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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the cells in the nervous system that transmit impulses by releasing neurotransmitters?
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neurons
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What wrap around their cell membranes around axons in the peripheral nervous system?
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schwann cells
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What are the layers of schwann cells of the cell membrane called?
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myelinations
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What is the specific name for the part of the neuron that surrounds the cell nucleus?
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perikaryon
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What is the organelle inside the cell that contains DNA and controls the activities of the cell?
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nucleus
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What is rough ER and synthesize the stuff we use?
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nissel bodies
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What part of the neuron supports the cell?
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neurofibrils
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What part of the neuron transport substances around the cell?
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microtubules
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What part of the neuron are tiny tubes that transport stuff from one part of the neuron to another?
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microtubules
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What are tiny structural fibers in the cell?
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neurofibrils
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How do hormones get from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
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axon transport
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What is the part of the neuron that controls the passage of impulses to the axon?
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axon hillock
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Where is the axon hillock located?
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base of the axon
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What decides whether or not enough stimuli have arrived to the perikaryon to send a depolarization wave along the axon?
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axon hillock
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In motor neurons an impulse is started where the hillock and axon meet is called what?
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trigger zone
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What is present in the brain and spinal cord wherever the tissue is gray?
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perikaryon
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What term is used to name the organelle in the cell that contains chromosomes?
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nuclei
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What term is used as a name for a mass of perikaryons inside the CNS?
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nuclei
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Perikaryons are also present along nerves in the PNS as what?
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ganglia
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What are the 4 types of ganglia?
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dorsal root, sympathetic, prevertebral, and terminal
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Where are dorsal root ganglia located?
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sensory spinal nerves
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Where are sympathetic ganglia located?
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cervical-thoracic-lumbar vertebra
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Where are prevertebral ganglia located?
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on large arteries
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Where are terminal ganglia located?
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visceral organs
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What ganglia are autonomic?
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sympathetic, prevertebral, terminal
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What is the receptive part of the neuron?
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dendrites
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How many dendrites are on a single neuron?
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many
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What part of the neuron carries an impulse to another neuron or to a receptor organ?
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axon
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What is an example of a receptor organ?
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muscle, gland, or neuron
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An axon may branch into several what?
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collateral branches
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The terminal ends of axons split off into many terminal branches called what?
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telodendria
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What are multiple layers of cell membrane around the outside?
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myelination
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In the PNS where does myelination form from?
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schwann cells
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In the CNS, where does myelination form from?
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oligodendrocytes
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What are multiple layers of myelin?
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myelination
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What are gaps between schwann cells in the CNS or PNS?
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nodes of ranvier
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What type of conduction is it when the conduction jumps from one point to another?
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saltatory conduction
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What is the membrane and cytoplasm part of the Schwann cell that is exposed to the outside of the myelin sheath?
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neurilemme
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What is the advantage of myelinated as opposed to non-myelinated neurons?
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speed
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How fast can nonmyelinated neurons conduct an impulse?
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.5-2.0 m/sec
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How fast can a myelinated neuron conduct an impulse if its 20 microns thick?
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150 m/sec
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How fast can a myelinated neuron conduct an impulse if its 10 microns thick?
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60 m/sec
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What is the autoimmune disease that causes demyelination in neurons?
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multiple sclerosis
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What neurons have one axon and one dendrite?
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bipolar
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What neuron has a single axon that arises from the perikaryon at the same place?
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unipolar
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Where is a biploar neuron found?
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retina or nose
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Where is a unipolar neuron found?
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sensory neurons into spinal cord
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What neurons have many dendrites and one axon that arises from the perikaryon?
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multipolar
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Where are multipolar neurons found?
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multipolar
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What efferent neurons carry impulses away from the CNS?
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motor
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What afferent neurons carry impulses toward the CNS?
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sensory
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What lie between sensory and motor neurons in the pathway of the nerve impulse?
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interneuron
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What is another name for interneurons?
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association neuron
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What are bundles of axons that are located in the body outside the CNS?
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nerves
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What surrounds individual nerves or schwann cells?
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endoneurium
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What surrounds bundles of schwann cells (individual fascicles)?
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perineurium
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What surrounds groups of perineurium (entire nerves)?
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epineurium
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Are there more neuroglial cells or more neuron cells in the CNS?
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neuroglia
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What is it called when neuroglial cells are able to divide by mitosis?
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mitotic
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Are neuroglia ectodermal or mesodermal?
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ectodermal
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What does the skin protect us from other than dehydration, ultra-violet radiation, thermal insulation, and mechanical bumps?
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pathogens
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Give the name for the outermost layer of the epidermis; that layer that wears away?
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stratum corneum
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Name the layer of epidermis that has spine shaped cells that are called "prickle cells."
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stratum spinosum
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What is the name for the non-living layer that is located between the epidermis and the dermis?
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basement membrane
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Give the name for the yellow pigment that is found in skin?
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carotene
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Where exactly in the skin is a cavernous hemangioma?
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reticular layer of dermis
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We have two types of sweat glands, apocrine and eccrine. Which one produces a thicker secretion?
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apocrine
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What gland produces sebum?
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sebaceous
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Which of the following is an inflamed gland in the tarsal plate: hordeolum, chalazion, ciliary, or meibomian?
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chalazion
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What color is the ball on the root of a hair after it passes through the telogen phase and is ready to fall out?
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white
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What is the name for the tiny muscle that causes hair to stand up when it contracts?
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arrector pili
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About how many different bones does a typical human have?
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206-210
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Give a function of bones other than: support, movement, protection, or mineral storage?
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hemopoiesis
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Give the name for the end part (not the shaft) of a long bone like the humerus or the femur
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epiphysis
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Write out the name for the condition that causes short arms and legs that means: without cartilage formation?
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achondroplasia
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Give the name for the bone cells that are stimulated by parathormone to "break down bone matrix?"
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osteoclasts
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Name the canal that interocnnects two Haversian canals?
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Volkman canal
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Of the two types of bone development, membrane and cartilage, which one does the ilium develop by?
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cartilage
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During the development of bone that was first cartilage then bone, do the cartilage cells just turn into bone cells? Yes or No.
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no
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What hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary stimulates mitosis at the growth plate in long bones?
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growth hormone
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What specific process are you not able to do if you don't have enough Vit D in your blood?
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absorb calcium
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Name a bone that is part of the orbit other than the palatine, sphenoid, sygoma, lacrimal, ethmoid or frontal?
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maxilla
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What is the name for cranial nerve number 10?
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Vagus
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What cranial nerve problem is responsible for causing Bell's Palsy?
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CN 7
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Give the name for the abnormal curvature of the spine in which a combinaiton of both "hunch back" and lateral displacement?
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kyphoscoliosis
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What bone in your skeletone makes is possible for you to put your arms behind your back?
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clavicle
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Give a realisticc value for the inferior pubic angle in a female pelvis?
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over 90
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Name the specific type of joint that is located between the two parietal bones?
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suture
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Give an example of a specific place in your body where you have a gomphosis joint?
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tooth in socket
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Other than between pubic bones, give a specific place in your body where you have a symphysis joint?
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intervertebral discs
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What is the anem for the fluid that is found inside your movable joints like between phalanges?
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synovial
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Give the name for the membrane tubes through which tendons slide that are located in the wrist or shoulder?
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tendon sheath
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What word means movement in the opposite direction of abduction?
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adduction
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What word means movement in the opposite direction of dorsiflexion?
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planarflexion
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What word means movement in the opposite direction of elevation?
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depression
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Name the largest hinge joint in the body?
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knee
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Write out the name for the ligament that passes through the knee from the anterior femur to the posterior tibia?
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posterior cruciate
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What specific type of joint is located between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna?
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pivot
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What secific type of joint is located between the trapezium and the metecarpal of the pollex?
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saddle
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What is the major function of skeletal muscles other than movement and maintaining posture?
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produce body heat
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Which type of muscle tissue is striated and also involuntary?
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cardiac
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What cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic nervous system other than 3, 7, and 10?
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9
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What division of the autonomic nervous system causes less blood to flow to the intestines and more to skeletal muscles?
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sympathetic
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What division of the autonomic nervous system caauses the bronchioles to dialate?
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sympathetic
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What is the name for the dark lines that are seen between the end of cells in cardiac muscle?
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intercalated disc
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The specific name for the layer of connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle?
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epimycium
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The thin filaments in muscle consist of what protein molecule other than troponin or tropomyosin?
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actin
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What is the name for the "up and down" change in the charge across a muscle cell membrane right after it is stimulated?
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action potential
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What is the name for the cell body part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and nissel bodies?
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perikaryon
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What is the function of the axon hillock?
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trigger zone
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From what spot do collaterals branch along an axon?
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nodes of ranvier
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What cells hold neurons with some of their appendages and blood vessels with their other appendages?
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astrocytes
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What protects neurons from any rapid change of environment?
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Blood Brain Barrier
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What protect neurons from damaging substances that are present in blood?
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astrocytes
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What substances can pass easily through the BBB?
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CO2, H2O, O2, alcohol
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What substances don't pass easily through the BBB?
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electrolytes sodium, potassium, and chloride
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What substances don't pass at all through the BBB?
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arsenic, sulfur, gold
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What lack pores in the brain?
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capillaries
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What function as the BBB between cerebrospinal fluid and neurons?
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ependymal cells
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What form the lining of the brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord?
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ependymal cells
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What are the four chambers in the brain called?
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ventricles
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What are the ventricles of the brain filled with?
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cerebrospinal fluid
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What is located in the roof of each of the four ventricles and looks like a cauliflower?
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choroid plexus
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What does the choroid plexus produce?
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cerebrospinal fluid
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How much cerebrospinal fluid is produced each day?
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500-800 ml/day
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What are the phagocytic cells that crawl between the cells of the nervous system and engulf microorganisms and dead cells?
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microglia
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Why are microglia cells important?
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immune system is denied to the CNS
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What is the name for the neuroglia tumor?
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gliomas
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What is the cancer of the brain (an astrocyte that has lost control of itself)?
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astrocytoma
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What is the cancer of an oligiodendrocyte?
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oligodendroglioma
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What is the cancer of the brain ventricles?
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ependymoma
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What is the cancer of the meninges?
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meningioma
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What is the cancer of a microglia cell?
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microglioma
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What is the cancer of the outer part of a Schwann Cell?
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Neurilemmoma or Schwannoma
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