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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the functions of blood?
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Transport
Regulation of Body Temp Clotting Connective Tissue |
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How much blood is in the human body?
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Males- 5 to 6 L
Females- 4 to 5 L |
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What is blood composed of?
(%) |
55% Plasma
45% Erythrocytes 1% Leukocytes/Platelets |
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What are the three main plasma proteins?
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Albumin
Globulin Fibrinogen |
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What does albumin do?
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Plasma protein
Gives the blood viscosity, creates colloid pressure which draws fluid from interstitial space back into vessels |
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What does globulin do?
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transporters (hemoglobin) or antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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What does fibrinogen do?
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element of coagulation (clotting)
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What shape are Erythrocytes and why?
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Biocancave discs
Creates large surface area to absorb oxygen |
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Low RBC count is an indication of what?
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Anemia
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Erythrocytes-
Nucleus? Lifespan? |
No nucleus.
120 day lifespan |
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What is Erythropoiesis? Where does it occur?
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-RBC production in the red bone marrow, in sites along the midline in prominal ends of proximal long bones
-Stimulated by a hormone produced in the kidneys. |
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What is hemoglobin? What is it composed of?
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Composes 97% of a RBC
Carries oxygen Made of 4 heme units with 4 iron units which are oxidized, creating the red color |
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Blood Typing-
Antibodies in Types A and B? |
Type A: Has B antibodies
Type B: Has A antibodies |
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Blood Typing-
Type AB? Type O? |
Type AB has no antibodies, it is the universal recipient.
Type O has both A and B antibodies, it is the universal donor. |
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Name the blood cells from most to least frequent in circulating blood
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RBCs, Platelets, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
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Where do leukocytes (WBCs) function?
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In the connective tissue, NOT in the vessels
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Define Chemotaxis and Diapedesis in relation to WBCs
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WBCs follow chemical traces toward a site.
WBCs move into tissues via small openings between cells at the ends of capillaries |
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What are the two major types of Leukocytes and their subtypes?
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Granular
-Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils Agranular -Lyphocytes -Monocytes |
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What are neutrophils?
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Granular leukocytes that are PolyMorphoNuclear- their nuclei have 2-6 lobes connected
They engulf and digest bacteria and release enzymes |
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What are eosinophils?
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Granular leukocytes with two connected lobed nucleus.
Fight parasite infections, eat antigen/antibody complexes |
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What are basophils?
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Nucleus has 2 connected lobes
Secrete things to mediate inflamation due to allergic reactions or infections Just like mast cells |
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What are the Agranular leukocytes?
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Monocytes and Lymphocytes
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What are monocytes?
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Agranular leukocytes that are circulatory system precursors to macrophages
dark, kidney shaped nucleus |
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What are lymphocytes?
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B cells and T cells
Nucleus fills the cell |
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What are platelets?
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Not cells, just fragments of megakaryocytes enclosed in a membrane.
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How does a blood clot form?
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Platelets and fibrin make a net that traps RBCs
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What are APCs?
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Antigen Presenting Cells, usually macrophages
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What are T-cells?
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A type of lymphocyte that binds to antigens, secrete hormones into its membrane to make it commit cell suicide (apoptosis!)
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What are B-cells?
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They secrete antibodies that bind to antigens and mark them for destruction (mostly bacteria)
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What are the three types of T-lymphocytes?
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Cytotoxic (kills), helper (activates), and supressor (inhibits)
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What is the cell-mediated immune response?
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An APC eats the invading cell, displays an antigen marker, begins T-cells cycle (helper, cytotoxic, supressor)
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What is the Humoral-mediated cell repsonse?
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B-cell cycle, which ends with an APC eating the whole cell/antibody
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What is the primary immune response?
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mediated by both B and T cells acting as EFFECTOR cells, slow activation
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What is the secondary immune response?
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activated t and B cells become memory cells, wait for a second invasion, provide a quicker and more active response!
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What are Peyer's patches?
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Aggregated lymphoid nodules in walls of small intestine and appendix
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Describe the flow of lymph
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Tissue fluid from blood capillaries --> lymphatic capillaries--> lymphatic vessels --> nodes --> trunks--> ducts (mostly thoracic) --> enters the blood stream through the great veins in the neck
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What are lymphatic capillaries?
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Consist of a single layer of endothelial cells with overlapping edges that form valves which prevent backflow
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How does lymph enter/exit a lymph node?
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Comes in through afferent vessels and Exits through Efferent vessels (in the Hilum)
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Structure of a lymph node
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Capsule of cunnective tissue that projects trabeculae inward, creating compartments.
Lymph flows through three sinuses (subscapular, cortical, medullary) which are spanned by endothelial fibers covered in macrophages |
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What is lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
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Specialized connective tissue with tons of lymphocytes located in mucous membranes and all lyphoid organs except thymus
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What is the spleen?
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largest lyphoid organ. Filters BLOOD (not lymph)-White pulp surrounded by red pulp.
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What are the Central Lymphoid organs?
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Bone Marrow and Thymus
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Descibe the bone marrow in relation to the lymphatic system
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All lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow, some remain and become B cells
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What is the Thymus?
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Two lobed structure above the sternum where immature lymphocytes develop into T cells
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