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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are mammary glands derived from?
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Modified sweat glands -- derived from epithelium
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Where are mammary glands loacted?
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in the superficial fascia - superficial to the pectoralis major
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How many lobes of glandular tissue are there?
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15- 20 arranged radially around the nipple
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What do the supersory ligaments attach to at both ends?
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deeper membranous layer of superficial fascia to the dermis
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Where is the retromammary space?
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between the superficial fascial and the deep fascia overlying the pec major and serratus anterior
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What is the significance of the retromammary space?
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allows for movement on the toracic wall
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What supplies blood to the mammary gland?
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Internal thoracic artery, lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries, and posterior intercostal arteries
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What innervates the mammary gland?
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the inercostal nerves 4-6
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What type of fibers does the nerves innervating the mammary gland contain?
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Senory and sympathetic (no motor but the intercostal carries it -just doesnt take it to the mammary)
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What is the route of lymph from the nipple?
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subareolar lymphatic plexus, (axillary lymph nodes or parasternal nodes or abdominal nodes or conttralateral breast)
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Where are breast cancers usually derived from?
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epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts
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What is the primary route of spread of cancer in breast tissue?
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Mainly through the lymphatic but all the venous system
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What appearence does interference with lymph drainage cause in the breast?
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edema of skin -- the orange peel appearance
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What appearance does fibrosis/shortening or placing traction in the suspensory ligaments?
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Leads to the dimpling of skins
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What is the consequence of the invasion of a tumor into the retromammary space?
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Will fix the breast to the thoracic wall
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What are the general functions of the thoracic wall?
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1. protection of internal organs
2. aid in respiration 3. provides attachment for muscles |
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What takes up the majority of the superior thoracic aperture?
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2/3 taken by the suprapleural membranes
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What covers inferior thoracic aperture?
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the diaphragm
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What composes the thoracic wall?
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1. skin
2. superficial fascia 3. bony elements 4. intercostal muscles 5. endothoracic fascia |
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What is the endothoracic fascia? where is it the thickest
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A layer of deep fascia - called the suprapleural membrane above the 1st rib
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What is deep to the endothoracic fascia and adjacent to the lungs?
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the parietal pleura
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What are the muscles in the thoracic wall?
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1. External Intercostal
2. Internal Intercostal 3. Innermost Intercostal |
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Where does the external interocostal muscles extend from?
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from vertebral bodies to the costochondral junction -- muscle doesnt touch sternum - external intercostal membrane does
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Where does the internal intercostal muscles extend from?
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from the sternum to the angle of the ribs -- do not extend to vertebral body -- the internal intercostal membrane does
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What are the 3 subdivisions of the innermost intercostals?
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1. innermost
2. subcostal 3. transversus thoracis |
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Where are the intercostal vein, artery and nerve located?
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in the costal groove -- inbetween the interal and innermost muscle layer
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What structure is directly deep to the sternum? and deep to that?
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Sternum then trachea then esophagus
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What are the 3 branches off of the subclavian artery?
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1. Vertebral Artery
2. Internal Thoracic 3. Thyrocervical |
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Where are the subclavian arteries found?
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posterior to the anterior scalene muscles
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What veins are found in the superior thoracic aperture?
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Subclavian veins and internal jugular veins
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How many brachiocephalic veins and how many arteries?
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2 veins and 1 artery - right side
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Where is the subclavian vein found?
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anterior to the anterior scalene muscles
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What creates the brachiocephalic veins?
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the joining of the internal jugular veins and the subclavian veins
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What side of the superior thoracic aperture is the thoracic duct found?
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The left side only
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What is the thoracic duct?
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terminal portion of the lymphatic system - empties into the venous system at the junction of teh left internal jugular and left subclavian
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What nerves go through the superior thoracic aperture?
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the phrenic nerve and vagus nerve - both on right and left
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What spinal nerves go into the phrenic?
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C3, C4 C5
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Where does the diaphragm attach?
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xiphoid process of the sternum, costal cartilages and adjacent portions of the inferior 6 ribs, and more superior 2 or 3 lumbar vertebra
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Where does the right crus attach? the left crus?
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Right- first 3 lumbar vertebra
Left - first 2 lumbar vertebra |
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What is the blood supply to the diaphragm?
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the superior and inferior phrenic arteries, intercostal arteries, and internal thoracic arteries
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Where is the vena cava foramen in the diaphragm? at what level? What goes through this opening?
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Found in the central tendon at level T8 -- the inferior vena cava
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Where is the Esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm? at what level? What goes through this opening?
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Not in the central tendon - at Level T10 -- contains the espophagus and vagus nerve
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Where is the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm? at what level? What goes through this opening?
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At level T12 - Bounded by both crus and the vertebral body. contains - aorta, azygos verin and thoracic duct
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What 2 muscles attach up under the thoracic diaphragm?
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the psoas major and the quadratus lumborum
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What are the other names of the right atrioventicular valve?
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The tricuspid
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What are the other names of the left atrioventricular valve?
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The bicuspid and the mitral
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What are the branches off the right coronary artery?
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marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery
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What does right coronary artery do?
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supplies the right atrium, right ventricle and part of the left ventricle
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What does the left coronary artery supply?
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the left atrium, left ventricle and parts of the right ventricle
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Where does the coronary sinus drain?
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into the right atrium
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Name the veins of the heart that drain into the coronary sinus.
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1. Great cardiac vein
2. Posterior vein of left ventricle 3. middle cardiac vein 4. small cardiac vein |
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Where does the anterior cardiac vein and smallest cardiac vein drain?
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into the heart chamber
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Where is the base of the heart located?
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at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage
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Where is the apex of the heart located?
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at the 5th intercostal space
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Where is the aortic semilunar valve located? Where do you listen?
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Location- 3rd intercostal space, post to sternum
Listen - 2nd intercostal space |
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Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve? Where do you listen?
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Location- 3rd costosternal junction
Listen - 2nd intercostal space |
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Where is the Tricuspid valve located? Where do you listen?
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Location- 5th costosternal junction, post to sternum
Listen - lower sternal border |
