Anatomy Test 4 - Chapter 24

Front 1

What is a nutrient?

Back 1

substance from food used by the body to promote growth, maintenance and tissue repair

Front 2

Major nutrients are ...?

Back 2

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Front 3

"Other" nutrients, or, the non-major nutrients are ...?

Back 3

water, minerals, vitamins

Front 4

Essential nutrients are what?

Back 4

not made in the body! Must be ingested.
*Both essential and non-essential nutrients are vital for normal functioning

Front 5

What are the 5 major food groups?

Back 5

Vegetables, fruits, grains, milk and dairy, meat and fish

Front 6

Saturated fats are what at room temp?

Back 6

are solid at room temp.

Front 7

Unsaturated fats are what at room temp?

Back 7

are liquid at room temp.

Front 8

Describe vitamins and their function

Back 8

vitamins are ORGANIC (contain carbon) compounds that are required in small amounts. They are not used for energy! or as building blocks!
FXN: they function as co-enzymes to aid in metabolic processes

Front 9

Which vitamins are synthesized/made in the body?

Back 9

D, A and K

Front 10

Which vitamins must be injested?

Back 10

all of those that are not D, A, and K

Front 11

Water soluble vitamins do what and are which vitamins?

Back 11

Water soluble vitamins are absorbed with water. Comprised of vitamin B and C

Front 12

Fat soluble vitamins do what and are which vitamins?

Back 12

Fat soluble vitamins bind to lipids and are digested with them. Comprised of A, D, E and K

Front 13

Minerals are what and what is their function?

Back 13

minerals are INORGANIC compounds found in nature and must be injested in small amounts. They are NOT used for ENERGY!
Their function is to: enable other nutrients to work efficiently

Front 14

Moderate amounts of these minerals are required while trace amounts of these minerals are required...

Back 14

moderate: Calcium, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Phosphorous and Sulfur
trace: Fe, Zinc, Cu, Boron, dozens more!

the uptake and excretion of these minerals must balance!

Front 15

What is the definition of Metabolism

Back 15

the sum total of the chemical reactions in your body

Front 16

What are carbohydrates?

Back 16

are the saccharides.
complex: polysaccharides make up vegetables, and grains
Simple: mono and disaccharides - fruits, milk, honey
Refined: white sugar, candies, "empty calories"
GLUCOSE: the molecule used by cells to make AtP, excess stored as glycogen
need 120-130g/day of carbs

Front 17

what is glucose

Back 17

the molecule used by the cells to make ATP

Front 18

What are lipids

Back 18

trigylicerides, steroids, (cholesterol but is NOT used as an energy source)
Most abundant: Triglycerides
Essential fatty acids: linoleic and linolenic (found in vegetable oils and in certain seeds)

Front 19

What are lipids dietary function?

Back 19

cell membrane, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, for energy!, cushions, steroid hormones (remember cholesterol!), insulation and myelin sheaths

Front 20

Describe proteins...

Back 20

Complete proteins: has all of the essential amino acids (animal products) such as eggs, meat and milk
Incomplete proteins: vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds
Essential amino acids: must have ALL of the essential amino acids at SAME time in order for them to work appropriately. It's an ALL OR NONE deal

Front 21

What factors are considered when deciding whether amino acids will be synthesized into proteins or burned for energy?

Back 21

1. the all or none rule: if not all there then will be oxidized for energy or converted to carbohydrates or fats
2. adequacy of caloric intake: the body must have adequate carbohydrate or fat stores for ATP production. If not, the aa will be used for energy
3. Nitrogen balance - in normal, protein synthesis equals protein breakdown/loss - this balance is reflected in the body's nitrogen balance. + = more proteins incorporated into tissues than being lost (pregnant women, growing children and tissues being repaired)
- = more proteins being lost for energy needs than incorporated into tissues (starvation, stress, illness, disease)
4. Hormonal controls -

Front 22

What is Anabolism

Back 22

process to which large molecules are made from small molecules

Front 23

What is Catabolism

Back 23

process to which large molecules get broken down into smaller ones

Front 24

What are the stages of Metabolism?

Back 24

1. Digestion - foods are degraded to digestible forms in the digestive tract and absorbed nutrients are then transported in blood to the tissue cells
2. anabolism: occurs in cell cytoplasm, the delivered nutrients are built into proteins, lipids, and glycogen (storage forms) or catabolic pathways (pyruvic acid)
3. Oxidative breakdown: occursin the mitochondria of the cell - cell will use those nutrients to build, break down, etc. (mostly catabolic) - usually the formation of ATP

Front 25

What is oxidation?

Back 25

the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen.
it uses oxygen and yields water, CO2 and ATP

Front 26

What are the cycles of carbohydrate catabolism?

Back 26

Fermentation, Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain
-ALL carbs will eventually be transformed into glucose!

Front 27

Which cycle doesn't use oxygen but works in the presence of oxygen?

Back 27

glycolysis

Front 28

Which cycle occurs only in the absence of oxygen?

Back 28

fermentation

Front 29

Which cycle occurs only in the presence of oxygen

Back 29

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

Front 30

Protein catabolism is what

Back 30

the process of proteins getting broken down into amino acids to be used as an energy source

Front 31

glycogenesis

Back 31

when glucose is converted to its storage form - glycogen
(fats account for 80-85% of stored energy b/c the body can store more fat than glycogen)
liver and skeletal muscle are most active in glycogen synthesis and storage

Front 32

Glycogenolysis

Back 32

converting glycogen to glucose

Front 33

gluconeogenesis

Back 33

process of forming glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules, occurs in the liver
-used b/c out of glycogen and need to maintain brain stability
Functions to maintain energy for brain

Front 34

Lipid metabolism

Back 34

of the various lipids, only triglycerides are routinely oxidized for energy, their catabolism involves the separate oxidation of their 2 different building blocks
1. glycerol
2. fatty acid

Front 35

what does the glycerol pathway of lipid metabolism include?

Back 35

glycerol - glyceraldehyde phosphate - glycolysis - acetyl co A
- 18 atp per glycerol

Front 36

what does the fatty acid pathway of lipid metabolism include?

Back 36

Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to create acetylCoa (reducing 2 co-enzymes and cleaving 2 carbons)
-12 ATP per pair of carbons, 1 ATP used, 5 extra ATP for every pair of carbons released

Front 37

lipogenesis

Back 37

the synthesis of triglycerides when glucose levels and atp levels are high (the recombining of glycerol and fatty acid)

Front 38

lypolysis

Back 38

the catabolism of triglycerides/stored fats for energy

Front 39

What actions do the liver have in lipid metabolism?

Back 39

lipogenesis and lipolysis occur in the liver
-the liver synthesizes lipoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fat
-the liver makes a tissue clotting factor
-synthesizes cholesterol from acetylCoA
-the liver uses cholesterol for bile salts

Front 40

How are triglycerides and cholesterol transported throughout the body?

Back 40

by lipoproteins

Front 41

What is the difference between triglycerides and cholesterol

Back 41

cholesterol is NOT used for energy

Front 42

What is the importance of cholesterol, what is it used for?

Back 42

as bile salts for the liver, for steroid hormones and for vitamin D

Front 43

very low density lipoproteins contain what and do what

Back 43

contain a lot of triglycerides. trnasport triglycerides form the liver to the peripheral tissues, but mostly adipose tissue

Front 44

low density lipoproteins contain what and do what

Back 44

contain a lot of cholesterol! "bad" made in liver and then transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues (arteries, etc)

Front 45

High density lipoproteins do what and contain what

Back 45

are the "good" lipoproteins, contain a lot of protein, moderate phospholipids and moderate cholesterol, small amount of triglycerides
they transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver where it is broken down and becomes part of BILE :)

Front 46

What do all lipoproteins contain in varying amounts?

Back 46

phospholipids, protein, cholesterol and triglycerides

Front 47

LDL levels are increased by what?

Back 47

cigarette smoking, coffee drinking and stress

Front 48

HDL levels are increased by what?

Back 48

exercise

Front 49

what is protein metabolism?

Back 49

the process of breaking down proteins into amino acids via oxidation for energy or converting the amino acids into fats for future energy needs