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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the respiratory system
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Gas exchange between the blood and air, and the passageways to the lungs purify, humidify, and warm incoming air
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What occurs in the alveoli of the lungs?
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Gas exchange between the blood and air
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Function of respiratory mucosa
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Moisten air, trap incoming foreign particles
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Function of paranasal sinuses
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Lighten the skull, Act as resonance chambers for speech, Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
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Characteristics of mucus membranes in the upper respiratory tract
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They are ciliated and cilia push mucus towards the pharynx
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Passageways for air and food
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Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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Pharyngotympanic tubes
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Open into the nasopharynx, they allow fluid in the middle ear to drain
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Tonsils of the pharynx
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Pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
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Pharyngeal tonsil
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Located in the nasopharynx
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Palatine tonsils
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Are located in the oropharynx
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Lingual tonsils
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Found at the base of the tongue
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Function of tonsils
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Part of the immune system, outside is pitted with tonsilar crypts to allow bacteria to be introduced and WBC can form an immune response
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Larynx
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The voice box, routes air and food into proper channels, plays a role in speech
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What is the larynx made of?
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Eight rigid hyaline cartilage rings, and a spoon shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
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Epiglottis
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Protects the superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the esophagus and air towards the trachea When swallowing the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx Opens when breathing |
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Vocal folds
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True vocal cords, vibrate with expelled air to create sound
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Glottis
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Opening between vocal cords (closes when swallowing)
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Trachea
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Four-inch-long tube that connects larynx with bronchi, walls are reinforced with c-shaped hyaline cartilage, lined with ciliated mucosa
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Function of ciliated mucosa in the trachea
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Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air, expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs
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Main (primary) Bronchi characteriastics
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Enters the lungs at the hilum, Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left, Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
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Right bronchus
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Wider, mostly downwards direction
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Left bronchus
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Narrower, more horizontal in direction
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Lungs
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Occupy most of the thoracic cavity, rests on the diaphragm, each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
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How many lobes is the right lung divided into?
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Three lobes
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How many lobes is the left lung divided into?
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Two lobes
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Serosa
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Covers the outer surface the lungs
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Pulmonary pleura
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Covers the lung surface
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Parietal pleura
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Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
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Pleura
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Serous membrane around lungs, Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding. The two layers resist being pulled apart if they are the lungs collapse
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Bronchial tree divisions
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Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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Which bronchial tree divisions are reinforced with hyaline cartilage
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Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
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Bronchial tree divisions with smooth muscle allowing for bronchioconstriction and dilation
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Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
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Bronchodilation
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Happens during exercise and is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
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Bronchoconstriction
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Happens when you are breathing in smoke or dirty air
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Alveolar sacs
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Bunches of alveoli (like grapes)
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Alveolar pores
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Connect nearby alveoli
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Functionality of alveoli
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Site of gas exchange
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Respiratory membrane
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Air-blood barrier
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Structure of the respiratory membrane
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Epithelial cells line alveoli, has a thin basement membrane. This membrane is thin, always moist, and has very maximized surface area.
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What covers the external surfaces of the alveoli?
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Pulmonary capillaries
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How does gas cross the respiratory membrane?
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The membrane is thin so gas is exchanged through diffusion
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What happens during gas exchange through the respiratory membrane?
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Oxygen enters the blood, carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
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What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
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During gas exchange they they add protection by picking up bacteria and debris.
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Surfactant
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A lipid molecule that coats gas exposed alveolar surface, keeps alveoli inflated
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Four events of respiration
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Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiration gas transport, internal respiration
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Pulmonary ventilation
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Moving air in and out of the lungs (breathing)
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External respiration
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Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli, oxygen is loaded into the blood, carbon dioxide is unloaded from blood
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Respiration gas transport
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Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood stream
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Internal respiration
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Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systematic capillaries
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Two phases of breathing
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Inspiration and expiration
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What is inspiration driven by?
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Skeletal muscle contraction
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What is the role of the external intercostal muscles in breathing?
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Act to pull ribs upwards and outwards during inspiration
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How does the diaphragm muscle look during breathing?
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Flat when contracted, cup shaped when relaxed
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What happens during inspiration?
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Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.
The size of the thoracic cavity increases External air pulled into the lungs due to, increase in intrapulmonary volume and a decrease in gas pressure |
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What happens during expiration?
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As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to decrease in intrapulmonary volume and an increase in gas pressure
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How can a person force expiration?
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By contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
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Intraplural pressure
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The pressure in the thoracic cavity. This is always negative.
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What is the main thing keeping lungs from collapsing?
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The differences in lung and pleural space pressures
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Risidual volume
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Air remaining in lungs after expiration, around 1200mL
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Diffusion
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Molecules moving from their own high concentration to areas of their own low concentration
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Process of external respiration
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Oxygen is loaded into the blood, Carbon dioxide is is unloaded out of the blood
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Oxygen transport in the blood
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Most oxygen travels on hemoglobin in blood and forms oxyhemoglobin
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Carbon dioxide transport in blood
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Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion
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What is required for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood and into alveoli?
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It must be released from its bicarbonate form
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Internal respiration
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Exchange of gases between blood and body cells
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Normal respiratory rate
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12-15 respirations per minute
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Hyperventilation
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Results from increased CO2 in the blood, breathing becomes deeper and more rapid
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Hypoventilation
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Results when blood becomes more alkaline, extremely slow or shallow breathing
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Non-Neural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
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The body’s need to rid itself of CO2 is the most important stimulus, this increases the rate and depth of breathing
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