Anatomy- The Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

General Somatic Efferent (GSE) nerves innervate what?

Back 1

1. motor innervation to the skeletal muscles

Front 2

General Visceral Efferent (GVE) nerves innervate what?

Back 2

motor innervation to:
1. heart muscle
2. smooth muscle
3. and the glands

Front 3

In the the cranial nerves General Visceral Efferent nerves are part of what system?

Back 3

parasympathetic

Front 4

General Somatic Afferent (GSA) nerves innervate what?

Back 4

motor innervation to skeletal muscles that develop in branchial arches of the embryo (pharynx, larynx, middle ear)

Front 5

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA) nerves do what?

Back 5

1. mediate special senses from organs developing in the ectoderm of the embryo (vision, hearing)

Front 6

General Visceral Afferent (GVA) nerves do what?

Back 6

1. mediate the general sensory innervation from the organs (heart, intestine,...)

Front 7

Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) nerves do what?

Back 7

1. mediate the special senses from organs developing in association with the GI tract (smell, taste)

Front 8

What type of control is the autonomic nervous system under?

Back 8

1. not under voluntary control
2. carries out its actions even when you are asleep

Front 9

What parts of the autonomic nervous system are under conscious control?

Back 9

1. focusing of the eye by the ciliary muscles
2. stimulation of the larcrimal gland to produce tears

Front 10

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

Back 10

1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic

Front 11

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 11

fight or flight

Front 12

When does the parasympathetic nervous system take over?

Back 12

1. takes over during relaxation

Front 13

What are examples of sympathetic responses?

Back 13

1. cutaneous vasoconstriction (face is pale)
2. dilated pupils
3. increased heart rate and blood pressure
4. digestive glands cease to secrete (dry mouth)
5. skin is sweaty
6. prickly sensation over skin due to contraction of the arrectores pili muscles (hair standing on end)
7. the bronchial smooth muscles are relaxed as is the smooth muscle of the gut (except for the sphincters)

Front 14

In the sympathetic nervous system which fibers are short and which are long?

Back 14

1. preganglionic are short
2. postganglionic are long

Front 15

In the parasympathetic nervous system which fibers are short and which are long?

Back 15

1. preganglionic are long
2. postganglionic are short

Front 16

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord at what levels?

Back 16

T1-L2,L3

Front 17

What do the sympathetic fibers use to leave the spinal cord? What structure are do they go to?

Back 17

1.leave spinal cord initially in the anterior primary rami, then take the white rami communicantes
2. this leads to the sympathetic ganglia

Front 18

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are carried where?

Back 18

in the cranial and sacral outflows

Front 19

What is carried in the cranial outflow?

Back 19

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, and XI

Front 20

What is carried in the sacral outflow?

Back 20

Sacral nerves 2,3,and 4

Front 21

Where does the sympathetic trunk/paraverterbral chain of sympathetic ganglia extend?

Back 21

1. the whole length of the trunk on each side of the midline from base of skull to tip of coccyx

Front 22

Where is the location of the sympathetic ganglia in the cervical region?

Back 22

1. on the bodies of the vert. posterior to the carotid sheath

Front 23

What is the location of sympathetic ganglia in the thoracic region?

Back 23

1. found along the heads of the ribs, outside the pleura

Front 24

What is the location of the sympathetic ganglia in the lumbar region?

Back 24

1. located along the anterior border of the psoas major muscle

Front 25

Location of sympathetic ganglia in the sacral region?

Back 25

1. just medial to the sacral foramina

Front 26

Where does the sympathetic trunk end near the coccyx?

Back 26

1. midline ganglion impar -where two chains join together

Front 27

What is the midline ganglion impar?

Back 27

area near the coccyx where the two sympathetic ganglion chains join together

Front 28

Are there the same number of spinal nerves as ganglia? What accounts for this?

Back 28

1. developmentally there was the same number of ganglia as spinal nerves
2. many ganglia fuse together which accounts for why there are less ganglia than spinal nerves

Front 29

In the cervical region how many ganglia are there and what are they?

Back 29

1. 3
2. superior cervical ganglion (SCG)
middle cervical ganglion (MCG)
inferior cervical ganglion (ICG)

Front 30

What is contained in the superior cervical ganglion?

Back 30

connected for outflow to C1-4 nerves

Front 31

What is contained in the middle cervical ganglion?

Back 31

connected for outflow to C5 and 6

Front 32

What is contained in the inferior cervical ganglion?

Back 32

connected for outflow to C7 and 8

Front 33

How many sympathetic ganglia are there in the thoracic region?

Back 33

10-12

Front 34

What usually happens to the first thoracic sympathetic ganglia?

Back 34

usually fuses with the inferior cervical ganglion to form the cervicothoracic or stellate ganglion

Front 35

What forms the cervicothoracic ganglion?

Back 35

formed by fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic sympathetic ganglion

Front 36

How many lumbar and sacral sympathetic ganglia are there?

Back 36

1. lumbar- 4
2. sacral- 4

Front 37

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers may synapse where?

Back 37

1.in a ganglion at the same level
2. at a different level (up or down)
3. or may pass through the sympathetic trunk and synapse with some outlying ganglion

Front 38

Where are there no white rami communicantes?

Back 38

above T1 or below L2

Front 39

What paths may postganglionic sympathetic fibers take?

Back 39

1. follow a spinal nerve
2. follow an artery
3. pass directly to a viscus (cardiac branches of cervical ganglia)

Front 40

The sympathetic supply for the limbs may run how?

Back 40

1. along larger arteries
2. then limb nerves
3. then back along arteries

Front 41

What are the cranial sympathetic nerves mainly carried by?

Back 41

the internal carotid nerve

Front 42

What is the internal carotid nerve? What does it continue as?

Back 42

1. superior prolongation of the superior cervical ganglion along the internal carotid artery
2.continues as plexuses around the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and opthalmic arteries

Front 43

The cranial sympathetic nerves are supplemented by a plexus around the vertebral artery originating from where?

Back 43

cervicothoracic ganglion

Front 44

Branches of the superior cervical ganglion are carried by what and to where?

Back 44

1. by the external carotid artery
2. to more superficial areas of the head

Front 45

The cranial sympathetic system supplies what?

Back 45

1. blood vessels and sweat glands
2. dilator pupillae
3. smooth muscle in the levator palpebrae superioris

Front 46

What causes Horner syndrome?

Back 46

interuption of the cervical ganglia

Front 47

What are the symptoms of Horner syndrome?

Back 47

1. anhidrosis (absence of sweating)
2. ptosis (drooping of the upper eye lid)
3. myosis(constriction of the pupil)
4. eyeball will be less prominent than usual (enophthalmos) due to paralysis of some smooth muscle within the orbit

Front 48

In the cervical sympathetic region grey rami are distributed to what?

Back 48

1. all cervical nerves and arteries in the vicinity

Front 49

Grey rami branches of the cervical sympathetic region going to the larynx and pharynx are mainly for what?

Back 49

1. for the blood vessels

Front 50

Cardiac branches of the cervical sympathetic region descend into the thorax to join what?

Back 50

cardiac plexus

Front 51

The sympathetic supply of the salivary gland has what function?

Back 51

1. unknown function since the secretomotor fibers are derived from the parasympathetic system

Front 52

Each intercostal nerve is connected to the sympathetic trunk by what?

Back 52

1. at least 1 white ramus and 2 grey ramus

Front 53

The grey rami in the thoracic sympathetic region pass to where?

Back 53

the aorta and its branches

Front 54

Which thoracic sympathetic ganglia pass to the pulmonary plexus?

Back 54

2-4

Front 55

Which thoracic sympathetic ganglia pass to the cardiac plexus?

Back 55

upper 5 ganglia

Front 56

Which branches of the thoracic sympathetic ganglia are the largest?

Back 56

1. preganglionic greater splanchnic nerves (T5-9)
2.preganglionic lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-11)
3.preganglionic least splanchnic nerves (T12)

Front 57

Where do the preganglionic greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves run and where do they synapse?

Back 57

1. pass along the side of the vert.
2. enter the abdomen through the crura of the diaphragm (T12 aortic hiatus)
3. synapse in the coeliac ganglia

Front 58

White rami from what lumbar levels pass to the sympathetic ganglia?

Back 58

L1,2,and 3

Front 59

What lumbar region ganglia send gray rami to the lumbar spinal nerves?

Back 59

all of them

Front 60

What connects the thoracic sympathetic ganglia to the coeliac plexus?

Back 60

lumbar splanchnic nerves

Front 61

Sympathetic nerve branches pass where to join the superior hypogastric plexus?

Back 61

in front of the common iliac vessels

Front 62

The coeliac ganglia surround what structure and sends branches down what?

Back 62

1. surrounds the coeliac artery
2. sends branches down the branches of the aorta and the ventral gut arteries (coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric)

Front 63

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the coeliac region innervate what?

Back 63

1. intestines
2. associated structures

Front 64

The pelvic sympathetic ganglia send grey rami to what?

Back 64

1. sacral nerves
2. to local arteries

Front 65

The superior hypogastric plexus lies where and is sometimes called what?

Back 65

1. lies in front of the promontory of the sacrum between the 2 common iliac arteries
2. presacral nerve

Front 66

What does the superior hypogastric plexus divide into?

Back 66

right and left inferior hypogastric plexuses

Front 67

The right and left inferior hypogastric plexuses are joined by what and give branches to what?

Back 67

1. joined by pelvic splanchnic nerves
2. give vascular branches and branches to pelvic viscera

Front 68

The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the cranium travel with what nerves?

Back 68

1. oculomotor (III)
2. facial (VII)
3. glossopharyngeal (IX)
4. vagus (X)
5. cranial portion of accessory (XI)

Front 69

What are the 4 large parasympathetic ganglia?

Back 69

1. ciliary
2. otic
3. pterygopalatine
4. submandibular

Front 70

Cranial parasympathetic system in cranial nerves III, VII, and IX will supply secretomotor fibers to what?

Back 70

1. salivary glands
2. lacrimal glands
3. ciliary muscle
4. constrictor pupillae in the eye

Front 71

What two cranial nerves combine to supply most of the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera?

Back 71

1. vagus (X)
2. accessory (XI)

Front 72

How much of the colon is supplied by either the vagus or accessory nerve?

Back 72

as far as the splenic flexure (proximal 2/3 of the colon/ascending and transverse)

Front 73

The vagal innervation in the neck has what branches and what do these branches supply?

Back 73

1. upper and lower cardiac branches
2. esophageal branches- to smooth muscles and glands(at lower end of the esophagus)

Front 74

In the thorax, parasympathetic branches pass to the cardiac plexus where they synapse with? and supply what?

Back 74

1. synapse with microscopic ganglia
2. supply atria, atrioventricular bundles and coronary arteries

Front 75

The vagus nerve supplies the pulmonary plexuses and synapse with what? and supply what?

Back 75

1. synapse with microscopic ganglia
2. supply bronchial smooth muscle, glands, and blood vessels

Front 76

In the abdomen, anterior and posterior gastric nerves supply what mainly? What else?

Back 76

1. mainly the stomach
2. also the intestines and related structures via the branches joining the coeliac plexus

Front 77

The parasympathetic system supplies secretomotor stimulation to what and motor stimulation to what in the abdomen

Back 77

1. secretomotor- glands of the stomach and intestine
2. motor- to smooth muscle but inhibitory to the sphincters

Front 78

In the gut, the parasympathetic ganglia are situated in what?

Back 78

1. Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses

Front 79

The pelvic outflow joins the inferior hypogastric plexus by means of what?

Back 79

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Front 80

What do the pelvic splanchnic nerves supply?

Back 80

1. smooth muscle of the rectum and bladder with motor fibers (inhibitor to the sphincters)
2. the uterus with vasodilator and possibly inhibitory fibers
3. the erectile tissue of the penis and clitoris with vasodilator fibers

Front 81

Some parasympathetic fibers climb out of the pelvis and around the inferior mesenteric artery and via its branches supply what?

Back 81

1.distal part of the transverse colon
2.descending colon
3. sigmoid colon