Anatomy Test 2 Chap 10

Front 1

Muscles make things happen. Together with bones, they form the _ and _ that make an animal “act”.

Back 1

movers, levers

Front 2

Muscles function to _ movement (posture)

Back 2

restrain

Front 3

Muscles function as part of the viscera (4)

Back 3

Digestive tract
Secretory glands
Respiratory tract
Circulatory system

Front 4

In the _ muscles produce the waves that move and mix food

Back 4

digestive tract

Front 5

muscles control the passage of secretions for the _

Back 5

secretory glands

Front 6

In the _ muscles regulate the passage of air

Back 6

respiratory tract

Front 7

In the _ muscles produce the rhythmic contracts that pump blood through our body

Back 7

Circulatory System

Front 8

Muscles of the circulatory system either ______ or _______blood vessels to control blood flow.

Back 8

dilate, constrict

Front 9

Muscles generate _ (shivering)

Back 9

heat

Front 10

Functions of Muscles:

Back 10

make things happen
restrict movement
function as part of the viscera
generate heat

Front 11

Muscles make _ and _ that is detectable by sharks and other fish.

Back 11

noise, low voltage electricity

Front 12

Some fish have evolved stacks of muscles used to produce _ for defensive and offensive (stunning prey) purposes

Back 12

high voltage electricity

Front 13

Muscles Defined by location: (2)

Back 13

somatic muscles
visceral muscles

Front 14

Muscles Defined by CNS control: (2)

Back 14

voluntary muscles
involuntary muscles

Front 15

muscles defined by microscopic properities: (2)

Back 15

striated muscles
non striated muscles

Front 16

Muscles defined by histological properities

Back 16

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

Front 17

muscles that move bone or cartilage

Back 17

somatic muscle

Front 18

muscles that control functions in other tissues

Back 18

visceral muscle

Front 19

muscles under conscious control

Back 19

voluntary muscle

Front 20

muscles under subconscious control

Back 20

involuntary muscle

Front 21

alternating light and dark banding pattern

Back 21

striated muscle

Front 22

no repeating pattern

Back 22

non-striated muscle

Front 23

somatic, voluntary, striated

Back 23

skeletal muscle

Front 24

visceral, involuntary, striated

Back 24

cardiac muscle

Front 25

visceral, involuntary, non-striated

Back 25

smooth muscle

Front 26

Characteristics of skeletal muscle: (3)

Back 26

- multi-nucleated
- long cells attached end to end forming long compostie fibers
- each cell is filled with many long myofibrils

Front 27

_ is a synonym for muscle cell

Back 27

myofiber

Front 28

All muscle cells have many of the organelles common to most _, with a few specializations

Back 28

eukaryotic cells

Front 29

plasma membrane of muscle cells

Back 29

sarcolemma

Front 30

smooth ER of muscle cells

Back 30

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 31

connective tissue covering around individual muscle cells

Back 31

endomysium

Front 32

wraps a group of muscle cells into a fascicle

Back 32

perimysium

Front 33

the perimysium wraps a group of muscle cells into a _

Back 33

fascicle

Front 34

connective tissue covering of the entire muscle organ

Back 34

epimysium
"whole muscle"

Front 35

A single muscle (“whole muscle”) is a collection of several

Back 35

fascicles

Front 36

muscle fasciles are bundles of

Back 36

individual muscle cells

Front 37

The connective tissue that wraps each fascile extends beyond the end of the muscle to connect to the bones as _ (dense connective tissue)

Back 37

tendons

Front 38

Tendons: Connective tissue wrapping of the muscle connects with the _ of the bone

Back 38

periosteum

Front 39

Muscle cells are also know as _

Back 39

muscle fibers

Front 40

Muscle cells are almost totally filled with long cylindrical structures arranged in parallel cables called _

Back 40

myofibrills

Front 41

myofibrills are composed of _ and _

Back 41

actin and myosin

Front 42

Keys to muscle contraction: (4)

Back 42

- skeletal muscle cells must be activated by a nerve
- Nerve activation increases Ca+ influx in muscle cells
- Ca = contraction ; no Ca = relaxation
- contraction ends when the nerve stops stimulating the muscle cell

Front 43

Ca = _
No Ca = _

Back 43

contraction
relaxation

Front 44

specialized nerve cells that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract

Back 44

Motor neurons

Front 45

point of attachment between a motor neuron and a muscle cell

Back 45

neuromuscular junction

Front 46

Stimulation of the muscle cells causes release of calcium which is stored in organelles called _

Back 46

sarcoplasmic reticula

Front 47

The electrical nerve impulse is carried into the cell by _ the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 47

Transverse (T) tubules

Front 48

Contraction is a “_” that is initiated by calcium

Back 48

sliding filament mechanism

Front 49

_ form between the myosin and binding sites on the actin filaments (which are exposed by calcium binding)

Back 49

cross bridges

Front 50

the binding causes the _ to “slide” along the myosin molecules

Back 50

actin filaments

Front 51

actin filament sliding effectively shortens each _______ and collectively the entire muscle, resulting in movement.

Back 51

sarcomere

Front 52

_ are repeating units composed of thick (_) and thin (_) myfilaments

Back 52

sarcomeres, myosin, actin

Front 53

The binding and bending of crossbridges (resulting in muscle contraction) requires _

Back 53

energy

Front 54

Muscles require energy to _ and _

Back 54

contract and relax

Front 55

_ is the energy source used for muscle contractions.

Back 55

ATP

Front 56

ATP is made in the _

Back 56

mitochondria

Front 57

ATP causes the _ to form a cross bridge and to bend

Back 57

myosin head

Front 58

Another ATP molecule must bind so that the cross bridge _ the actin.

Back 58

releases

Front 59

cells =

Back 59

fibers

Front 60

actin, myosin =

Back 60

fibrills

Front 61

_ help cardiac muscles to act together as a single unit.

Back 61

gap junctions

Front 62

Characteristics of cardiac muscle (5)

Back 62

- only occurs in the heart
- short branches cells
- mononucleated
- joined together into sheets of muscle tissue by intercalated disks
- may contract without neural regulation

Front 63

cardiac muscle is striated / non-striated?

Back 63

striated

Front 64

Characteristics of smooth muscles: (4)

Back 64

- mononucleated
- short and spindle shaped
- non-striated
- electrically coupled to allow the sheets to function as a single unit.

Front 65

Muscles can be categorized on the basis of the fiber's ability to _ and _ a generated force.

Back 65

establish, sustain

Front 66

for postural support, axial and appendicular muscles in amphibians and reptiles (rare in mammals)

Back 66

Tonic fibers

Front 67

Characteristics of tonic fibers: (3)

Back 67

- slow contraction
- low force
- long duration

Front 68

_ fibers- somatic muscles

Back 68

twitch fibers

Front 69

characteristics of twitch fibers

Back 69

- fast contraction
- short duration

Front 70

_ - muscle lever system

Back 70

bone

Front 71

_ - relatively fixed point of muscle attachment (_)

Back 71

origin, head

Front 72

_ - relatively movable point of muscle attachment (_)

Back 72

insertion, slip

Front 73

bend on part relative to another around the joint

Back 73

flexors

Front 74

straighten one part relative to another around the joint

Back 74

extensors

Front 75

draw the limb toward the midline of the body

Back 75

adductors

Front 76

draw the limb away from the midline of the body

Back 76

abductors

Front 77

close the jaw

Back 77

levators (adductors)

Front 78

open the jaw

Back 78

depressors (abductors)

Front 79

extend a part of the body

Back 79

protraction

Front 80

returns a part of the body

Back 80

retraction

Front 81

rotates the palm or sole up

Back 81

supinators

Front 82

rotate the palm or sole down

Back 82

pronators

Front 83

close openings (sphincter muscles)

Back 83

constrictors

Front 84

further open passages

Back 84

dilators

Front 85

A muscle is considered homologous if it fits 4 criterias

Back 85

- muscle attachment (head & slip similarities)
- functional similarities
- similarity of nervous innervation
- embryonic origin

Front 86

adult muscle segments derived from a myotome

Back 86

myomeres

Front 87

connective tissue partitions between adjacent myomeres

Back 87

myosepta

Front 88

_ - connective tissue partiton which divides myomeres into dorsal (_) muscles and ventral (_) muscles

Back 88

horizontal septum, epaxial, hypaxial

Front 89

Each myomere is innervated by a single spinal nerve which sends a branch to the epaxial myomere (_) and a branch to the hypaxial myomere (_)

Back 89

dorsal ramus, ventral ramus

Front 90

In tetrapods epaxial muscles are present as a single muscle mass, _

Back 90

dorsalis trunci

Front 91

In mammals there are _ divisions of epaxial muscles and _ divisions of hypaxial muscles

Back 91

3, 4

Front 92

3 epaxial muscle divisions in the mammal

Back 92

- transversospinalis group
- longissimus group
- iliocostalis group