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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the functions of blood?
Transport
Regulation of Body Temp
Clotting
Connective Tissue
How much blood is in the human body?
Males- 5 to 6 L
Females- 4 to 5 L
What is blood composed of?
(%)
55% Plasma
45% Erythrocytes
1% Leukocytes/Platelets
What are the three main plasma proteins?
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
What does albumin do?
Plasma protein

Gives the blood viscosity, creates colloid pressure which draws fluid from interstitial space back into vessels
What does globulin do?
transporters (hemoglobin) or antibodies (immunoglobulins)
What does fibrinogen do?
element of coagulation (clotting)
What shape are Erythrocytes and why?
Biocancave discs

Creates large surface area to absorb oxygen
Low RBC count is an indication of what?
Anemia
Erythrocytes-
Nucleus?
Lifespan?
No nucleus.
120 day lifespan
What is Erythropoiesis? Where does it occur?
-RBC production in the red bone marrow, in sites along the midline in prominal ends of proximal long bones

-Stimulated by a hormone produced in the kidneys.
What is hemoglobin? What is it composed of?
Composes 97% of a RBC

Carries oxygen

Made of 4 heme units with 4 iron units which are oxidized, creating the red color
Blood Typing-
Antibodies in Types A and B?
Type A: Has B antibodies
Type B: Has A antibodies
Blood Typing-

Type AB?
Type O?
Type AB has no antibodies, it is the universal recipient.

Type O has both A and B antibodies, it is the universal donor.
Name the blood cells from most to least frequent in circulating blood
RBCs, Platelets, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
Where do leukocytes (WBCs) function?
In the connective tissue, NOT in the vessels
Define Chemotaxis and Diapedesis in relation to WBCs
WBCs follow chemical traces toward a site.

WBCs move into tissues via small openings between cells at the ends of capillaries
What are the two major types of Leukocytes and their subtypes?
Granular
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils

Agranular
-Lyphocytes
-Monocytes
What are neutrophils?
Granular leukocytes that are PolyMorphoNuclear- their nuclei have 2-6 lobes connected

They engulf and digest bacteria and release enzymes
What are eosinophils?
Granular leukocytes with two connected lobed nucleus.

Fight parasite infections, eat antigen/antibody complexes
What are basophils?
Nucleus has 2 connected lobes

Secrete things to mediate inflamation due to allergic reactions or infections

Just like mast cells
What are the Agranular leukocytes?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
What are monocytes?
Agranular leukocytes that are circulatory system precursors to macrophages

dark, kidney shaped nucleus
What are lymphocytes?
B cells and T cells

Nucleus fills the cell
What are platelets?
Not cells, just fragments of megakaryocytes enclosed in a membrane.
How does a blood clot form?
Platelets and fibrin make a net that traps RBCs
What are APCs?
Antigen Presenting Cells, usually macrophages
What are T-cells?
A type of lymphocyte that binds to antigens, secrete hormones into its membrane to make it commit cell suicide (apoptosis!)
What are B-cells?
They secrete antibodies that bind to antigens and mark them for destruction (mostly bacteria)
What are the three types of T-lymphocytes?
Cytotoxic (kills), helper (activates), and supressor (inhibits)
What is the cell-mediated immune response?
An APC eats the invading cell, displays an antigen marker, begins T-cells cycle (helper, cytotoxic, supressor)
What is the Humoral-mediated cell repsonse?
B-cell cycle, which ends with an APC eating the whole cell/antibody
What is the primary immune response?
mediated by both B and T cells acting as EFFECTOR cells, slow activation
What is the secondary immune response?
activated t and B cells become memory cells, wait for a second invasion, provide a quicker and more active response!
What are Peyer's patches?
Aggregated lymphoid nodules in walls of small intestine and appendix
Describe the flow of lymph
Tissue fluid from blood capillaries --> lymphatic capillaries--> lymphatic vessels --> nodes --> trunks--> ducts (mostly thoracic) --> enters the blood stream through the great veins in the neck
What are lymphatic capillaries?
Consist of a single layer of endothelial cells with overlapping edges that form valves which prevent backflow
How does lymph enter/exit a lymph node?
Comes in through afferent vessels and Exits through Efferent vessels (in the Hilum)
Structure of a lymph node
Capsule of cunnective tissue that projects trabeculae inward, creating compartments.

Lymph flows through three sinuses (subscapular, cortical, medullary) which are spanned by endothelial fibers covered in macrophages
What is lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
Specialized connective tissue with tons of lymphocytes located in mucous membranes and all lyphoid organs except thymus
What is the spleen?
largest lyphoid organ. Filters BLOOD (not lymph)-White pulp surrounded by red pulp.
What are the Central Lymphoid organs?
Bone Marrow and Thymus
Descibe the bone marrow in relation to the lymphatic system
All lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow, some remain and become B cells
What is the Thymus?
Two lobed structure above the sternum where immature lymphocytes develop into T cells