what structure?

Back 245

thoracic duct

Front 246

the thoracic duct is an upward continuation of what structure, a sack-like receptable for lymph from the abdominal and pelvic organs and walls?

Back 246

cisterna chyli

Front 247

the thoracic duct ascends into the thorax behind the aorta through the __ __ of the diaphragm

Back 247

aortic hiatus

Front 248

at the level of what vertebra does the thoracic duct pass posterior to the esophagus and exit the thorax on the left side in the superior mediastinum?

Back 248

T5

Front 249

where does the thoracic duct terminate?

Back 249

the left venous angle

Front 250

the left venous angle is at the union of what two veins?

Back 250

left jugular and subclavian veins

Front 251

at the thoracic duct termination, it receives lymphatic trunks from what three areas?

Back 251

jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal

Front 252

what duct drains everything from the neck down except for the right arm and right thoracic region?

Back 252

thoracic duct

Front 253

what duct drains the right arm and right thoracic region?

Back 253

right lymphatic duct

Front 254

what does the right lympatic duct drain into?

Back 254

the right venous angle

Front 255

the sympathetic branches for the thoracic viscera are usually small and are __ __

Back 255

post-ganglionic

Front 256

the sympathetic branches that innervate the abdominal and pelvic viscera are gathered into three large nerves. WHat are their names?

Back 256

Greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

Front 257

this nerve is formed from the T5-T9 sympathetic preganglionics; it perforates the diaphragmatic crura and terminates on post-ganglionic neurons int he celiac, superior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia

Back 257

greater splanchnic

Front 258

what three ganglia do the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves terminate in?

Back 258

(1) celiac
(2) superior mesenteric
(3) aorticorenal

Front 259

this nerve is formed from sympathetic preganglionic nerves of T10-T11 and terminates on post-ganglionic neurons in the celiac, superior mesenteric, and aorticrenal ganglia

Back 259

lesser splanchnic

Front 260

this nerve is formed from the sympathetic preganglionic fibers of T12

Back 260

least splanchnic

Front 261

the parasympathetic system of the posterior thoracic wall is represented by what nerve?

Back 261

vagus nerve

Front 262

at the aortic arch, one branch of the vagus nerve turns under the arch and up the posterior side to reenter the neck as what nerve?

Back 262

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 263

the left vagus breaks up to lie on the anterior esophagus as the __ __ __ sending varous branches to the esophageal plexus and descends down into the abdomen to most of the digestive tract

Back 263

anterior vagal trunk

Front 264

what type of rami communicantes are found at the superior cervical ganglion?

Back 264

ONLY GRAY

Front 265

what are the only levels of the spine that a white rami communicantes exists in?

Back 265

T1-L3 (sympathetic chain)

Front 266

white rami communicantes carry what type of fibers?

Back 266

preganglionic sympathetics

Front 267

gray rami communicantes carry what type of fibers?

Back 267

postganglionic sympathetics

Front 268

what side of the body is the azygos vein located on?

Back 268

right

Front 269

this function of the kidney is to remove waste products of metabolism such as urea and creatinine

Back 269

excretion

Front 270

the kidney is an endocrine organ that secretes what three products (among others)?

Back 270

(1) renin
(2) erythropoeitin
(3) prostaglandins

Front 271

on the middle of the kidney's concave side is the __, which is the entry and exit point for blood vessels, nerves, and the beginning of the ureter

Back 271

hilus

Front 272

where does the ureter of the kidney begin?

Back 272

renal pelvis

Front 273

this portion of the kidney lobe contains all the renal corpuscles and the convoluted portions of the nephron

Back 273

cortex

Front 274

this portion of the kidney lobe contains the pyramid and renal columns

Back 274

medulla

Front 275

this portion of the renal medulla contains the straight portions of the nephrons (loops of Henle) as well as the collecting ducts (tubules)

Back 275

pyramid

Front 276

this part of the renal medulla contains the nephrons

Back 276

renal columns

Front 277

what is the functional part of the kidney?

Back 277

nephron

Front 278

this is the functional part of the kidney that is a tubule open at one end where it enters the collecting duct and closed at the other end at Bowman's capsule

Back 278

nephron

Front 279

about how many nephrons are there in one kidney?

Back 279

1 million

Front 280

this capsule in the nephron controls filtration of the plasma from capillaries

Back 280

Bowman's capsule

Front 281

this portion of the nephron reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, citric acid, and various other ions

Back 281

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 282

this portion of the nephron is the descending limb and does water reabsorption

Back 282

loop of Henle

Front 283

this portion of the nephron is responsible for reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions

Back 283

ascending loop

Front 284

this portion of the nephron continues the reabsorption of water and sodium and secretes hydrogen and potassium ions

Back 284

distal convoluted tubule

Front 285

this portion of the nephron arch together to form larger tubules that open at the cribriform area of the renal pappilla

Back 285

collecting tubules

Front 286

what do the renal pappillae open up into?

Back 286

minor calices

Front 287

the kidneys receive about how much of the cardiac output via the renal arteries?

Back 287

1/5

Front 288

these arteries in the kidney are branches of interlobar arteries that arch across the base of renal pyramids between the cortex and the medulla

Back 288

arcuate arteries

Front 289

these arteries are branches in the kidney from arcuate arteries and pass radially through the cortex and midway between medullary rays

Back 289

interlobular arteries

Front 290

these are branches in the kidney from the interlobular arteries to supply one or more renal corpuscles

Back 290

afferent arterioles

Front 291

these are fenestrated capillaries inside the renal corpuscle

Back 291

glomerulus

Front 292

these vessels in the kidney carry unfiltered blood away from the corpuscle

Back 292

efferent arterioles

Front 293

these are arterioles and capillaries in the kidney from efferent arterioles near the cortico-medullary borders; they accompany the loops of Henle and collecting tubules

Back 293

vasa rectae

Front 294

what are the four components of the excretory pathways of the kidneys?

Back 294

(1) minor calices
(2) major calices
(3) renal pelvis
(4) ureter

Front 295

this tube conveys urine from the kidneys to the bladder via several periastic waves per minute

Back 295

ureters

Front 296

this organ is a multi-layered smooth muscle bag

Back 296

urinary bladder

Front 297

what are the three nerve supplies to the kidney?

Back 297

(1) thoracic splanchnic sympathetics
(2) lumbar splanchnic sympathetics
(3) sacral parasympathetics

Front 298

what nerves of the kidney contract bladder muscle and relax the sphincter muscles?

Back 298

parasympathetics

Front 299

what nerve of the kidney relax the bladder and contract the urethral sphincter?

Back 299

lumbar splanchnic sympathetics

Front 300

developmentally, the urinary system arises from the __ __

Back 300

intermediate mesoderm

Front 301

this is the first kidney that forms that is not functional and disappears by day 25

Back 301

pronephros

Front 302

this is the second kidney structure that develops, and is partially functional in humans; the tubules arise on either side of the vertebral column from the upper thoracic region

Back 302

mesonephros

Front 303

the definitive kidney; it forms around day 28

Back 303

metanephros

Front 304

if there is a drop in fluid volume in the blood, what does the kidney secrete in order to regulate blood pressure?

Back 304

renin

Front 305

this organ is secondary lymphoid; it has several functions including lymphocyte proliferation, antibody secretion, destruction of red blood cells, and platelet storage

Back 305

spleen

Front 306

what are the five functions of the spleen?

Back 306

(1) proliferation of lymphocytes in response to antigen stimulation
(2) antibody secretion by plasma cells
(3) destruction of senescent red blood cells
(4) recycling of iron from destroyed RBCs
(5) storage for platelets

Front 307

this organ lies in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen against the diaphragm, covered by a thick capsule; it is brick red due to the abundance of red blood cells, with scattered small white spots

Back 307

spleen

Front 308

this pulp of the spleen consists of a complex interconnecting vascular sinus system separated by cords of reticular cells, some plasma cells and lymphocytes

Back 308

red

Front 309

this pulp of the spleen is lymphoid nodules and mature lymphocytes; there is no extravasated blood of local blood vessels; appears white because of dense population of lymphocytes

Back 309

white

Front 310

what are the three muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

Back 310

(1) quadratus lumborum
(2) psoas major
(3) psoas minor

Front 311

what are the 8 arteries that supply the posterior abdominal wall?

Back 311

(1) inferior phrenic arteries
(2) superior suprarenal arteries
(3) middle suprarenal arteries
(4) 1st to 4th lumbar arteries
(5) iliolumbar arteries
(6) renal arteries (inferior suprarenal arteries)
(7) testicular/ovarian arteries
(8) middle sacral arteries

Front 312

what are the 10 nerves that supply the posterior abdominal wall?

Back 312

(1) subcostal
(2) iliohypogastric
(3) ilioinguinal
(4) genitofemoral
(5) lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
(6) femoral
(7) obturator
(8) accessory obturator
(9) lumbosacral trunk
(10) sympathetic chain

Front 313

what spinal level is the subcostal nerve from?

Back 313

T12

Front 314

what spinal level are the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves from?

Back 314

L1

Front 315

what spinal levels is the genitofemoral nerve from?

Back 315

L1-L2

Front 316

what spinal levels is the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh from?

Back 316

L2-L3

Front 317

what spinal levels is the femoral nerve from?

Back 317

L2-L4

Front 318

what spinal levels is the obturator nerve from?

Back 318

L2-L3

Front 319

what spinal levels is the accessory obturator nerve from?

Back 319

L3-L4

Front 320

what spinal levels is the lumbosacral trunk from?

Back 320

L4-L5

Front 321

at what week are the gonads induced to develop by the primordial germ cells that migrate from the yolk sack to populate the mesenchyme of the posterior body wall?

Back 321

week 5

Front 322

the male and female genital system are virtually identical until the end of what week?

Back 322

week 6

Front 323

male development is induced by a transcription factor on the Y chromosome that results in the production of what factor?

Back 323

testis determining factor (TDF)

Front 324

this is the male gonad invested in the scrotum

Back 324

testis

Front 325

the function of this male reproductive structure is to produce sperm and secrete testosterone

Back 325

testis

Front 326

this hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics of maleness

Back 326

testosterone

Front 327

what three ducts do the sperm leave the testis through in males?

Back 327

(1) ductuli efferentes
(2) duct of the epididymis
(3) ductus deferens

Front 328

what are the three sources of blood supply to the testis?

Back 328

(1) testicular artery
(2) testicular vein
(3) pampiniform plexus

Front 329

what are the two sources of innervation to the testis?

Back 329

(1) sympathetic efferents
(2) sympathetic afferents

Front 330

what do the sympathetic efferents of the testis convey?

Back 330

vasomotor information

Front 331

what do the sympathetic afferents of the testis convey?

Back 331

pain

Front 332

this duct of the testis provides maturation and storage of the sperm

Back 332

epididymis

Front 333

this duct of the testis provides a passageway to to the urethra for the sperm

Back 333

ductus deferens

Front 334

these vesicles of the testis provide nutritive components for the sperm

Back 334

seminal vesicles

Front 335

this is the male organ of copulation; it has a body and root

Back 335

penis

Front 336

this is a sac formed by the continuation fo the skin and superficial fascia of the abdominal wall and contains the testes

Back 336

scrotum

Front 337

what are the seven layers of the scrotal sac from outside in?

Back 337

(1) skin
(2) tunica dartos (dartos muscle)
(3) external spermatic fascia
(4) cremaster muscle and fascia
(5) internal spermatic fascia
(6) parietal layer of tunica vaginalis
(7) visceral layer of tunica vaginalis

Front 338

what is the nerve that supplies sensory on the external genitalia to the penis?

Back 338

pudendal nerve

Front 339

what spinal levels does the pudendal nerve come from?

Back 339

S2-S4

Front 340

what nerves of the penis sense pain?

Back 340

sympathetics from the hypogastric plexus

Front 341

what nerves of the penis sense vasomotor and parasympathetic input?

Back 341

pelvic splanchnics

Front 342

what levels are the pelvic splanchnic nerves from?

Back 342

S2-S4

Front 343

what type of autonomic nerves are responsible for erection by dilating the arteries and enabling the cavernous tissue to fill with blood?

Back 343

parasympathetics

Front 344

what type of autonomic nerves function in ejaculation and also to close the internal vesical sphincter to prevent retrograde passage of the ejaculate into the bladder?

Back 344

sympathetics

Front 345

what are the regional lymph nodes to the testes?

Back 345

abdominal nodes

Front 346

what lymph nodes does scrotal lymph drain into?

Back 346

inguinal nodes

Front 347

the source of oocytes and hormones in the female reproductive system

Back 347

ovary

Front 348

the ovary is suspended from the broad ligament of the uterus by what structure?

Back 348

mesovarium

Front 349

these are bilateral tubes in the female reproductive system extending from the uterus to the ovary and function in gamete transportation and fertilization

Back 349

uterine/fallopian tubes

Front 350

this is a pear shaped hollow organ in the female reproductive system with muscualr walls; life support for developing embryo and fetus

Back 350

uterus

Front 351

this is the female organ of copulation; it passes through the urogenital diaphragm and begins with an ostium and ends with a recess around the vaginal part of the uterine cervix

Back 351

vagina

Front 352

what vessels serve the pelvis region?

Back 352

internal iliac arteries

Front 353

what branch of the internal iliac artery supplies the walls of the pelvis and the gluteal region?

Back 353

posterior

Front 354

what branch of the internal iliac artery supplies the pelvic viscera?

Back 354

anterior

Front 355

are the pelvic viscera intraperitonal or retroperitoneal?

Back 355

retroperitoneal

Front 356

are the ovary and tubes intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

Back 356

intraperitoneal

Front 357

this is a muscular layer that supports the abdominal and pelvic viscera, and is especially important when abdominal pressure is increased

Back 357

pelvic diaphragm

Front 358

what are the two muscles that comprise the pelvic diaphragm?

Back 358

(1) levator ani
(2) coccygeus

Front 359

this structure is critical in maintaining normal function of the deeper portion to the voluntary external anal sphincter

Back 359

puborectal sling

Front 360

what muscle may be weak in someone who has stress urinary incontinence?

Back 360

obturator internus

Front 361

what is the anterior boundary of the perineum?

Back 361

pubic symphysis

Front 362

what is the lateral boundary of the perineum?

Back 362

ischial tuberosities on both sides

Front 363

what is the posterior boundary of the perineum?

Back 363

tip of the coccyx

Front 364

what two triangles is it customary to divide the perineum into by joining the ischial tuberosities by an imaginary line?

Back 364

anal triangle (posterior)
urogenital triangle (anterior)

Front 365

what is the area called that lies betwen the layers of superior and inferior fascia that enclose the sphincter urethrae and deep transverse perineal muscles?

Back 365

deep perineal pouch

Front 366

this pouch is superficia lto the deep pouch and contains structures forming the root and crura of penis/clitoris and the muscles that cover these structures as well as the scrotum/labia.

Back 366

superficial perineal pouch

Front 367

what fascia bounds the superficial perineal pouch inferiorly and laterally?

Back 367

Colles' fascia

Front 368

what fascia bounds the superficial perineal pouch superiorly?

Back 368

inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

Front 369

this is a triangular shaped musculo-fascial layer that fills the gap of the pubic arch

Back 369

urogenital diaphragm

Front 370

what four muscles are contained in the superficial perineal pouch in both the male and female?

Back 370

(1) bulbospongiosus
(2) ischiocavernosus
(3) superficial transverse perineal
(4) deep transverse perineal

Front 371

what are the 8 contents of the posterior mediastinum?

Back 371

(1) thoracic aorta
(2) thoracic superior and inferior vena cavae
(3) vagus nerve
(4) esophagus
(5) esophageal plexus
(6) azygos vein system
(7) thoracic duct
(8) sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nerves

Front 372

what structure of the kidney controls filtration of plasma from the capillaries?

Back 372

Bowman's capsule

Front 373

from what four places are the sympathetic nerves of the kidneys derived from?

Back 373

(1) celiac plexus
(2) lesser splanchnic nerve
(3) least splanchnic nerve
(4) aorticorenal ganglion

Front 374

from what two places are the parasympathetic nerves of the kidneys derived from?

Back 374

(1) vagus nerve
(2) pelvic splanchnic presynaptics

Front 375

what type of fibers does the renal plexus contain (that senses pain)?

Back 375

visceral afferents of T10-L1

Front 376

the fascia covering the quadratus lumborum is also considered to be what other structure?

Back 376

anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia

Front 377

the upper margin of the thoracolumbar fascia that extends from the tranvserse process of L1 to the apex and lower border of the 12th rib

Back 377

lateral arcuate ligament

Front 378

what duct regresses in the male during reproductive development?

Back 378

paramesonephric

Front 379

what duct regresses in the female during reproductive development?

Back 379

mesonephric

Front 380

what two things do the sex cords in the male develop into during reproductive development?

Back 380

(1) seminiferous tubules
(2) rete testis

Front 381

in male reproductive development, testosterone stimulates the development of the mesonephric duct into what two structures?

Back 381

(1) vas deferens
(2) seminal vesicles

Front 382

during female reproductive development, the promordial germ cells form the follicle cells of what structure?

Back 382

ovary

Front 383

what three things does the paramesonephric duct develop into during female reproductive development?

Back 383

(1) oviduct
(2) uterus
(3) vagina

Front 384

what division of the ANS mediates male erection?

Back 384

parasympathetic

Front 385

what division of the ANS mediates male emission and ejaculation?

Back 385

sympathetic

Front 386

afferent (pain) fibers from the intraperitoneal viscera of the female reproductive system goes via what nerves to T11-T12?

Back 386

(1) uterovaginal plexus
(2) pelvic plexus
(3) hypogastric nerves
(4) superior hypogastric plexus
(5) lower aortic plexus
(6) lumbar splanchnic nerves

Front 387

afferent (pain) fibers from the subperitoneal structures of the female reproductive system (cervix, upper vagina) goes via what nerves?

Back 387

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

Front 388

this structure in the pelvis forms the funnel-shaped floor of the pelvic cavity and the medial slope of the V shaped roof of each ischiorectal fossa

Back 388

pelvic diaphragm

Front 389

what type of ANS fibers innervate the anal canal and internal anal sphincter?

Back 389

sympathetic nerves from inferiro hypogastric plexus

Front 390

what nerve innervates the external anal sphincter?

Back 390

pudendal nerve

Front 391

what are the four contents of the anal triangle?

Back 391

(1) anal canal
(2) internal anal sphincter
(3) external anal sphincter
(4) ischiorectal fossa

Front 392

what is contained within the ischiorectal fossa?

Back 392

pudendal canal (containing pudendal artery, vein, and nerve)

Front 393

what are the five layers of the urogenital triangle?

Back 393

(1) skin and subcutaneous fatty fascia
(2) membranous layer
(3) deep fascia (in males-Buck's fascia)
(4) superficial perineal pouch
(5) urogenital diaphragm (deep pouch)

Front 394

what are the seven things that are contained within the superficial perineal pouch?

Back 394

(1) root and associated muscles of penis
(2) root of clitoris and associated muscles
(3) bulb of vestibule and associated muscles
(4) superficial transverse perineal muscles
(5) branches of internal pudendal vessels
(6) branches of pudendal nerves
(7) bulbourethral glands (female)

Front 395

this is a triangular shaped musculofascial layer that fills the gap of the pubic arch that is formed by two layers of fascia

Back 395

urogenital diaphragm

Front 396

what are the two layers of fascia that form the urogenital diaphragm?

Back 396

(1) inferior (perineal membrane)
(2) superior

Front 397

what is the area between the inferior and superior fascial layers of the urogenital diaphragm called?

Back 397

deep perineal pouch

Front 398

what two muscles are mostly working during quiet inspiration and expiration?

Back 398

(1) external intercostals
(2) diaphragm

Front 399

what seven muscles are working during forced inspiration?

Back 399

(1) scalenes
(2) SCM
(3) all intercostals
(4) serratus posterior superior
(5) levators costarum
(6) sacrospinalis
(7) diaphragm

Front 400

what four muscles are working during forced expiration?

Back 400

(1) quadratus lumborum
(2) all intercostals
(3) serratus posterior inferior
(4) all abdominal muscles

Front 401

what does the endocardial tube become in the developing heart?

Back 401

the epithelial lining of the heart

Front 402

in the developing heart, around day 23, this structure arises when the heart bends on itself, and it is considered a common ventricular and atrial region

Back 402

bulboventricular loop

Front 403

what is the relation of the kidney to the peritoneum?

Back 403

primary retroperitoneal

Front 404

what is the relation of the pancreas to the peritoneum?

Back 404

secondary retroperitoneal

Front 405

what ist he relation fo the transverse colon to the peritoneum?

Back 405

primary retroperitoneal

Front 406

what is the relation of the ascending/descending colon to the peritoneum?

Back 406

secondary retroperitoneal

Front 407

what is the relation of the liver to the peritoneum?

Back 407

primary intraperitoneal

Front 408

what is the relation of the spleen to the peritoneum?

Back 408

primary intraperitoneal

Front 409

what is the relation of the duodenum and jejunum to the peritoneum?

Back 409

primary intrperitoneal

Front 410

what is the relation of 80% of the duodenum to the peritoneum?

Back 410

secondary retroperitoneal

Front 411

what are the 10 structures that are primary retroperitoneal structures?

Back 411

(1) kidneys
(2) ureter
(3) bladder
(4) adrenal glands
(5) aorta
(6) inferior vena cava
(7) esophagus
(8) prostate
(9) vagina
(10) rectum

Front 412

what are the four structures that are secondary retroperitoneal structures?

Back 412

(1) pancreas
(2) duodenum (except first proximal segment which is intraperitoneal)
(3) ascending colon
(4) descending colon

Front 413

what are the 10 structures that are intraperitoneal?

Back 413

(1) stomach
(2) liver
(3) gallbladder
(4) spleen
(5) jejunum
(6) ileum
(7) transverse colon
(8) sigmoig colon
(9) uterus
(10) ovaries