Anatomy Thoracic Limb Part 1

Front 1

Describe the calvicle in the dog and cat.

Back 1

Cat: seperate, nonarticular bone

Dog: rudimentary or absent, embedded in brachiocephalicus muscle

Front 2

What does the spine of the scapula divide?

Back 2

Lateral scapula into infraspinous and supraspinous fossae

Front 3

What is the acromion?

Back 3

End of the spine of the scapula

Front 4

What is the acromion?

Back 4

End of the spine of the scapula

Front 5

What is the caudal projection of the acromion found in the cat?

Back 5

Suprahamate process

Front 6

What is the glenoid fossa/cavity and its function?

Back 6

Cranial process near the glenoid cavity for the attatchment of the biceps branchi muscle

Front 7

What and where is the greater tubercle?

Back 7

Projection located craniolateral to the head tf the humerus-point of the shoulder

Front 8

What is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?

Back 8

The sulcus between the greater and lesser humeral tubercles for the biceps brachii tendon

Front 9

What is the condyle of the humerous?
How many are there per humeri?

Back 9

Entire distal end of the humerous,

1 per humeri

Front 10

What arises from the epicondyles of the humerous?

Back 10

Lateral epicondyle: extensors of the forearm,

Medical Epicondyle: flexors

Front 11

What foramen is found in canine and feline humeri and what passes through them?

Back 11

Dog: supratrochlear foramen - nothing passes through

Cat: Supracondylar foramen: medial nerve and bracchial vessels

Front 12

What and where is the styloid process of the radius?

Back 12

Distal pointed end of the radius, medial

Front 13

What is the function of the olecranon/olecranon tuberosity? What is the common name for it?

Back 13

Serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscle of the elbow.

AKA Point of the elbow

Front 14

Name the depression of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and its proximal and distal ends.

Back 14

Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)

Proximal end=anconeal process

Distal end=medial and lateral coronoid processes

Front 15

What and where is the styloid process of the ulna?

Back 15

Distal end of the ulna, lateral side

Front 16

List the parts of the manus from proximal to distal (and the bones of each part)

Back 16

Carpus (carpal bones),
Metacarpus (metacarpal bones),
Digits (proximal, middle, distal phalanges and associated sesamoid bones)

Front 17

What does the term carpus designate?

Back 17

Carpal bones and compound joint formed by these bones or the region between the forearm and metacarpus

Front 18

Name the bones of the carpus and indicate where they are in each row.

Back 18

Proximal row from medial to lateral: radial, ulnar and accesory carpal bones,

Distal row: numbered 1-4 from medial to lateral

Front 19

Which carpal bone is located laterally and palmarily and is considered a landmark?

Back 19

Acessory carpal bone

Front 20

List the bones of each digits and their locations.

Back 20

Proximal middle and distal phalanges (not middle for dew claw),

2 proximal sesamoid bones (1 for dew claw) on palmar side of metacarpophalangeal joints,

1 dorsal sesamoid bone for digit 1-4

Front 21

What is the fingernail-like structure covering the ungual process?

Back 21

Horny claw

Front 22

What is the shelf of the distal phalanx covering the root of the claw?

Back 22

Ungual crest

Front 23

What is the digit (P1, P2, 1 proximal sesamoid) +MtC1 that doesn't reach the ground?

Back 23

Dew claw

Front 24

What is the configuration of the shoulder (scapulohumeral, humeral) joint?

Back 24

Ball and socket joint (spheroidal)

Front 25

What type of motion is allowed by the shoulder joint?

Back 25

All movements (universal) but mainly flexion and extension

Front 26

What protects the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove?

Back 26

Extension of the shoulder joint capsule (connected) acting as a tendon sheath.

Front 27

What stablizies the shoulder joint?

Back 27

No true collateral ligaments, but infraspinatus tendon laterally and subscapularis tendon medially help stabalize

Front 28

What bones make up the elbow (cubital) joint?

Back 28

1.Humeral condyle 2.trochlear notch of the ulna
3. head of the radius

Front 29

What type of joint is the elbow/cubital joint and what action is allowed?

Back 29

Ginglymus or hinge joint, also compound

Flexion and extension

Front 30

What powerful ligament binds sides of all the joints of the limb except the shoulder?

How does this effect their movemnt?

Back 30

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments.

Limits to mainly flexion and extension

Front 31

What type of joint is the carpus? What movement does it allow?

Back 31

Compound/composite hinge joint

Flexsion & extension (also gliding and rotation)

Front 32

List the joints of the carpus and the movement each allows.

Back 32

Antebrachiocarpal joint: most mostment felxion and extension,

Middle carpal joint: less but considerable flexion and extension,

carpometacarpal joint: very little, mainly glinding,

Intercarpal joints: gliding

Front 33

List the boundaries of the carpal canal

Back 33

Carpal bones (covered by palmar carpal fibrocartilage),

accessory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)

Front 34

List the joints of the digits and the bones they are between.

Back 34

Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints: metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx,

Proximal interdigital (PIP): P1 and P2,

Distal interdigital (DIP or "claw): P2 & P3

Front 35

What bones are located on the palmar side of the metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 35

2 palmar sesamoids (main digits 2-5), 1 for dew claw

Front 36

What ligament extends from proximal P2 to dorsal P3?

Back 36

Dorsal elastic ligament (unique to carnivores)

Front 37

What flexor muscles effect the interphalangeal joints?

Back 37

Prox. IP: DDF and SDF

Distal IP: DDF only

Front 38

What is the function of the elsatic dorsal ligament of the cats digits?

Back 38

Oppose DDF, keeping claw retracted ("sheathing the claw")

Front 39

What local thickening of the deep fascia hold tendons in place?

Back 39

Retinaculum

Front 40

In which layer are the cutaneous muscles located?

Back 40

In the superficial fascia

Front 41

What is the function of the cutaneous muscles?

Back 41

Twitch skin, shoo flies away

Front 42

What muscles connect the thoracic limb to the head, neck and trunk?

Back 42

Extrinsic muscle of the thoracic limb

Front 43

Name 5 of the 8 extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb

Back 43

Trapezius
Omotransversarius
Brachiocephalicus
Superficial Pectoral
Deep Pectoral
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus Ventralis
Rhomboideus

Front 44

Which extrinsic muscle supports the weight of the trunk?

Back 44

Serratus ventralis
(forms a sling for the trunk)

Front 45

What muscles originate and insert on the bones of the thoracic limb?

Back 45

Intrinsic muscles of the limb

Front 46

What muscles replace collateral ligaments for the shoulder joint?

Back 46

Subscapular, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, biceps brachii muscles

Front 47

What is the common insertion of all 4 heads of the triceps brachii muscle?

Back 47

Olecranon

Front 48

Where does the biceps brachii muscle originates?

Back 48

Supragelnoid tuberosity

Front 49

What nerve innervates the triceps and other extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits?

Back 49

Radial nerve

Front 50

How are the forearm muscles groups?

Back 50

Craniolateral antebrachial muscles=extensors of digits and carpus

Caudal antebrachial muscles=flexors of digits and carpus

Front 51

Where do most of the extensors of the digits/carpus arise?

Back 51

On or near lateral (extensor) epicondyle

Front 52

What muscles arise/originate from the medial epicondyle of humerus?

Back 52

Caudal antebrachial muscles

Front 53

What innervates the caudal antebrachial muscles?

Back 53

Median and ulnar

Front 54

Where does the superficial digital flexor SDF and DDF insert?

What is the clinical significance of this?

Back 54

SDF: Middle phalanges
DDF: Distal phalanges

DDF affects the distal interphalangeal joint, SDF doesnt

Front 55

Where are most of the vessels and nerves of the arm?

Back 55

Medial side of the arm

For protection

Front 56

List main arteries to the forelimb and their location.

Back 56

Subclavian artery (medial to first rib)

Axullary a. (axilla)

Subscapular a. (along causal scapula)

Brachial a. (arm)

Common interosseous a. (last branch of brachial)

Median (forearm)

Digital arteries (paw)

Front 57

What are the locations of the cephalic and accessory carpal veins of the manus?

Where do they join and continue as the cephalic vein?

Back 57

Cephalic: palmer paw
Accessory cephalic: Dorsal paw

Meet above carpus to travel cranial on the forearm

Front 58

Can the lymph nods of the thoracic limb be palpated?

Back 58

Axillary: No

Accessory: can if present

Superficial cervial: yes

Front 59

What innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle?

Back 59

Lateral thoracic nerve

Front 60

What nerves does SS-MAR-MU stand for and from what areas of the brachial plexus do they arise?

Back 60

SS: cranial (supraspinatus, subscapularis)

MAR: middle (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial)

MU: caudal (median, ulnar)

Front 61

Where does the radial nerve become superficial and thus in danger of damage?

Back 61

Laterally under the triceps brachii muscle

Front 62

What are th 2 cutaneous areas of the forpaw?

Back 62

Dorsal paw: radial nerve

Abaxial 5th (lateral) digits: ulnar nerve

Front 63

What does the lateral view highlight?

Back 63

Cranial and caudal or dorsal and palmar/plantar surfaces of bones

Front 64

What are the radiographic landmarks for the lateral side of the limb?

Back 64

Spine of the scapula,
Greater tubercle (humerous),
Distal ula,
Acessory Carpal bone

Front 65

What are the radiographic landmarks for the medial side of the thoracic limb?

Back 65

Radial carpal bone,
Dew claw

Front 66

What are the caudal/palmar landmarks of the forelimb?

Back 66

Head of the humerous,
olecranon,
acessory carpal

Front 67

What does the craniocaudal or dorsopalmar view highlight?

Back 67

Medial and lateral structures of the limb

Front 68

Name 2 nomral structures that can be mistaken for fractures of the forearm

Back 68

Anconeal process of ulna,
sesamoid bones of digits or lateral collateral ligament of elbow

Front 69

On what side of the limb is the acessory carpal bone?

Back 69

Lateral and palmar

Front 70

Do you look for radiographic changes in the cartilage in OC?

Back 70

No, can't see. check subchondral bone

Front 71

List 2 of 4 common sites of OC (osteochondrosis)

Back 71

shoulder,
medial humeral condyle,
medial and lateral femoral condyle,
proximal medial trochlea

Front 72

What is the #1 site for osteochondrosis in the dog?

Back 72

Caudal aspect of head of the humerous

Front 73

Describe osteochondrosis appearance compared to normal

Back 73

Normal: smooth and round with no flattening

OCD: Flattening or cratering with chondral bone sclerosis (thickening) / +- joint mouse

Front 74

What can the cat's clavicle be mistaken for in a lateral radiograph?

Back 74

Bone in esophagus

Front 75

Where is osteochondrosis of the elbow located?

Back 75

Medial condyle of the humerous

Front 76

What can premature closure of either proximal or distal radial physis cause?

Back 76

Subluxation of the humeral-radial joint

Front 77

What is ununited anconeal process?

Back 77

Failure of anconeal process to unit with ulna after 6 mo. age

Front 78

What is fragmented medial coronoid process?

Back 78

Improper development and fragmentation of cartilaginous precursor

Front 79

How are medial and later epicondyles of the humerus differentiated in a lateral radiograph?

Back 79

Medial "squared" and extend further caudally than rounded lateral

Front 80

What is the location of most fractures in the humerous?

Back 80

Shaft (diaphysis)

Front 81

What hinders retraction of the median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat?

Back 81

They pass through supracondylar foramen

Front 82

What can cause premature closure of a growth plate?

Back 82

Injury to physis (growth plate)

Front 83

What happens if there is a premature closure of the distal ulnar physis?

Back 83

Cranial and medial curvature of the radius carpal valgus and subluxation of the elbow

Front 84

What type of fractures often occur in the radius and ulna?

Back 84

Open

Front 85

How are simple fractures of the ulna and radius often treated?

Back 85

With external casts

Front 86

HOw are olecranon fractures treated and why?

Back 86

Requires tension band appliance (2IM pins and figure 8 wire) to counteract pull of triceps brachii muscle

Front 87

What is the first thing you should think about when treating trochlear notch fractures?

Back 87

Need exact anatomical reduction because articular

Front 88

What is a Monteggia fracture?

Back 88

Fracture of the proximal 1/3 of the ulna with radial head luxation

Front 89

What is the "quick" that bleeds if a horny claw is cut too short?

Back 89

Artery in the dermis over ungual process

Front 90

How is cutting the quick prevented when trimming pigmented and unpigmented claws?

Back 90

Unpigmented: dont cut into visible pink cone,

Pigmented: shave off layers untill white area reached (just distal to quick) then use 1st to judge the rest

Front 91

What 2 methods of declawing ensure removal of ungual crest?

Back 91

Remove all to P3 or all (including ungual crest) but the base/flexor process of P3

Front 92

How is dew claw operation preformed basically?

Back 92

Guillotine nail clipper: blade in dorsal-distal interphalageal joint and other distal to digital pad

Front 93

How is dew claw removed in a neonate (new born)?

Back 93

Prep, cut dewclaw from metatarsal bones, single absorbable suture

Front 94

What, if damaged, causes luxation or subluxation of the carpal joint?

Back 94

Rupture of the palmar carpal ligament and the joint capsule.