Anatomy Test #4

Front 1

What are the 2 primary vertebral curvatures?

Back 1

Thoracic and Sacral

Front 2

What are the 2 secondary vertebral curvatures and when do they form?

Back 2

-Cervical: 2-3 mos
-Lumbar: 10-12 mos

Front 3

What is the length of the spinal cord?

Back 3

72-75 cm (28-30 in)

Front 4

What is the total number of verterbra and how many are in each segement?

Back 4

33
-Cervical: 7
-Thoracic: 12
-Lumbar: 5
-Sacral (fused): 5
-Coccygeal (fused): 4

Front 5

What are the 2 basic parts of a vertebra?

Back 5

-Neural arch
-Body

Front 6

What joins together vertebral arches? What type of joint is this?

Back 6

2 superior and 2 inferior articular facet joints; gliding or plane joints (synovial)

Front 7

What forms the intervertebral foramen?

Back 7

Inferior articular notch above and superior articular notch from below

Front 8

What passes through the intervertebral foramen?

Back 8

spinal nerves

Front 9

What are characteristics of a typical cervical vertebra?

Back 9

-2 transverse foramina
-bifid spinous process
-large triangular shaped spinal canal (brachial plexus)
-small oval-shaped body (doesn't support much weight)

Front 10

What runs through the transverse foramina?

Back 10

Vertebral artery

Front 11

What is C7 called? How is it unique?

Back 11

-Vertebral prominens
-Long spinous process that's not bifid

Front 12

What direction are the facets for the cervical vertebra and why?

Back 12

Tranverse; need a lot of flexibility

Front 13

What are characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?

Back 13

-Heart shaped body
-Triangular-shaped vertebral canal (small b/c bypassed brachial plexus)
-Long, caudally pointed spinous process

Front 14

What unique articulations does the thoracic vertebrae have? What vertebrae does the rib number correspond to?

Back 14

Costal facets (demi facets)-inferior costal facet of top vertebare articulates with superior costal facet of lower vertebrae (forms a cup); # of lower thoracic vertebrae

Front 15

What plane do the articulating facets face in thoracic vertebrae? What type of movement does it allow?

Back 15

coronal plane; side bending (difficult to flex)

Front 16

What thoracic vertebrae is the exception and why?

Back 16

T12; thick spinous process that doesnt face caudally (easliy mistaken for lumbar); upper facet faces backward and lower facet faces outward

Front 17

What plane does T12 and down articulate?

Back 17

Sagittal

Front 18

What are the characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae?

Back 18

-Large, oval shaped body (support a lot of weight)
-Narrowing triangular shaped spinal canal
-Thick stubby spinous process

Front 19

What are the 2 unique process on the lumbar vertebrae and where are the located?

Back 19

-Mammillary process- roughed up area on the superior articular process
-Accessory process-where superior articular joins the transverse process

Front 20

What are the landmarks of the sacral hiatus? What do they articulate with?

Back 20

Sacral horns; coccygeal horns

Front 21

What passes through the sacral foramina?

Back 21

Anterior foramina-ventral primary ramus
Posterior foramina-dorsal primary ramus

Front 22

What attaches to the coccyx?

Back 22

Plevic diaphragm

Front 23

What causes the "pop" when doing a caudal block?

Back 23

Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Front 24

What are the cartiagenous joints?

Back 24

Articulations between the bodies themselves

Front 25

Where is the atlanto-axial joint and what is its function?

Back 25

B/w C1 and C2; pivot joint (no joint)

Front 26

Where is the atlanto occipital joint and what is its function?

Back 26

C1 and condyles of skull, hinge joint (yes joint)-provides 65% of flexion and extension

Front 27

What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral disk?

Back 27

-Nucleus pulposus-"jelly like center"
-Annulus fibrosis- fibrous cartilage layed down around the nucleus in consecutive rings

Front 28

What happens with a ruptured disk?

Back 28

breakdown in annulus fibrosis and nucleus squirts out- nerve root squished bw dura and nucleus (compressed and irritated)

Front 29

What 2 ligaments suppor the vertebral bodies and where is each located?

Back 29

Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL): post surface of vertebral column
Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL): over ant surfaces of vertebral bodies

Front 30

Where are the thickest areas of the ALL and PLL located?

Back 30

ALL: lumbar region
PLL: cervical region

Front 31

Where is the supraspinous ligament?

Back 31

Thin ligament that runs overtips of the spinous processes from T1 down

Front 32

Where is ligamentum nuchae and what is its function?

Back 32

Thick strong ligament that runs from cervical vertebrae to base of skull (continuation of supraspinous); stabilization of vertebrae and attachment for splenious capitus and trapezius

Front 33

What is the ligamentum flava and where is it located? What is its function?

Back 33

Yellow, elastic ligaments found segmentally bw the vertebral lamina; gives vertebral column spring and elasticity-facitilates movement

Front 34

What are the 5 vertebral ligaments of the neural arch?

Back 34

1. Supraspinous
2. Ligamentum Nuchae
3. Interspinous
4. Intertransverse
5. Ligamentum flava

Front 35

What is the order of the ligaments you pass through during an interthecal block?

Back 35

1. Supraspinous
2. Interspinous
3. Ligamentum flavum
4. Dura mater

Front 36

Thecal means _______.

Back 36

Meninges (in subarachnoid space)

Front 37

Where does the spinal cord stop in adults and children?

Back 37

Adults-bw L1 and L2
Children-bw L2 and L3

Front 38

Where would you find the intercrestal line?

Back 38

Bw the post illiac crests at L4-L5

Front 39

What forms the dens and what is its function?

Back 39

The body of C1 migrates and attaches to C2; serves as an axis for rotation bw C1 and C2

Front 40

What are the characteristics of the atlas?

Back 40

-No body (ring of bone)
-No spinous process
-Ant. and post acrches and tubercles
-notch for dens

Front 41

What ligament keeps the atlanto-axial joint intact and where does it attach?

Back 41

Transverse ligament; attaches to either side of the posterior surface of the ant. portion of the neural arch ("snuggles" dens)

Front 42

Where is the tectoral membrane and what does it become?

Back 42

Attaches to skull on inside of foramen magnum; becomes the PLL

Front 43

What ligaments suspend and support the dens?

Back 43

-2 alar ligaments (wings)-attach to tip of the dens and skull inside FM
-Cruciform ligament (cross-shape)-vertical fibers that transect with the transverse ligament

Front 44

What is scoliosis and where is it commonly located and why?

Back 44

lateral curvature of the spine-typically see in thoracic spine bc facets are oriented to allow sideways movement

Front 45

What is lordosis?

Back 45

increased lumbar curvature (sway back)

Front 46

What is kyphosis?

Back 46

hunch back

Front 47

What is Scheuermann's disease/kyphosis?

Back 47

Congenital disorder where vertebral bodies are mishapen-wedge shaped (post portion is longer than ant portion-allows veterbra to slip forward on each other)

Front 48

How do you test for scoliosis and how is it done?

Back 48

Adam's bend test; have pt bend over-+ test if there is a prominent scapula, uneven hip, rib cage and shoulder level; named for side upper curvature bends towards

Front 49

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

Back 49

Trapezius, rhomboid major and minor, lat dorsi, levator scapulae, serratus posterior superior and inferior

Front 50

Where does the lat dorsi attach and insert?

Back 50

Attaches thoracolumbar fascia, inserts in intertubercular groove

Front 51

Where do the rhomboids attach and insert?

Back 51

Medial border of scapula to verterbrae of spinal column

Front 52

Where is the purpose of the trapezius?

Back 52

Upper-shrugs shoulders
Middle-retracts shoulders
Lower-depresses shoulders

Front 53

What is the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae?

Back 53

-origin-C2-C3 spinous processes
-insertion-medial side of scapula above the spine

Front 54

The gamma motor neuron projects to the ______________ and the alpha motor neuron projects to the ______________

Back 54

-Interfusial fiber; extrafusial fiber

Front 55

What are the 2 types of interfusial fibers?

Back 55

-Nuclear bag- looks like "rocks in a bag"
-Nuclear chain-lined up in a row

Front 56

What are the 2 types of gamma efferent fusimotor fibers, on what does each end, and what is there function?

Back 56

-Dynamic fibers-end on interfusial fiber as a plate ending-changes length
-Static fibers-end on interfusial fiber as a trail ending-maintains length

Front 57

What are the 2 types of afferent fibers that project back to the spinal cord in a monosynaptic reflex loop? What type of endings primarily project to each type of fibers?

Back 57

-Group Ia (dynamic); primary (annulospiral ending)
-Group II (static); secondary ending (flower spray)

Front 58

________ fibers do whatever the _______ fibers did.

Back 58

Extrafusial; intrafusial

Front 59

What does increased gamma excitability cause? Decreased? Where is this controlled

Back 59

-Increased gamma biased (muscle fibers contract)
-Decreased gamma biased (muscle fibers relax)

Front 60

Net gamma bias determine the ____ _____, which in turn determines the ________ fiber contractile state (or _____ _____)

Back 60

alpha bias, extrafusial, muscle tone

Front 61

What is the alpha loop?

Back 61

Only the part of the gamma loop that involves alpha directly:
-muscle spindle
-groups Ia and II afferent fibers
Alpha motor neuron with A alpha fibers
-extrafusial fibers

Front 62

What limits the magnitude of the DTR?

Back 62

Increased or decreased gamma bias and golgi tendon organ

Front 63

What is the golgi tendon organ? How does it work?

Back 63

Sensory ending embedded in tendon of muscle you are testing; sensative to tension
-put tension when hit with hammer, pulls on on tendon to move the move the bone-increases tension-golgi organ send inhibitory signal back to alpha motor neuron to cut off reflex

Front 64

What are the laminae of rexed?

Back 64

Comprise a system of 10 layers of gray matter (I-X)

Front 65

Where are sensory neuron cell bodies located in the spinal cord?

Back 65

Dorsal gray matter-horn (layers I-VI)

Front 66

Where is the substantia gelatinosa and what is its function?

Back 66

-Lamina of Rexed II and III-located at the apex of the spinal cord and present in all segements
-receives afferents from the dorsal root associated with pain and temp

Front 67

What is another name for lamina of rexed I?

Back 67

Posteromarginal nucleus

Front 68

Where is the nucleus proprius and what is its function?

Back 68

Rexed Iv and V-located just anterior to substantia gelatinosa in the posterior gray columns
-originates ascending spinal cord pathways from general sensation (pain, temp, tactile)

Front 69

Where is nucleus dorsalis and what is its function?

Back 69

Rexed VI (C8-L1)-located at the base of the posterior gray column
-originate spinal cord pathways that project to the cerebellum and are associated with mediation of proprioception and coordination of movement

Front 70

Where is the visceral afferent nucleus and what is its function?

Back 70

-Rexed VI (T1-L3)-located just lateral to nucleus dorsalis
-associated with receiving visceral sensory info

Front 71

Where are motor neuron cell bodies locaed?

Back 71

Anterior gray horns (Rexed VII-X)

Front 72

Where is the intermediolateral cell column and what is its function?

Back 72

-Rexed VII (T1-L3)
-contains sympathetic motor neurons

Front 73

Where is the sacral parasympathetic nuclei and what is its function?

Back 73

Rexed VII (S2-S4)
-gives rise to parasympathetic motor neurons

Front 74

Where is the anterior horn cell column located and what is its function?

Back 74

Rexed VIII and IX
-location of alpha and gamma motor neurons projecting to skeletal muscles

Front 75

What is lamina X and what does it contain?

Back 75

-defines the gray commissure
-contains small somatosensory neurons, neuoglia cells, and decussating axons; some terminations of dorsal root afferents

Front 76

What separates the anterior white columns?

Back 76

Anterior median fissure

Front 77

What separtes the posterior white columns?

Back 77

Posterior median sulcus

Front 78

What is another name for the white columns?

Back 78

Funiculi

Front 79

What 2 tracts make up the anterolateral system?

Back 79

-Paleospinothalamic system (anterior spinothalamic tract)
-Neospinothalamic system (lateral spinothalamic tract)

Front 80

What system slowest and oldest to develop? Where is it located?

Back 80

Ardchispinothalmic system-propriospinal tracts; intersegmental fibers lined up around the edge of the gray matter

Front 81

What does the neospinothalamic system control?

Back 81

Sharp prickling pain (esp on skin) and temp

Front 82

What 2 parts of the white matter go both up and down?

Back 82

Fasiculus proprious and dorsolateral fasciculus

Front 83

What makes up the dorsolateral fasciculus (tract of lissauer)? Where do they travel and terminate?

Back 83

A delta fibers come into SC and acend/decend a segment or 2; terminate in Lamina I (posteriomarginal nucleus)

Front 84

What type of sensation does the paleospinothalamic tract control?

Back 84

-Dull burning pain (not well-localized) and temp

Front 85

What is the periaquaductal gray?

Back 85

Gray matter in midbrain that surrounds cerebral aquaduct; involved with modulating pain

Front 86

What is the major difference between the paleospinothalamic tract and the neospinothalamic tract?

Back 86

The paleospinalothalamic tract has fibers that collateralize off and go to RF and PAG

Front 87

What is crude touch and how is it different from the paleospinothalamic system?

Back 87

-poorly localized light touch (can't discriminate texture)
-no collateralizations

Front 88

What type of sensation does the archispinothalamic tract control? What type of system is this?

Back 88

-Deep, aching, unlocalized pain
-Multisegmental diffuse tracts

Front 89

What pathway runs along fasciculus proprius?

Back 89

Archispinothalmic tract

Front 90

What type of sensation is regulated in the dorsal white columns?

Back 90

-fine tactile senses and conscious proprioception (discriminative touch, 2-point discrimination, vibratory sense stereognosis, kinesthetic sense)

Front 91

Where is fasciculus cuneatus located and what does it supply?

Back 91

Located laterally in post. white columns and supplies the upper extremity and upper trunk (begins about T4-T8-midthoracic region-dorsoin

Front 92

What seperates fasiculus gracilis and fasiculus cuneatus?

Back 92

Dorsal intermediate sulcus

Front 93

Where is the fasciculus gracilis located and what does it supply?

Back 93

Located medially and supplies the lower extremity and lower trunk (present throughout the spinal cord)

Front 94

What type of fibers enter the ascending pathways of the posterior white columns?

Back 94

A beta

Front 95

What type of fibers enthe the LST (neospinothalmic)?

Back 95

A delta

Front 96

What type of fibers enter the AST (paleospinothalmic)?

Back 96

C fibers

Front 97

What type of fibers enter the archishpinothalmic tract?

Back 97

C fibers

Front 98

What pathway do fibers enter when they cross over to the contralateral side in the acending pathways of the post. white columns?

Back 98

Medial Lemniscus

Front 99

Where are the arcuate fibers?

Back 99

Projected from nucleus gracilis and cuneatus to contralateral side and into the medial lemniscus in the ascending pathway of the post. white column

Front 100

What would happen if there was a lesion on the fasciculus cuneatus and graciclis? Which side is affected?

Back 100

Loss of proprioception and tactile senses below level of lesion on the ipsilateral side (haven't crossed yet)

Front 101

The ascending pathway of the post white columns develops very ______ and stays primarily in the ______ matter.

Back 101

Late; white

Front 102

What are the 2 spinocerebellar tracts and what are they responsible for?

Back 102

Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tract; unconsious proprioception

Front 103

Where are the spinocerebellar tracts found?

Back 103

On the margin of the white matter lateral to the LST

Front 104

What fibers enter the ASCT and PSCT?

Back 104

A beta fibers (very fast)

Front 105

Where does the PSCT enter the cerebellum?

Back 105

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Front 106

Where does the ASCT enter the cerebellum? Why is this unique?

Back 106

Superior cerebellar peduncles; only afferent pathway that doesn't enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncles

Front 107

In the PSCT, the nucleus dorsalis orginates new fibers that then project where?

Back 107

-Ascends the PSCT on ispilateral side

Front 108

In the ASCT, the nucleus dorsalis orginates new fibers that then project where?

Back 108

Some ascend the ASCT on ipsilateral side, but most ascend ASCT on contralateral side (mixed)

Front 109

What happens after the fibers enter the cerbellum in the ASCT? What is this called?

Back 109

Cross back over to ipsilateral side; double decussation

Front 110

Lesion in your cerebellum on the right side would affect what side of the body?

Back 110

Right

Front 111

Cerebellar control is __________.

Back 111

Ipsilateral

Front 112

Where do fibers in the cerebello-thalamoc cortical pathway get channeled when they enter the cerebellum?

Back 112

-deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate nucelus)

Front 113

What is the endpoint of the cerebello-thalamic cortical pathway and what projects fibers to this?

Back 113

-Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
-Ventral lateral of the thalamus

Front 114

Where do fibers decussate in the cerebello-thalamic pathway?

Back 114

-superior cerebellar peduncles

Front 115

Where do fibers decussate in the cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract?

Back 115

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 116

What are the 2 decending motor pathways?

Back 116

Pyramidal system and extrapyramidal system

Front 117

What are 2 components of the pyramidal system what do both primarily project to?

Back 117

LCST and ACST; Alpha motor neurons

Front 118

What does the LCST consist of and where do they project?

Back 118

Decussating fibers coming from the pyramid form LSCT on CL side; project to alpha motor neurons via internuncials throughout the entire SC

Front 119

Where do 2/3 of the fibers in the corticospinal tract start?

Back 119

Precentral gyrus

Front 120

What do the 15% of fibers form that don't cross in the pyramids? Where do they cross?

Back 120

-ACST; cross segmentally at C1-T1

Front 121

What is the purpose of the ACST?

Back 121

Backs upand supports the brachial plexus

Front 122

What is the major funciton of the corticospinal tracts?

Back 122

Fine voluntary motor control of the limbs (non-stereotype) and voluntary body posture adjustments

Front 123

What would a lesion in the internal capsule of the corticospinal tract cause?

Back 123

loss of fine motor skills and voluntary trunk movements on contralateral side

Front 124

What would you expect to see with a lesion in the LCST?

Back 124

Ipsilateral loss of fine digital movement and loss of voluntary trunk movements

Front 125

What cranial nerves have motor nuclei?

Back 125

CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XII

Front 126

Where does the corticobulbar tract go and what does it control?

Back 126

Goes to the brainstem; Supranuclear control of cranial nerve motor fuctions

Front 127

The ACST is just adjacent to the __________

Back 127

Ventral median fissure

Front 128

What 2 pathways are in the pyramidal system?

Back 128

-Coriticospinal tract
-Corticobulbar tract

Front 129

What pathways are in the extrapyramidal system?

Back 129

-Reticulospinal tract
-Vestibulospinal tract
-Rubrospinal tract

Front 130

What forms the reticulospinal tracts?

Back 130

Medial (pontine) reticular formation and lateral (medullary) reticular formation

Front 131

Where do the reticulospinal tracts run and project?

Back 131

Run entire length of spinal cord and project to gamma motor neurons

Front 132

The medial (or ________) reticulospinal tract is _______ to gamma motor neurons.

Back 132

Pontine; excitatory

Front 133

The lateral (or ________) reticulospinal tract is _______ to gamma motor neurons.

Back 133

Medullary; inhibitory

Front 134

What causes decerebrate rigidity?

Back 134

Lesion of the brainstem with loss of extensor inhibition (externsors facilitated)

Front 135

What causes decorticate rigidity?

Back 135

Lesion of the rostral brainstem iwth loss of flexor inhibition

Front 136

What is an additional function of the reticulospinal tracts?

Back 136

Provide a pathway by which the hypothalamus can control sympathetic throacolumbar outflow and parasympathetic craniosacral outflow

Front 137

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

Back 137

Responsible for adjusting posture and head position to maintain balance

Front 138

Where does the vestibulospinal tract begin and then project to?

Back 138

Balance receptors in inner ear-travel along CN VIII to vestibular nuclei

Front 139

What does the lateral vestibular nuclei form and on which side of the body is it?

Back 139

New pathway on ipsilateral side called the lateral vestibulospinal tract

Front 140

What are the 4 vestibular nuclei?

Back 140

Lateral, medial, superior, inferior (paired)

Front 141

What type of neurons does the lateral vestibulospinal tract project onto?

Back 141

Alpha motor neurons

Front 142

What effect does the lateral vestibulospinal tract have on the limbs? What side of the body?

Back 142

Ipsilateral: extensors excited, flexors inhibited

Front 143

Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract project?

Back 143

Alpha motor neurons c1-c8 and upper thoracic spinal cord

Front 144

What is the function of the medial vestibulospinal tract?

Back 144

Helps control neck musculature to orient the head

Front 145

What happens with the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex? When does it go away?

Back 145

-Turn newborns head and see ipsilateral extension and contralateral flexion
-8 mos

Front 146

Where does the Medial Longitudinal Fasiculus originate?

Back 146

From all 4 vestibular nuclei

Front 147

Where does the medial longitudinal fasiculus project?

Back 147

Contralaterally to motor nuclei of CNs III, IV, VI

Front 148

What is the function of the MLF?

Back 148

Coordinates extraocular movements

Front 149

What are 2 results of MLF lesions?

Back 149

-Internuclear opthamophegia
-Nystagmus

Front 150

Where do the rubrospinal tracts originate?

Back 150

Red nucleus

Front 151

Where do the rubrospinal tracts project?

Back 151

Alpha and gamma motor neurons in the lower thoracic segment

Front 152

What does the rubrospinal tracts affect and cause?

Back 152

-affects mainly upper limbs and trunk
-Facilitates contralateral flexion and inhibits contralateral extension

Front 153

When is the rubrospinal tract active?

Back 153

NBN to 2-3 mos (flexed)

Front 154

A lesion above the red nucleus would cause _______

Back 154

Decorticate rigidity

Front 155

A lesion below the red nucleus would cause _________

Back 155

Decerebrate rigidity

Front 156

What would a lesion in the lateral reticulospinal tract cause?

Back 156

Inhibition to gamma motor neurons-turn gamma and alpha bias up-increased muscle ton from that point down

Front 157

What would cause an upper motor neuron lesion? What would be the effects?

Back 157

Lesions to the descending spinal cord pathways; spasticity, hypertonia, increased DTRs, muscle weakness

Front 158

What would cause a lower motor neuron lesion? What would be the affects?

Back 158

Lesions to the nerve that connects the spinal cord to the muscle; flaccidity, hypotonia, decreased/absent DTRs, muscle weaknesss, muscle atrophy

Front 159

What would happen if you lost blood supply to the post 1/3 of the cord at T7 what would you see?

Back 159

Lose 2-point discrimination, conscious proprioception, fine tactile sense, stereognosis

Front 160

Post spinal arteries supplies blood to the post _____ of the SC

Back 160

1/3

Front 161

Ant spinal artery supplies blood to the ant _____ of the SC

Back 161

2/3

Front 162

Where is the anterior medullary artery-Adam kiewicz? What is its function?

Back 162

Comes in from left side of ant. SC @ thorocolumbar junction
-boots lower 1/3 of cord

Front 163

What would happen if you lost blood supply to the anterior spinal cord?

Back 163

Lose vestibulospinal system, lateral corticospinal system, lose anterolateral system

Front 164

What dermatome is the nipple line?

Back 164

T4

Front 165

What dermatome is xiphoid process?

Back 165

T6

Front 166

What dermatome is umbilicus?

Back 166

T10

Front 167

What dermatome would you find the vertebral prominence (c7 spinous process)?

Back 167

C5

Front 168

What dermatome supplies most lateral aspect of arm and thumb and thenar eminance?

Back 168

C6

Front 169

What dermatome is 2nd most lateral to wrist?

Back 169

C5

Front 170

What dermatome is 2nd most medial to wrist?

Back 170

T1

Front 171

What dermatome is the most medial to the hypthenar eminence and ring and pinky fingers?

Back 171

C8

Front 172

What dermatome supplies the middle and index fingers?

Back 172

C7

Front 173

What dermatome runs along the inguinal ligament?

Back 173

L1

Front 174

What dertmatome would you be testing at the patellar ligament?

Back 174

L4

Front 175

What dermatome gets most of the dorsum of the foot? Where would be a good place to test this?

Back 175

L5; bw great and 2nd toe

Front 176

What dermatome supplies the sole of the foot?

Back 176

L5

Front 177

What dermatome supplies the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot?

Back 177

S1

Front 178

What dermatome supplies the medial aspect of the dorsum of the foot?

Back 178

S2

Front 179

What dermatomes make concentric circles around the anal orifice?

Back 179

S3, S4, and S5

Front 180

What dermatomes supplies the genitalia?

Back 180

S2 and S3

Front 181

What dermatome supplies the lateral knee and medial malleolus?

Back 181

L4

Front 182

What dermatome supplies the shin?

Back 182

L5

Front 183

Where do fibers decussate in the AST? Where do the fibers come from before they decussate?

Back 183

Anterior white commissure; substantia gelatinosa

Front 184

Where do fibers in the AST (paleo) project after diving into the gray matter?

Back 184

Substantia gelatinosa

Front 185

Where does the VPL send fibers in the AST (paleospinothalmic tract)?

Back 185

Precentral gyrus, gyrus singuli, and insular cortex

Front 186

What would cause nausea or hypotension after a painful stimulus?

Back 186

Paleo or archispinothalamic tract may project to hypothalamus to have sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation

Front 187

What pathway do you find diffuse thalamic nuclei?

Back 187

-Paleo and archy spinothalamic tracts

Front 188

Where do C fibers responsible for crude touch project after diving into the gray matter?

Back 188

Nucleus proprius;

Front 189

Where do C fibers responsible for dull, aching pain project after diving into the gray matter?

Back 189

Substantia gelatinosa

Front 190

What would happen with a lesion in AST, LST or fasiculus proprius?

Back 190

Lose pain and temp on contralateral side

Front 191

Where do a beta fibers project after entering the sc through the dorsal root?

Back 191

Nucleus dorsalis

Front 192

What is the origin and insertion for the levator scapulae?

Back 192

Origin-C2-C3 spinous processes
Insertion-scapula (medial side above the spine)

Front 193

What are the function of the serratus posterior superior? Inferior?

Back 193

Lifts thorax up; pulls thorax down; both act as accessory muscles for breathing

Front 194

What are the dorsal scapular muscles?

Back 194

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus,
teres minor, teres major

Front 195

What is the function of the supraspinatus?

Back 195

Abduction of first 1/3 of arm

Front 196

What is the function of the rhomboids?

Back 196

Retract and depress shoulder (downward rotation)

Front 197

Where is the origin and insertion of the supraspinatus? Where does is pass?

Back 197

Origin-suprasinous fosss
Insertion-greater tubercle
Passes deep to top of acromian-impingement

Front 198

What rotator cuff muscle is most commonly torn?

Back 198

Supraspinatus

Front 199

Where is the origin and insertion for the infraspinatus?

Back 199

Origin-infraspinous fossa
Insertion-greater tubercle

Front 200

What is the function of the infraspinatus?

Back 200

Lateral rotation of the arm

Front 201

Where is the origin and insertion for the teres minor?

Back 201

Origin-lateral spine of scapula
Insertion-greater tubercle

Front 202

What is the function of teres minor?

Back 202

External rotation of the GHJ

Front 203

Where is the origin and insertion for the teses major?

Back 203

-origin-lateral border and inferior angle of the scapula
-insertion-medial lip of bicipital groove

Front 204

What are the functions of teres major?

Back 204

Internal rotation, extension, adduction of the GH joint

Front 205

What are the functions of the lat dorsi?

Back 205

Internal rotation, extension, adduction of the GH joint

Front 206

What is the teres major an impt landmark for?

Back 206

Axillary artery becomes the brachial artery

Front 207

What nerve innervates the trapezius?

Back 207

Spinal accessory (CN XI)

Front 208

What nerve innervates the lat dorsi?

Back 208

Thoracodorsal

Front 209

What nerve innervates the teres major?

Back 209

Lower subscaupular

Front 210

What nerve innervates the levator scapulae?

Back 210

Dorsal scapular

Front 211

What nerve innervates the rhomoboids?

Back 211

Dorsal scapular

Front 212

What nerve innervates the subscapularis?

Back 212

Upper and lower subscapular nerves

Front 213

What nerve innervates the supraspinatus?

Back 213

subscapular n

Front 214

What nerve innervates the infraspinatus?

Back 214

suprascapular n

Front 215

What nerve innervates the teres minor?

Back 215

axillary n

Front 216

Where does the dorsal scapular nerve emerge and run?

Back 216

Peirces the middle scalene, emerges in the posterior neck and travels down to innervate the rhomboids

Front 217

Where does the TDN emerge?

Back 217

Axilla

Front 218

What is the function of the deep back muscles?

Back 218

Extends, rotates, stabilizes vertebrae

Front 219

What is the innervation of the deep back muscles?

Back 219

Segmental (motor branches of dorsal primary rami)

Front 220

What are the 2 groups of the deep back muscles?`

Back 220

Erector spinae and transversospinalis

Front 221

What are the 3 groups of the erector spinae muscles from lateral to medial?

Back 221

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Front 222

Where are the origins of the ileocostalis?

Back 222

origins-post iliac crest (lumbar region), ribs 1-12 (thoracic region), transverse processes of cervical vertabrae (cervical region)

Front 223

Where are the origins for the longisimuss?

Back 223

Interconnects skull and transverse processes of the throacic and cervical vertebrae; also lower 10 ribs and posterior mastoid process

Front 224

Where are the origins for the spinalis?

Back 224

Interconnect spinous processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae and portion going to posterior occiput

Front 225

The transversospinalis group of muscles generally originate from the _________ and course obliquely to insert into the _______ of the vertebrae _____.

Back 225

-Transverse processes
-Spinous processes
-Above

Front 226

How many segments does the semispinalis group cross? What groups is it separated into?

Back 226

4-6 segments;
-Thoracis, cervicis, capitis

Front 227

How many segments does the multifidus group cross? What groups is it separated into?

Back 227

2-4 segments;
-sacralis, lumborum, thoracis, cervicis

Front 228

How many segments does the rotatores group cross? What groups is it separated into?

Back 228

1-2 segments;
-sacralis, lumborum, thoracis, cervicis

Front 229

What are the minor deep back muscles?

Back 229

Intertransversarii, interspinales, levatores costarum

Front 230

Where are the intertransversarii? What are its 2 groups?

Back 230

Segmental muslces bw the transverse processes (lumbar and cervical groups)

Front 231

Where are the interspinales? What are its 2 groups?

Back 231

Segmental muscles forund bw the spiinous processes (lumbar and cervical groups)

Front 232

Where are the levator costorum?

Back 232

course from transverse processses of thoracic vertebrae to the ribs

Front 233

What are the functions of the levator costorum?

Back 233

elevates ribs, stabilizes the rib cage to the spine, accessory muscle for breathing

Front 234

Where does splenious capitus and splenious cervicis orginate?

Back 234

Ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7-T6

Front 235

Where does simispinalis cervicis attach? What does it lie deep to?

Back 235

-spine of C2
-deep to semipinalis capitis

Front 236

Where does semispinalis capitis attach? What pierces it?

Back 236

-base of skull
-pierced by greater occipital nerve (dorsal primary ramus of C2)

Front 237

What muscles form the suboccipital triangle?

Back 237

Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, superior obliquus capitis, inferior obliquus capitis

Front 238

Where does the superior obliquus capitis attach?

Back 238

transverse process of C1

Front 239

What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?

Back 239

vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve (dorsal primary ramus of C1), posterior bony arch of C1

Front 240

What does the greater occipital nerve supply?

Back 240

Sensory inneration to the posterior head

Front 241

Where does the greater occipital nerve run?

Back 241

emerges just inferior to inferior obliquus capitis, passes up the posterior neck deep to upper trap, pierces trap at its attachment to the skull to supply posterior scalp with general sensation

Front 242

What does the suboccipital nerve supply?

Back 242

motor innervation to the suboccipital muscles

Front 243

How SC segments and spinal nerves are there? How many in each group?

Back 243

-31
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

Front 244

The spinal cord is a long thin collection of what?

Back 244

neuron cell bodies, axons, and glial celss

Front 245

Where do spinal nerves exit?

Back 245

C1-7 exit above there corresponding vertebra, remainder exit below their corresponding vertebrae (through intervertebral foramina)

Front 246

What does the medial dorsal primary ramus supply?

Back 246

Sensation to paraspinal region (skin)

Front 247

What does the lateral dorsal primary ramus supply?

Back 247

Motor to deep back muscles

Front 248

What are the 4 plexi and their contributing sc segments? Which cause SC enlargements?

Back 248

-cervical plexus (c1-c4)
-brachial plexus (c5-t1)-cervical enlargement
-lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)-lumbosacral enlargement
-Coccygeal plexus (S4, S5, 1st coccygeal)

Front 249

The SC begins at _______ and ends at _______.

Back 249

Foramen magnum, conus medullaris

Front 250

Where is conus medullaris located?

Back 250

at L1-L2 intervertebral disc

Front 251

Dura mater continues to ___ and contains ____.

Back 251

S2, CSF

Front 252

What forms the cauda equina?

Back 252

peripheral rootlet components of the lumbosacral plexus

Front 253

what is filum terminale composed of and what is its function?

Back 253

thin, ligamentous structure composed of glial cells and pia mater, anchors the inferior tip of SC to the coccyx

Front 254

Preganlionics are called ___________ and postganglionics are called _______.

Back 254

White rami communicantes, gray rami communicantes

Front 255

The ansa cervaclis consists of C_-C_ and supplies what?

Back 255

C1-C3-3 out of the 4 infahyoids (not thyrohyoid)

Front 256

The plexi are composed of _________.

Back 256

Ventral primary rami (no dorsal)

Front 257

The phrenic nerve is made up of what sc segments and runs along what muscle?

Back 257

-C3, C4, and C5; anterior scalene

Front 258

What is the sole derivative of the coccygeal plexus and what does it supply?

Back 258

anal coccygeal nerve-supplies sensory to anal and buttocks

Front 259

Where does the dural sac/arachnoids end?

Back 259

S2

Front 260

What are denticulate ligaments, how many pairs, and what is their function?

Back 260

modified folds of pia mater, 21 pairs, pass through arachnoid membrane and attach the dura maters to the sc

Front 261

What space contains CSF>

Back 261

Subarachnoid space

Front 262

What is contained w/in the epidural space?

Back 262

fat and anterior and posterior venous plexi

Front 263

Which venous plexus is the largest and why?

Back 263

Anterior bc it drains blood from verterbral bodies themselves

Front 264

What part of the SC contains the sensory neuron cell bodies?

Back 264

dorsal gray horns

Front 265

What part of the SC containes motor neuron cell bodies?

Back 265

Ventral gray horn (ant)

Front 266

the lateral gray horn is only found in what sections of the SC and why are they in these sections?

Back 266

-T1-L2-3-contains SNS preganglionic cell bodies
-S2-S4-contains paraympathetic sacral cell bdies

Front 267

The dorsal roots carry _____info.

Back 267

Sensory

Front 268

What is the purpose of the dorsolateral sulcus and vertrolateral sulcus?

Back 268

allows transmission of dorsal and ventral root to be transmitted from the cords

Front 269

Where is the dorsal intermediate sulcus found?

Back 269

Bw dorsal root and post median sulcus
-around T8 (mid thoracic region and up)

Front 270

the vertebral artery passes through the ________ at ____ sc segment.

Back 270

suboccipital triangle, c1

Front 271

The anterior spinal artery runs in the _________

Back 271

Anteroventral fissure

Front 272

What is the pathway for the formation of the the anterior spinal artery?

Back 272

2 vertebral arteries converge after passing through F.M. and decends back as a single artery

Front 273

The cauda equina arteries form an anastomosis with _________.

Back 273

lateral sacral arteries

Front 274

The segmental artery divides into what? Where do these run?

Back 274

-Dorsal (post) radicular artery-runs with dorsal root
-Ventral (ant) radicular artery-runs with ventral root

Front 275

What type of artery forms segmental arteries?

Back 275

Posterior intercostal artery

Front 276

Where do basivertebral veins come from and what do they drain?

Back 276

-come out of verterbral body-drains into ant plexus (make ant >post)