Anatomy Thorax Pericardium/heart

Front 1

What can be found at the level of the sternal angle (angle of Louis)?

Back 1

bifurcation of the trachea, aortic arch begins and ends there, and the superior mediastinum

Front 2

What area of the right atrium do the pectinate muscles cover?

Back 2

the anterior wall

Front 3

What is the main atrial supply of the pericardium?

Back 3

internal thoracic

Front 4

what drains the pericardium?

Back 4

percardiophrenic veins and tributaries of the azygos

Front 5

what is the sensory supply of the pericardium?

Back 5

phrenic nerve

Front 6

where is pain felt when sensed by the phrenic nerve?

Back 6

on the top of the shoulder on the same side

Front 7

what structure separates the anterior and posterior walls of the right atrium?

Back 7

crista terminalis, which is also the function between the fetal sinus venosus and fetal right atrium

Front 8

At what intercostal space is the apex of the heart located?

Back 8

5th intercostal space... this is where once can observe or palpate the beating of the heart

Front 9

at what vertebral levels do you find the posterior of the heart?

Back 9

T6-T9

Front 10

what are the 3 borders of the heart?

Back 10

anterior: right ventricle
diaphragmatic: mostly left ventricle and partly the right
Pulmonary: left ventricle

Front 11

where is percussion of the heart done?

What does this do?

Back 11

3, 4 and 5 intercostal spaces from left anterior axillary line to the right

it defines the size and density of the heart

Front 12

which embryologic origin does the coronary sinus arise from?

Back 12

venous sinus

Front 13

Which embryologic origin does the smooth wall of the right atrium arise from?

Back 13

venous sinus

Front 14

At which costal cartilage level do you find the opening of the following?

1. opening of the SVC
2. opening of the IVC

Back 14

1. opening of the SVC: 3rd costal cartilage

2. opening of the IVC: 5th costal cartilage

Front 15

What can a LARGE atrial septal defect (failure to close) cause?

Back 15

enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle as well as the dialation of the pulmonary trunk

Front 16

where would one listen to the right tricuspid?

Back 16

4-5 intercostal space

Front 17

What is the function of the fibrous ring around the AV oriffice?

Back 17

resists dialation, which could cause blood to be forced through the valve

Front 18

what role do the chordae tendenae and the papillary muscles play?

Back 18

prevent prolapse of the AV valve during systole, and thus prevent regurgitation

Front 19

When does the atria begin to contract, before or after the ventricles?

Back 19

before, which draws the cusps together and

Front 20

what is the general role of the moderator band?

Back 20

conduction of the heart

Front 21

where is percussion of the heart done?

What does this do?

Back 21

3, 4 and 5 intercostal spaces from left anterior axillary line to the right

it defines the size and density of the heart

Front 22

which embryologic origin does the coronary sinus arise from?

Back 22

venous sinus

Front 23

Which embryologic origin does the smooth wall of the right atrium arise from?

Back 23

venous sinus

Front 24

At which costal cartilage level do you find the opening of the following?

1. opening of the SVC
2. opening of the IVC

Back 24

1. opening of the SVC: 3rd costal cartilage

2. opening of the IVC: 5th costal cartilage

Front 25

What can a LARGE atrial septal defect (failure to close) cause?

Back 25

enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle as well as the dialation of the pulmonary trunk

Front 26

where would one listen to the right tricuspid?

Back 26

4-5 intercostal space

Front 27

What is the function of the fibrous ring around the AV oriffice?

Back 27

resists dialation, which could cause blood to be forced through the valve

Front 28

what role do the chordae tendenae and the papillary muscles play?

Back 28

prevent prolapse of the AV valve during systole, and thus prevent regurgitation

Front 29

When does the atria begin to contract, before or after the ventricles?

Back 29

before, which draws the cusps together and

Front 30

what is the general role of the moderator band?

Back 30

conduction of the heart

Front 31

At which costal cartilage level do you find the pulmonary valve?

Back 31

3rd

Front 32

what is the benefit of have pulmonary and arortic sinuses on the valve?

Back 32

blood sits in them and prevents the cusps from sticking and failing to close

Front 33

What can a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) cause?

Back 33

pulmonary disease and high blood pressure

VSDs count for 25% of congenital heart disease

Front 34

What are the two types of pulmonary stenosus?

Back 34

Pulmonary vavle stenosis: narrowing of the pulmonary valve

Infundibular pulmonary stenosis: underdeveloped conus arteriosis

Both restrict right ventricle flow

Front 35

Which has a thicker wall, right or left atrium?

Back 35

left

Front 36

What forms the smoothed wall portion of the left atrium?

Back 36

absorption of parts of teh embryologic pulmonary veins

the rough walled area is from the primordial left atrium

Front 37

What is a THROMBI?

Where do THROMBI form?

What can this lead to?

Back 37

1. Immobile clots

2. On the walls of the left atrium

3. they can occlude peripheral ateries --> can lead ischemia --> infaction --> to strokes (CVA)

Front 38

Where are trebeculae carnae more available, in the right or left ventricle?

Back 38

left

Front 39

At what intercostal level do you find the mitral valve?

Back 39

4th

Front 40

At what intercostal level do you find the aortic valve?

Back 40

3rd

Front 41

what is the functional value of the anastomosis of small branches of coronary arteries?

Back 41

slows progression of coronary artery disease

Front 42

What is artherosclerosis?

Back 42

hardening of the arteries, characterized by lipid deposits in the medium and large sized arteries --> causing narrowing of the arteries

Front 43

What is angina pectoris?

Back 43

pain in the substernal region and down th medial side ofthe left arm and forearm - caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

Front 44

What is the sinuatrial node?

Where is it located?

Back 44

pacemaker of the heart

in the right atrium - proximal to the SVC

Front 45

Where is the AV node located?

Back 45

posterior inferior region of the interatrial septum... near the opening of the coronary sinus

Front 46

Put these in the correct order: AV node, AV bundle, SA node, perkinje fibers, Right and Left bundle branches

Back 46

SA node > AV node > AV bundle > R/L bundle branches > perkinje fibers

Front 47

what is the average HR given off by the SA node (intrinsic HR)?

Back 47

70 bpm (pacemaker)

Front 48

Which branch of the ANS speed up and slows down the HR?

Back 48

Sympathetic --> speeds up
Parasympathetic --> slows down