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334 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What forms the internal skeleton providing shape and support to our bodies?
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bones
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What does the skeletal system contain
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along with its bones
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What are the tissue types that bone contains?
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bone
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What is the process in which bone tissue is continually engaged?
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remodeling
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What are the five primary functions of bones?
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Support
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What types of bones are longer than they are wide?
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long
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Phalanges
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femur
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What bones are about as wide as they are long – roughly cube shaped?
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short
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Carpals and tarsals are examples of what type of bones?
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short
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What type of bones is thin
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flat and usually curved?
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The sternum
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ribs and scapula are examples of what type of bone?
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What type of bone doesn’t fit any of the other categories?
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Irregular
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Vertebrae
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pelvic bones
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What type of bone is generally small and seed shaped?
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sesamoid
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The patella and bones that develop in tendons near joints in hands and feet are examples of what type of bone?
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sesamoid
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What is the name of the dense outer layer of bone?
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compact
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What is the name of the internal network of bone?
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spongy
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What is another name for spongy bone?
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cancallous
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The ‘shaft’ or body of a bone; The long
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cylindrical
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The ends of a bone:
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epiphysis
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The hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow (fat cells):
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medullary
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Bundles of strong collagenous fibers connecting periosteum to bone:
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sharpey’s fibers/perforating fibors
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What types of bone contain bone marrow but no marrow cavity?
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flat
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The internal spongy bone of flat bones:
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diploë
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What does the anatomy of a bone reflect?
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Stresses
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Where is the compression and tension of a bone the greatest?
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external surface
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What are the three broad categories of bone marking?
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projections
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What are projections on bones used for?
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muscle attachment
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What are bones surfaces used for?
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joint formation
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Large
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rounded projection that may be roughened:
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Narrow ridge of bone
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usually prominent:
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Very large
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blunt
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On which bone is the only example of a trochanter found?
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femur
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Which skeleton includes the bones that make up the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton?
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appendicular
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How many bones does the appendicular skeleton have?
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126
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What is the name of something that encircles or confines?
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girdle
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Which girdle attaches the upper limbs to the trunk?
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pectoral girdle
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Which girdle attaches the lower limbs to the trunk?
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pelvic girdle
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What are the main bones in the pectoral girdle?
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clavicle and scapula
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Does the pectoral girdle encircle the body completely?
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no
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To which structures do the medial ends of each clavicle articulate?
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manubrium and first rib
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In what orientation do the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae?
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laterally
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Do scapulae join each other or the axial skeleton?
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no
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What girdle provides for many muscles that move the upper limbs?
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pectoral girdle
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In the pectoral girdle
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what is the only bone that articulates with the axial skeleton?
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What is the name of the shoulder joint socket?
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glenoid cavity
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Because the glenoid cavity is shallow
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that makes it relatively good for flexibility but bad for…
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Do clavicles extend horizontally or vertically across the superior thorax?
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horizontally
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To which structure does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate?
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manubrium
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To which structure does the acromial end of the clavicle articulate?
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scapula
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Between which ribs are the scapulae located?
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2-7
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What are the three borders of the scapulae?
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superior
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What is another word for the medial border of the scapula?
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vertebral
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What is another word for the lateral border of the scapula?
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axillary
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What are the three angles of the scapulae?
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lateral
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How many bones form each upper limb?
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30
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What is the only bone of the arm?
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humerus
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What is the longest and strongest bone of the upper limb?
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humerus
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To which bone or bones does the humerus articulate at the shoulder?
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scapula
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To which bone or bones does the humerus articulate at the elbow?
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radius and ulna
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What do the radius and the ulna form?
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forearm
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Which ends of the forearm articulate with the humerus?
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proximal
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Which ends of the forearm articulate with the carpals?
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distal
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What is the name of a bone joint which permits motion only in one plane (backward and forward)?
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hinge joint
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Where do the radius and ulna articulate with one another?
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proximal and distal radioulnar joints
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What interconnects the radius and ulna?
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interosseous membrane
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In anatomical position
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is the radius lateral or medial?
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In anatomical position
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is the ulna lateral or medial?
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What is the main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint?
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ulna
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Which bone is the hinge joint that allows your forearm to bend on the arm?
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ulna
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What separates the carpals from the ulna on the distal and?
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fibrocartilage
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With which part of the humerus does the superior surface of the head of the radius articulate?
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capitulum
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Medially
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where does the head of the radius articulate with the ulna?
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Which bone contributes heavily to the wrist joint?
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radius
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What moves when the radius moves?
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hand
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What is the name for the bones of the wrist?
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carpals
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What is the name for the bones of the palm?
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metacarpals
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What is the name of the bones of the fingers?
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phalanges
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How many bones make up the carpals?
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eight
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What are the carpal bones in the proximal row from lateral to medial?
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scaphoid
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What are the carpal bones in the distal row from lateral to medial?
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trapezium
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What is another word for the thumb?
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pollex
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The five metacarpals radiate distally from where?
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the wrist
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With what do the metacarpals articulate proximally?
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the distal row of the carpals
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With what do the metacarpals articulate distally?
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the proximal phalanges
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The phalanges are numbered 1-5 beginning with…
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the thumb
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Except for the thumb
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each finger has how many phalanges?
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What are the three types of phalanges?
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proximal
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What attaches the lower limbs to the spine?
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pelvic girdle
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What supports the visceral organs?
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pelvic girdle
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What attaches the pelvic girdle to the axial skeleton?
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strong ligaments
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What is the name of the deep cup that holds the head of the femur?
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acetabulum
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Do the lower limbs have more or less freedom of movement than the upper?
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less
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Are the lower limbs more or less stable than the arm?
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more
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Are the hip bones united anteriorly or posteriorly?
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anteriorly
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Posteriorly
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with what do the hip bones articulate?
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From what bones is the bony pelvis formed?
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coxal bones
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From what three bones are the coxal bones formed?
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ilium
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In the coxal bone
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which bone is large and flaring and forms the superior region?
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What is the name of the joint formed by the articulation of the ilium and the sacrum?
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sacroiliac
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Which bone forms the posteroinferior region of the coxal bone?
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ischium
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Anteriorly
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with which bone does the pubis join?
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What are the strongest parts of the hip bone?
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ischial tuberosities
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What bone forms the anterior region of the coxal bone?
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pubis
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Which bone of the coxal bone lies horizontally in anatomical position?
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pubis
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What is the name of the fibrocartilage that forms the two pubic bones at the midline?
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pubic symphysis
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Which pelvis is bounded by alae of the iliac bones?
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false pelvis
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Which pelvis is inferior to the pelvic brim and forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs?
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true pelvis
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Does the male or female pelvis have more room in the true pelvis?
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female
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Male or Female: Which pelvis is lighter?
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female
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Male or Female: Which pelvis is narrower?
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male
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Male or Female: which pelvis is shallower?
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female
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Male or Female: Which pelvis is LESS THAN 90 degrees?
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male
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Why are the bones of the lower limbs thicker and stronger than those of the upper?
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because they carry the entire weight of the erect body
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What are the three segments of the lower limb?
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thigh
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What is the name of the region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee?
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thigh
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What is the single bone of the thigh?
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femur
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What is the longest and strongest bone of the body?
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femur
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With what does the ball-shaped head of the femur articulate?
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acetabulum
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What refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle?
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leg
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What two bones comprise the leg?
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tibia and fibula
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What bone receives the weight of the body from the femur?
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tibia
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What is the name of the lateral
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stick like bone of the leg?
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What connects the tibia and fibula?
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interosseous membrane
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At which end does the tibia articulate with the femur?
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superior
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What joint does the superior articulation of the femur and the tibia form?
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knee
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At which end does the tibia articulate with the talus?
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inferior
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What does the inferior articulation of the tibia and the talus form?
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ankle
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Does the fibula contribute to the knee joint?
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no
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What are the names of the bones that compose the foot?
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tarsus
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What feature of the foot makes it pliable and able to adapt to uneven ground?
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segmentation
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What makes up the posterior half of the foot?
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tarsus
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Where is the majority of body weight borne?
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talus and calcaneus
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What is another name for ‘great toe’?
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hallux
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Which metatarsal supports body weight?
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first
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How many phalanges are there in the toes?
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14
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What are the three arches of the foot?
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medial
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Arches are maintained by the interlocking shape of the tarsals and…
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ligaments and tendons
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What is the name of the disorder where the head of the femur slips out of the acetabulum?
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hip dysplasia
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What is name of the disorder where the soles of the feet turn medially?
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clubfoot
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At birth
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how many times longer are the head and trunk than the lower limbs?
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By the age of ten
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what is the upper-lower body ratio?
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What is the name of the narrow ridge of bone that is less prominent than a crest?
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line
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What is the name of a small
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rounded projection or process?
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What is the name of the knuckle of any joint
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also a round projection or rounded articular area?
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What is the name of the raised area on or above a condyle?
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epicondyle
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What is the name of a sharp
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often slender projection?
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What is the name of any bony prominence?
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process
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What is the name of a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck?
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head
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What is the smooth
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nearly flat articular surface?
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What is the name of the rounded articular projection which often articulates with a corresponding fossa?
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condyle
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What is the name of a round or oval opening through a bone?
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foramen
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What is the name of a furrow or marked
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narrow depression?
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Narrow
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slit like opening:
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What is long
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narrow cut or opening?
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An indentation at the edge of a structure:
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notch
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An angular cut in an edge:
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indentation
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Shallow
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basin-like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface.
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Canal-like passageway:
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MEATUS
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Cavity within a bone
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filled with air and lined with mucous membrane:
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Mature bone cell shaped like a spider with a body and long process that occupies a lacuna in the bone matrix:
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osteocytes
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Little depression or cavity; in bone or cartilage each occupied by a cell:
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lacunae
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Thin tubes occupied by osteocytes bodies:
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canaliculi
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Tube-shaped unit in matrix
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compact bone consisting of concentric layers of bone called lamellae surrounding a central canal:
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A cylindrical unit of compact bone consisting of a system of interconnecting channels (canaliculi) around a central canal. The canaliculi ramify through the concentric rings of bone matrix supplying bone cells with nutrient:
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Haversian system
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How much of bone is composed of organic components like cells
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fibers
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How much of bone is composed of inorganic mineral salts like calcium phosphate?
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65%
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What bones are formed directly from mesenchyme without first being modeled in cartilage?
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membrane bones
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Also known as embryonic connective tissue
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this is the mass of tissue that develops mainly from the mesoderm of an embryo:
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What is the name of the process that begins late in the second month of development and is not completed until the skeleton stops growing in early adulthood?
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endochondral ossification
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In intramembranous ossification
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what forms the matrix and collagen fibers
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What is the name of the bone matrix
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especially before calcification:
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Mature cells that no longer secrete matrix:
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osteocytes
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Double-layered membrane of connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone:
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periosteum
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A piece of the bony network in spongy bone:
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trabecula
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Of what are bones modeled?
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hyaline cartilage
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Human skeleton has how many bones?
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206
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The axial skeleton has how many bones
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80
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The appendicular has how many bones
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126
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The axial skeleton does?
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1. Forms the central axis of the body. 2. Formed from 80 named bones. 3. consists of skull
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The bones in the axial skeleton are?
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Cranium
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What are bone markings for?
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1. Projections that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments 2. Projections that help form joints. 3. Depressions and openings for passage of nerves and blood vessels.
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Projections that help form joints are?
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The pterygoid processes are attachments sites for the pterygoid muscles that close the jaw in chewing.
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The skull is?
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Formed by cranial and facial bones
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The cranium serves to?
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1. Enclose brain 2. Provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
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The facial bones serve to?
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1. Form framework of the face 2. Form cavities for the sense organs of sight
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The overview of skull geography?
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1. Facial bones form anterior aspect 2. Cranium is divided into cranial vault and the base 3. Internally
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What smaller cavities does the skull contain?
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1. Middle and inner ear cavities (in lateral aspect of cranial base) 2. Nasal cavity (lies in the posterior to the nose) 3. Orbits (house the eyeballs) 4. Air filled sinuses (occur in several bones around the nasal cavity)
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Lateral aspect of the skull?
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1. Petrous part of temporal bone 2. External occipital protuberance 3. Internal acoustic meatus 4. Sella turcica and sphenoid sinus 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone 6. Lesser wing of sphenoie bone 7 frontal sinus 8. crista galli 8. Ethmoid bone (Perendicual plate) 9. Palatine bone.
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The skull contains 85 named openings. They are?
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1. Foramina
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Cranial bones formed from what eight large bones?
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Paired Bones (Temporal & Parietal)
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The Frontal bones do what?
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1. Forms the forehead 2. Superior parts of orbits 3. Contributes to anterior cranial fossa 4. Contains frontal sinuses
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Important Markings on the skull?
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Supraorbital foramina (Notches): Allow the supraorbital arteries and nerves to pass
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What are Parietal Bones and Sutures?
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Parietal bones form superior and lateral parts of skull
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What are coronal suture?
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Runs in the coronal plane and located where parietal bones meet the frontal bone
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What are squamous suture?
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Occurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly
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What are sagittal suture?
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Occurs where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly
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What are lambdoid suture?
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Occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
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What are Sutural Bones?
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1. Small bones that occur within sutures 2. Irregual in shape
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What does Occipital bones do?
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1. Forms the posterior portion of the cranium and cranial base 2. Articulates with the temporal bones and parietal bones 3. Forms the posterior cranial fossa 4. Foramen magnum located at its base
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Occipital bone features and structures?
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1. Occipital condyles 2. Hypoglossal foramen 3. External occipital protuberance 4. Superior nuchal lines 5. Inferior nuchal lines
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Occipital – Important Markings
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See attachment
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Occipital Markings – Foramen magnum
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Allow passage of spinal cord
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Occipital Markings – Hypoglossal canals
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(cranial nerve XII
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Occipital Markings – Occipital condyle
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Articulate with atlas
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Occipital Markings – External occipital protuberance
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site of muscle attachment
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Occipital Markings – Superior and inferior nuchal lines
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site of muscle attachment
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What does Temporal Bones do?
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1. Lie inferior to parietal bones 2. Form the inferolateral portion of the skull
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The term “temporal”?
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Comes from Latin word for “time” refers to the fact that gray hair
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The Sphenoid Bone?
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1. Spans the width of the cranial floor 2. Resembles a butterfly or bat 3. Consists of a body and three pairs of processes 4. Contains five important openings
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The Sphenoid Bone? Consists of a body and three pairs of processes?
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Lesser wing
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The Sphenoid Bone? Contains five important openings?
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Optic canal
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Sella turcica (literally Turkish saddle)?
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Seat of the pituitary gland
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The Ethmoid Bone?
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1. Lies between nasal and sphenoid bones 2. Forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits
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The Ethmoid Bone
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Know all parts
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Facial bones unpaired bones?
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Mandible and vomer
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Facial bones paired bones?
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Maxillae
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What is the mandible?
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The lower jawbone is the largest and strongest facial bone
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What is the mandible? Composed of two main parts?
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Horizontal body and Two upright rami (projecting back parts)
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What are Maxillary bones?
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1. Articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible 2. Contains maxillary sinuses – largest paranasal sinuses 3. Forms part of the inferior orbital fussure
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Maxillary Bones
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See attached and know parts
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Other bones of the face. Zygomatic bones?
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Form lateral wall of orbits
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Nasal bones?
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Form bridge of nose
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Lacrimal Bones?
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Located in the medial orbital walls
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Palatine Bones?
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Complete the posterior part of the hard palate
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Vomer?
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Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum
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Bones of the face?
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See attached and know parts.
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Special Parts of the Skull?
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Orbits
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Orbits?
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Seven bones of the skull join to form each orbit (eye socket) which contains the eye ball and associated structures.
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Nasal Cavity?
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The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the lateral areas of the respiratory tract of nose.
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Nasal Septum?
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It separates the left and right airways in the nose
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Paranasal Sinuses?
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1. Air-filled sinuses are located within (Frontal bone
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Paranasal sinuses?
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Sinusitis is inflammation of the membrane (allergic)
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The Vertebral Column? Ligamentum Flavum?
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A ligament that connects the laminae of two adjacent vertebrae which enhances stability
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Intervertebral Discs?
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1. Cushion-like pads between vertebrae 2. Act as shock absorbers
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Intervertebral Discs?
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1. Compose about 25% of height of vertebral column 2. Composed of Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis
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Nucleus pulposus?
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The soft
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Nucleus pulosus?
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1. The gelatinous inner sphere of intervertebral disc 2. Enables spine to absorb compressive stresses
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Annulus fibrosis?
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1. An outer collar of ligaments and fibrocartilage 2. Contains the nucleus pulposus 3. Functions to bind vertebrae together
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Herniated Disc?
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1. May be caused by trauma to the spine 2. Aging is also a contributing factor (Nucleus pulposes loses cushioning properties and annulus fibrosis weakens)
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Regions and Normal Curvatures?
|
1. Vertebral column is about 70 cm (28 inches) 2. Vertebral column is divided into 5 major Regions
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Vertebral column 5 major regions?
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Cervical
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What are the seven vertebrae of the neck region?
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cervical
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Regions: Thoracic vertebrae?
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12 vertebrae of the thoracic region
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Regions: Lumbar vertebrae?
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5 vertebrae of the lower back
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Regions: Sacrum?
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5 fused vertebrae 1. Inferior to lumbar vertebrae 2. Articulates with coxal bones
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Normal Curvatures?
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4 distinct curvatures give vertebral column an S-shape 1. Cervical and lumbar curvature are concave posteriorly 2. Thoracic and sacral curvatures are convex posteriorly
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Normal Curvatures?
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Increases the resilience of the spine (Recover its size and shape after deformation caused especially by compressive stress.
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Regions Vertebral Characteristics?
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1. Specific regions of the spine perform specific functions 2. Types of movement that occur between vertebrae (flexion and extension
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Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7)
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Smallest and lightest vertebrae (they support the least load)
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Cervical Vertebrae- Transverse Processes?
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Transverse processes contain transverse foramina (for passage of the vertebral artery) Superior articular facets face superoposteriorly
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The Atlas?
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1. c1 is termed the atlas 2. Lacks a body and spinous proves 3. Supports the skull (Superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles) 4. Allows flexion and extension of neck (Nodding the head “yes”)
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The Axis?
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1. Has a body and spinous process 2. Dens (Odontoid process) projects superiorly
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Dens?
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1. Formed from fusion of the body of the atlas with the axis 2. Acts as pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull 3. Participates in rotating the head from side to side
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Cervical 7?
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(C7) has a prominent nonbifid spinous process that can be felt at the base of the neck
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Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
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1. All articulate with ribs 2. Have heart-shaped bodies from the superior view 3. Each side of the body of T1 – T10 bears demifacets for articulation with ribs (T1 has a full facet for the first rib & T10 – T12 only have a sing facet)
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Thoracic Vertebrae?
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1. Spinous processes are long and point inferiorly 2. Vertebral foramen are circular 3. Transverse processes articulate with tubercles of ribs
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Thoracic Vertebrae?
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1. Superior articular facet point posteriorly 2. Inferior articular processes point anteriorly (Allows rotation and prevents flexion and extension)
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Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 – L5)?
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1. Bodies are thick and robust 2. Transverse processes are thin and tapered 3. Spinous processes are thick
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Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 – L5)?
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1. Vertebral foramina are triangular 2. Superior and inferior articular facets directly medially 3. Allows flexion and extension – rotation prevented
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Lumbar Vertebrae?
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See attached and know parts
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Sacrum (S1 – S5)
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1. Shapes the posterior wall of pelvis 2. Formed from 5 fused vertebrae 3. Superior surface articulates with L5 4. Inferiorly articulates with coccyx
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Sacrum (S1 – S5) What is the Sacral promontory?
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Where the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity. Center of gravity is 1 cm posterior to sacral promontory
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Sacral foramina?
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Ventral foramina?
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Sacral foramina? Dorsal foramina?
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Passage for dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves
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Sacrum
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See attached and know parts
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Coccyx?
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1. Is the “tailbone” 2. Formed from 3-5 fused vertebrae 3. Offers only slight support to pelvid organs
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Bony Thorax?
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1. Forms the framework of the chest 2. Components of the bony thorax (Thoracic vertebrae – posteriorly
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The Bony Thorax?
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See attached and know parts
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Sternum is formed from three sections?
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Manubrium
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Sternum Manubrium?
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Superior section (Articulates with medial end of clavicles)
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Sternum Body?
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Bulk of sternum (Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
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Inferior end of sternum (Ossifies around age 40)
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Xiphoid Process
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Sternum Anatonical Landmarks?
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Jugular Notch (Central indentation at superior border of the manubrium)
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Sternum Sternal Angle?
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A horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the body
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Jugular Notch?
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It is the large
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Ribs?
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All ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly 1. True ribs – superior seven pairs of ribs (Attached to sternum by costal cartilage) 2. False ribs – inferior five pairs of ribs 3. Ribs 11-12 are know as floating ribs
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Ribs?
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See attached and know parts
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Disorders of the Axial Skeleton – Scoliosis?
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Abnormal spinal curvatures Scoliosis – an abnormal lateral curvature
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Disorders of the Axial Skeleton – Kyphosys?
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An exaggerated thoracic curvature
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Disorders of the Axial Skeleton –Lordosis?
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An accentuated lumbar curvature “Swayback”
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What disorders of the axial skeleton is characterized by a narrowing of the vertebral canal?
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stenosis
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The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life?
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1. Membrane bones begin to ossify in second month of development 2. Bone tissue grows outward from ossification centers. 3. Fontanels – Unossified remnants of membranes
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The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life?
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1. Many bones of the face and skull form by intramembranous ossification 2. Endochondral bones of the skull (Occipital bone
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The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life? Curvatures of the vertebral column?
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Primary curvatures – thoracic and sacral curvatures (an infant’s spine is C-shaped at birth)
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The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life? Curvatures of the vertebral column?
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Secondary curvatures – cervical and lumbar curvatures 1. Develop when a baby begins to walk 2. Redistributes weight of the upper body over the lower limbs
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The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life? Aging of the axial skeleton?
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1. Water content of the intervertebral discs decreases 2. By age 55
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What is the name of the area of developing tissue near the end of the long bones in children?
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growth plate
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What is another name for the ‘growth plate?
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physis
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In the epiphyseal plates of growing bones what is organized for quick
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efficient growth?
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Actively dividing cell which develops into cartilage:
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chondroblast
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What is the end of a long bone that is originally separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage but later becomes united to the main bone through ossification?
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epiphysis
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A specialized
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mature
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The matrix of cartilage:
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chondrin
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Small needle-like mineralized piece of tissue from which spongy bone is formed:
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trabeculae
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During childhood and adolescence
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bones lengthen entirely by growth of the…
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From which gland is growth hormone produced?
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pituitary
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Which hormone stimulates the epiphyseal plates?
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growth hormone
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Which hormone ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportion?
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thyroid
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Which hormone promotes bone growth and later induces closure of the epiphyseal plates?
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sex hormone
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As adolescence draws to an end
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what divides less often in developing bone?
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How many mg of calcium may enter or leave the adult skeleton each day?
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500
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How often is cancellous bone of the skeleton replaced?
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every 3-4 years
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What removes bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis?
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osteoclasts
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What is the term for ‘growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface?
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appositional
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At which surfaces do bone deposits and removal occur?
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periosteal and endosteal surfaces
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In bone remodeling
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bone
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In bone remodeling
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what is responsible for bone reabsorption?
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A bone degrading cell:
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osteoclast
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What is the name of a fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin?
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simple
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What is the name of fracture in which broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin?
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compound
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In treating bone fractures
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what is the process in which bone ends are coaxed back into position by the physician’s hand?
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In treating bone fractures
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what is the process in which the bone ends are joined surgically with pins or wires?
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Collection of blood outside the blood vessels:
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hematoma
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Name the type of fracture in which the bone fragments into three or more pieces?
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commuted
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Name the type of fracture that is particularly common in the aged because of their relatively brittle bones?
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commuted
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Name the type of fracture in which the bone is crushed.
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compression
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Name the type of fracture common in porous bones subjected to extreme trauma like a fall?
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compression
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Name the type of fracture characterized by a ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied?
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spiral
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Name the type of fracture that is common in sports?
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spiral
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Name the type of fracture in which the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plates>
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epiphyseal
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Name the type of fracture that tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring?
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Epiphyseal
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Name the type of fracture in which broken bone portion is pressed inward typical of a skull fracture.
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depressed
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Name the type of fracture where the bone breaks incompletely.
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greenstick
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Name the type of fracture that is more common in children whose bones have relatively more organic matrix are more flexible than those of adults.
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greenstick
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What bone disorder is characterized by low bone mass?
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osteoporosis
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What bone disorder occurs in adults whose bones are inadequately mineralized?
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osteomalacia
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What bone disorder occurs in children and is analogous to osteomalacia.
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rickets
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What bone disorder is characterized by excessive rate of bone deposition?
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Paget’s disease
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What bone disorder is a form of bone cancer?
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osteosarcoma
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In which group are there fewer chondrocytes?
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the elderly
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What gives rise to embryonic mesenchyme cells?
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mesoderm
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What produces membranes and cartilage?
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mesenchyme
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Until what age does the skeleton grow?
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18-21
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