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69 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Functions of the respiratory system
Gas exchange between the blood and air, and the passageways to the lungs purify, humidify, and warm incoming air
What occurs in the alveoli of the lungs?
Gas exchange between the blood and air
Function of respiratory mucosa
Moisten air, trap incoming foreign particles
Function of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull, Act as resonance chambers for speech, Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
Characteristics of mucus membranes in the upper respiratory tract
They are ciliated and cilia push mucus towards the pharynx
Passageways for air and food
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Pharyngotympanic tubes
Open into the nasopharynx, they allow fluid in the middle ear to drain
Tonsils of the pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil
Located in the nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils
Are located in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsils
Found at the base of the tongue
Function of tonsils
Part of the immune system, outside is pitted with tonsilar crypts to allow bacteria to be introduced and WBC can form an immune response
Larynx
The voice box, routes air and food into proper channels, plays a role in speech
What is the larynx made of?
Eight rigid hyaline cartilage rings, and a spoon shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
Epiglottis
Protects the superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the esophagus and air towards the trachea
When swallowing the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
Opens when breathing
Vocal folds
True vocal cords, vibrate with expelled air to create sound
Glottis
Opening between vocal cords (closes when swallowing)
Trachea
Four-inch-long tube that connects larynx with bronchi, walls are reinforced with c-shaped hyaline cartilage, lined with ciliated mucosa
Function of ciliated mucosa in the trachea
Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air, expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs
Main (primary) Bronchi characteriastics
Enters the lungs at the hilum, Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left, Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
Right bronchus
Wider, mostly downwards direction
Left bronchus
Narrower, more horizontal in direction
Lungs
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity, rests on the diaphragm, each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
How many lobes is the right lung divided into?
Three lobes
How many lobes is the left lung divided into?
Two lobes
Serosa
Covers the outer surface the lungs
Pulmonary pleura
Covers the lung surface
Parietal pleura
Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Pleura
Serous membrane around lungs, Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding. The two layers resist being pulled apart if they are the lungs collapse
Bronchial tree divisions
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Which bronchial tree divisions are reinforced with hyaline cartilage
Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
Bronchial tree divisions with smooth muscle allowing for bronchioconstriction and dilation
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
Bronchodilation
Happens during exercise and is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
Bronchoconstriction
Happens when you are breathing in smoke or dirty air
Alveolar sacs
Bunches of alveoli (like grapes)
Alveolar pores
Connect nearby alveoli
Functionality of alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Respiratory membrane
Air-blood barrier
Structure of the respiratory membrane
Epithelial cells line alveoli, has a thin basement membrane. This membrane is thin, always moist, and has very maximized surface area.
What covers the external surfaces of the alveoli?
Pulmonary capillaries
How does gas cross the respiratory membrane?
The membrane is thin so gas is exchanged through diffusion
What happens during gas exchange through the respiratory membrane?
Oxygen enters the blood, carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
During gas exchange they they add protection by picking up bacteria and debris.
Surfactant
A lipid molecule that coats gas exposed alveolar surface, keeps alveoli inflated
Four events of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiration gas transport, internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
Moving air in and out of the lungs (breathing)
External respiration
Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli, oxygen is loaded into the blood, carbon dioxide is unloaded from blood
Respiration gas transport
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood stream
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systematic capillaries
Two phases of breathing
Inspiration and expiration
What is inspiration driven by?
Skeletal muscle contraction
What is the role of the external intercostal muscles in breathing?
Act to pull ribs upwards and outwards during inspiration
How does the diaphragm muscle look during breathing?
Flat when contracted, cup shaped when relaxed
What happens during inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.

The size of the thoracic cavity increases

External air pulled into the lungs due to, increase in intrapulmonary volume and a decrease in gas pressure
What happens during expiration?
As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to decrease in intrapulmonary volume and an increase in gas pressure
How can a person force expiration?
By contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
Intraplural pressure
The pressure in the thoracic cavity. This is always negative.
What is the main thing keeping lungs from collapsing?
The differences in lung and pleural space pressures
Risidual volume
Air remaining in lungs after expiration, around 1200mL
Diffusion
Molecules moving from their own high concentration to areas of their own low concentration
Process of external respiration
Oxygen is loaded into the blood, Carbon dioxide is is unloaded out of the blood
Oxygen transport in the blood
Most oxygen travels on hemoglobin in blood and forms oxyhemoglobin
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion
What is required for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood and into alveoli?
It must be released from its bicarbonate form
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between blood and body cells
Normal respiratory rate
12-15 respirations per minute
Hyperventilation
Results from increased CO2 in the blood, breathing becomes deeper and more rapid
Hypoventilation
Results when blood becomes more alkaline, extremely slow or shallow breathing
Non-Neural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
The body’s need to rid itself of CO2 is the most important stimulus, this increases the rate and depth of breathing