Anatomy Test 2

Front 1

Which ribs are true, false, floating?

Back 1

true: 1-7
false::8-10
floating:11-12

Front 2

Where do true ribs attach?

Back 2

vertebrae to sternum

Front 3

What do the false ribs attach to?

Back 3

cartilages of ribs superior

Front 4

What rib cartilages are joined to form the infrasternal angle?

Back 4

7-10

Front 5

What is the superior throasic aperture bounded by?

Back 5

1st thorasic vertebra, 1st pair of ribs, supreior border of manubrium

Front 6

What closes the inferior throasic aperture

Back 6

the diaphragm

Front 7

What does the head of the rib articulate with?

Back 7

inferior and superior costal facets of adj thorasic vertebrae

Front 8

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

Back 8

the costal facet of transverse process of the vertebra of the same number.

Front 9

What does the sternal end of the rib connect to?

Back 9

the cartilage and then sternum

Front 10

What is the costal groove developed from?

Back 10

the pull of intercostal muscle fibers

Front 11

In older people, what can fuse and form a synostosis?

Back 11

manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints.

Front 12

What is the sternal foramen?

Back 12

failure of fusion between halves of the sternal bars

Front 13

Where do ribs rotate?

Back 13

1-7 costotransverse joints

Front 14

Where do ribs glide?

Back 14

8-10 costotransverse joints

Front 15

What ribs do not articulae with transverse processes?

Back 15

11 and 12

Front 16

What are costochondral joints?

Back 16

primary carilaginous joints - no mvmt

Front 17

What are interchondral joints?

Back 17

plane synovial joints (btwn costal cartilages 6-9)
provide indirect anchorage to sternum
lower true ribs and upper false (7-10)

Front 18

What are sternocostal joints?

Back 18

between upper 7 costal cartilage and sternum
1st joint is cartilaginous
2-7 are synovial plane joints.

Front 19

What is the bucket handle mvmt?

Back 19

lateral most part of ribs are elevated and transverse diameter of thorax increases

Front 20

What causes the increase in the A-P diameter?

Back 20

ribs elevated at the neck (esp 2-6) - pump handle

Front 21

What direction do the external intercostal muscles run?

Back 21

inferior medial direction

Front 22

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

Back 22

elevate ribs during inspiration

Front 23

Where do the internal intercostal muscles run?

Back 23

Only on very anterior most end of vertebra ( depress ribs, right angle to external)

Front 24

Where are the innermost intercostal muscles found?

Back 24

only on the lateral wall

Front 25

What do the scalene muscles do?

Back 25

insert on upper 2 ribs and elevate ribs for deep breaths

Front 26

Where do the levator costae run?

Back 26

transverse process to angle of ribs, elevate during inspiration and support

Front 27

What innervates the intermediate layer of back muscles?

Back 27

the ventral rami

Front 28

What arteries supply the thorasic wall?

Back 28

the aorta, posterior intercostal arteries, internal thorasic

Front 29

Where do you perform thoracocentesis?

Back 29

superior part of rib

Front 30

What innerviates the diaphragm?

Back 30

2 phrenic nerves

Front 31

Where do the phrenic nerves originate?

Back 31

branches of the cervial plexus in the neck (arise from anterior rami of C3,C4, C5.)

Front 32

What are the superficial extrinsic back muscles?

Back 32

trapezius
rhomboids
levator scapulae
Latissimus dorsi
all V rami

Front 33

What are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?

Back 33

serratus (respiratory, v.rami)

Front 34

What do the intrinsic back muscles do?

Back 34

maintain posture and control mvmts of the vertebral column and head

Front 35

What are the intrinsic back muscles?

Back 35

splenius
erector spinae
transversospinalis
minor deep layer
dorsal rami

Front 36

Where does the splenius muscle run? What does it do?

Back 36

C7-T3 spines and inserts into skull and cervial transverse processes
extends head, ipsilateral bend of head

Front 37

What is the spinalis?

Back 37

most medial column of erector spinae, from spines of lower thoracic and upper lumbar to spines of upper thorasic

Front 38

Where is longissimus?

Back 38

intermediate in erector spinae, transverse process and ribs

Front 39

Where is the iliocostalis?

Back 39

Most lateral column, run to angles of ribs and cervial transverse processes

Front 40

What are the transversospinalis muscles?

Back 40

(Intrinsic)
semispinalis
multifidus
rotators

Front 41

Where do the semispinalis muscles run?

Back 41

from thorasic and cervical transverse processes to skull (4-6 v)

Front 42

Where do the multifidus run?

Back 42

sacrum to spines (2-4 v)

Front 43

Where do the rotators run?

Back 43

transverse processes to junction of lamina and spine (1-2 v)

Front 44

What is the most superior of the neurocostal bundle?

Back 44

the veins

Front 45

Where do the intercostal nerves come from?

Back 45

Ventral ramus from T1-T11

Front 46

What pathways run in the intercostal nerves?

Back 46

somatic motor (intercostal muscles)
somatic sensory (dermatomes)
postgang symp fibers to periphery (only to sweat glands, erector pili, not for respiration)

Front 47

What is carried in the lateral cutaneous branch?

Back 47

somatic sensory and sympathetic

Front 48

What is carried in the anterior cutaneous branch?

Back 48

somatic sensory and sympathetic

Front 49

Where is somatic motor?

Back 49

only in intercostal nerves for muscles

Front 50

Where does the anterior IC artery originate?

Back 50

internal thorasic aretery, musculophrenic arteries (only lower spaces)

Front 51

Can you survive w/o the diaphragm?

Back 51

no

Front 52

How does the diaphragm contract?

Back 52

by flattening
thorax becomes larger=lower p
abdomen is smaller=higher p

Front 53

What are the 2 parts of the diaphragm?

Back 53

peripheral muscular part
central tendon

Front 54

What is aponeurotic?

Back 54

no contractile forces
central tendon

Front 55

What is the central tendon fused with?

Back 55

the inferior surface of the pericardium

Front 56

What are the 3 parts of the muscular part of the diaphragm?

Back 56

sternal costal lumbar

Front 57

Where does the right crus origniate?

Back 57

first 3 lumbar vertebra

Front 58

Where does the left crus originate?

Back 58

first 2 lumbar vertebrae

Front 59

What passes over the aorta?

Back 59

the median arcuate ligament

Front 60

What is constricted during contraction of the diaphragm?

Back 60

the esophagus, (also: vagal trunks, esophageal branches of left gastric vessels_

Front 61

Where is the aortic hiatus?

Back 61

posterior to diaphragm, doesn't pierce diaphragm, no effect on blood flow. Also: thorasic duct and azygos vein

Front 62

Where is the venal caval foramen?

Back 62

central tendon at T8-T9

Front 63

Contraction of diaphragm does what to iVC?

Back 63

widens the lumen
also: r. phrenic nerve, lymphatic vessels

Front 64

Motor innervation to the diaphragm is...

Back 64

Solely via the PRENIC NERVE C3, 4, 5

Front 65

Sensory innveration to the diaphragm is...

Back 65

via the phrenic nerve to central portions AND intercostal nerves to peripheral parts

Front 66

Where is autonomic control of the diaphragm?

Back 66

in the brain stem

Front 67

What supplies blood to the diaphragm?

Back 67

pericardiacophrenic art.
musculophrenic ar.
sup phrenic art.
inferior phrenic art.

Front 68

What is carried in the phrenic nerves?

Back 68

somatic motor, somatic sensory, sympathetics (but does not innerv diaphragm)

Front 69

Invagination of what develops lungs?

Back 69

pericardioperitoneal canals

Front 70

What are the two layers of the pleurae (serous sacs investing the lungs)

Back 70

parietal layer
visceral layer

Front 71

Which layer of the lungs is somatic (body wall)

Back 71

Parietal layer - outer layer

Front 72

Which layer of the lungs is autonomic?

Back 72

the visceral layer

Front 73

Where are the two layers of the lung continuous?

Back 73

at the root

Front 74

What is the pleural cavity?

Back 74

potential space
contains thin layer of serous pleural fluid

Front 75

What is the parital pleural derived from?

Back 75

embryonic somatopleure (somatic=sharp pain)

Front 76

What is the visceral pleura derived from?

Back 76

embryonic splanchnopleure (autonomic)

Front 77

What holds lungs open?

Back 77

surface tension of parietal and visceral layers

Front 78

What are the four parts of the parietal pleura?

Back 78

costal (body wall adj to ribs)
mediastinal
diaphragmatic
cervical

Front 79

What are the lines of reflection?

Back 79

lines along where the parietal pleura changes direction

Front 80

Where are the three lines of reflection?

Back 80

sternal
costal
vertebral

Front 81

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Back 81

potential space
diaphragmatic pleura contacts costal pleura

Front 82

What is the costomediastinal recess?

Back 82

potential space
costal pleura contacts mediastinal pleura

Front 83

How big are the lungs when they collapse

Back 83

1/3 their normal size

Front 84

What separates the right and left lungs?

Back 84

heart and great vessels (middle mediastinum)

Front 85

Are the right and left lungs in the same pleural sac?

Back 85

NO they are in different sacs
not like the testes

Front 86

Which lung has 3 lobes?
and 2 fissures?

Back 86

right

Front 87

Is there a functional relationship between the number of lobes?

Back 87

no

Front 88

What covers the apex?

Back 88

cervical pleura

Front 89

Where is the costal surface of the lungs?

Back 89

adj to the sternum, costal cartilages, and ribs

Front 90

Where is the anterior border of the lungs?

Back 90

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heart

Front 91

Where is the posterior border of the lungs?

Back 91

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet posteriorly - broad and rounded

Front 92

What does the root of the lung refer to?

Back 92

structures contained in the pulmonary sleeve and entering the hilum of the lung

Front 93

What does the hilum of the lung refer to?

Back 93

the area where structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue

Front 94

Where is the pulmonary ligament?

Back 94

where the mediastinal pleura passes laterally as a double layer, immediately anterior to the esophagus

Front 95

What structures form the root of the lung?

Back 95

atery superior
bronchus posterior
vein 1 ant, 1 pos

Front 96

What leaves impressions of the left lung?

Back 96

thorasic aorta
common carotid
esophagus

Front 97

What leaves impressions on the right lung?

Back 97

brachiocephalic v
azygos v
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
esophagus
(all veins!)

Front 98

What supports the trach and bronchi?

Back 98

C shaped cartilaginous rings

Front 99

Which bronchi enters the hila of the lungs?

Back 99

main (primary) bronchi

Front 100

What does the main bronchi divide into?

Back 100

secondary bronchi

Front 101

What supplies the bronchopulmonary segments?

Back 101

tertiary bronchi

Front 102

How are bronchopulmonary segments shaped?

Back 102

pyramid - apex toward lung root and base at pleural surface

Front 103

What is the largest division of a lob?

Back 103

bronchopulmonary segments

Front 104

What separates the bronchopulmonary segments?

Back 104

CT

Front 105

What supplies the bronchopulmonary segment?

Back 105

segmental bronchus and pulmonary artery (independently)

Front 106

What are bronchopulmonary segments named for?

Back 106

segmental bronchus

Front 107

What drains bronchopulmonary segments?

Back 107

intersegmental pulmonary veins (in CT between segments)

Front 108

What are surgically resectable?

Back 108

bronchopulmonary segments

Front 109

Where do pulmonary arteries run?

Back 109

parallel to the bronchi, usu on ant aspect of corresponding bronchus

Front 110

Where do pulmonary veins run?

Back 110

independent courses from arteries and bronchi

Front 111

What supplies blood for nutrition to the root, supporting tissues, and visceral pleura of the lung?

Back 111

bronchial arteries

Front 112

Where do left bronchial arteries arise?

Back 112

from the thorasic aorta

Front 113

Where do the right bronchial arteries arise?

Back 113

either a posterior intercostal a, or left bronchial a

Front 114

What do bronchial arteries provided branches to?

Back 114

the upper esophagus, then follow along posterior aspects of main bronchi

Front 115

What anastomose in walls of bronchioles

Back 115

bronchial a and pulmonary a

Front 116

What drains blood from bronchial a?

Back 116

bronchial veins and pulmonary v

Front 117

Where does the right bronchial v drain? the left?

Back 117

right: azygos
left: hemiazygos

Front 118

What are pulmonary plexuses?

Back 118

networks located anterior and posterior to root of lungs

Front 119

What do pulmonary plexuses contain?

Back 119

parasymp fibers from vagus nerve
symp fibers from symp trunks

Front 120

Where are parasympathetic ganglion cells located?

Back 120

in plexuses and along branches of the bronchial tree

Front 121

Parasympathetics are what to glands of the bronchial tree?

Back 121

bronchoconstrictor, vasodilator, secretomotor
Sympathetics are opposite

Front 122

What is the pericardium?

Back 122

fibrous sac surrounding the heart and roots of the great vessels

Front 123

What does the fibrous pericardium fuse with?

Back 123

superiorly:
SVC, ascending aorta, pulmonary arteries
inferiorly:
central tendon

Front 124

What attaches the pericardium to the sternum?

Back 124

2 sternocardial ligaments

Front 125

What is the pertrachial fascia and where does it go?

Back 125

spreads infection
from next, descends to fuse with anterior surface of pericardium

Front 126

Posteriorly where does the pericardium attach?

Back 126

tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi (by CT)

Front 127

What overlaps the pericardium?

Back 127

2 pleural sacs and the lungs

Front 128

Where the pleural sacs deviate, where does the pericardium contact?

Back 128

the posterior surface of the sternum and 4 and 5 left intercostal spaces

Front 129

What does the pericardium contact posteriorly?

Back 129

esophagus, descending aorta, main bronchi

Front 130

Laterally what happens to the pericardium?

Back 130

the mediastinal pleura drapes over with the phrenic nerve and pericardiacophrenic a and v sandwiched between pleura and pericardium

Front 131

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Back 131

outer layer of dense CT of pericardium

Front 132

What is the inner serous part include?

Back 132

parietal layer and visceral

Front 133

What is in the form of an enclosed space with a potentail space?

Back 133

the serous part

Front 134

Where is the potential space?

Back 134

between the parietal and visceral layers=
pericardial cavity

Front 135

What is very loosely attached?

Back 135

serous, contains fatty layer with blood vessels and myocardium

Front 136

What is the order of structures surrounding the heart?

Back 136

the fibrous pericardium
inner serous layer, includes:
parietal
pericardial cavity
visceral (epicardium)

Front 137

Which layer is inelastic?

Back 137

fibrous pericardium
retains, limits
If blood fills cavity pressure is put on heart - cardiac temponade- heart can no longer pump

Front 138

What is closely adherent to the fibrous pericardium?

Back 138

parietal layer of the serour pericardium

Front 139

What is aka epicardium?

Back 139

the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Front 140

What is under the epicardium?

Back 140

loose CT with fat and blood vessels

Front 141

Which area does not have epicardium?

Back 141

the posterior between VC and pulmonary v, where myocardium contacts fibrous pericardium

Front 142

What is the layer w/o epicardium called?

Back 142

oblique sinus

Front 143

Where is the transverse sinus?

Back 143

space between arteriole end of heart and venue end. betweem SVC amd pulmonary veins - surgeon can tie off

Front 144

What gives blood supply to pericardium?

Back 144

pericardacophrenic arteries,
musculo phrenic arteries
branches of aorta (bronchial, esophageal, sup phrenic) and coronary arteries (to visceral layer only_

Front 145

Where do the coronary arteries go?

Back 145

to the visceral layer only

Front 146

What supplies the venous drainage of the heart?

Back 146

peri cardia co phrenic v
internal thorasic v
azygos system

Front 147

What carries somatic sensory innervation to the heart?

Back 147

phrenic nerves
to fibrous and parital layers

Front 148

Where does visceral sensory of the heart go?

Back 148

to the epicardium via cardia plexuses (autonomics)

Front 149

What are the 2 parts of the right atrium?

Back 149

sinus venarum
pectinate muscles

Front 150

What is the sinus venarum and where is it found?

Back 150

smooth thinwalled posterior part - receives VC and coronary sinus - r. atria

Front 151

What is the sinus venarum derived from?

Back 151

the embryonic sinus venosus

Front 152

What divides the sinus venarum from the pectinate muscles?

Back 152

the crista terminalis

Front 153

Where are the pectinate muscles found?

Back 153

Atria

Front 154

What divides the right atrium from the left?

Back 154

the interatrial septum

Front 155

What was the fossa ovalis?

Back 155

used so blood can bypass pulmonary system

Front 156

What happens if the atrial septal is too large?

Back 156

allows oxygenated blood to go the the right atrium and overloads the pulmonary system, enlarges the right side of heart and pulmonary trunk

Front 157

Where does the blood in the right ventricle come from?

Back 157

the right atrium, through the right atrioventricular orifice : guarded by the tricuspid valve

Front 158

Where is the tricuspid valve, and what does is guard

Back 158

between r atria and ventricle, the r. atrioventricular orifice

Front 159

What are the trabeculae carneae?

Back 159

irregular muscular elevations on internal surface of ventricles

Front 160

What are the two parts of the interventricular septum?

Back 160

muscular part (toward apex (bottom)), membranous part (superior and posterior)

Front 161

What is the conus arteriosus?

Back 161

cone shaped pouch leads into pulmonary trunk

Front 162

What is the pulmonary valve?

Back 162

semilunar v guarding p trunk

Front 163

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

Back 163

right ventricle

Front 164

What are the cusps of the right atrioventricular valve?

Back 164

ant, pos, septal

Front 165

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

Back 165

prevent backflow into atria during ventricular contraction by papillary muscules and chordae tendineae

Front 166

Where does the left atrium get its blood?

Back 166

from the lungs via the four pulmonary veins

Front 167

Where are the pectinate muscles in the left atria?

Back 167

in the auricle

Front 168

Where does blood flow into the left ventricle?

Back 168

from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular orifice

Front 169

What guards the left atrioventricular orifice?

Back 169

the mitral/bicuspid valve

Front 170

Where are the trabeculae carneae more numerous and finer?

Back 170

l ventricle

Front 171

Which wall thickest? Why?

Back 171

the left ventricle (2x as right)
blood pumps to entire body

Front 172

What shape is the left ventricle?

Back 172

conical

Front 173

What shape is the right ventricle?

Back 173

crescent shaped

Front 174

What part of the left ventricle is smooth?

Back 174

the part that leads to the aorta

Front 175

What guards the ascending aorta?

Back 175

the semilunar aortic valve

Front 176

How many cusps in mitral valve?

Back 176

2: anterior and posterior

Front 177

What is the most commonly diseased valve of the heart?

Back 177

the mitral
nodules can form, turbulent flow
infections

Front 178

Which valves are tricuspid?

Back 178

the pulmonary and aortic

Front 179

Which valves are not associated with papillary muscles?

Back 179

the pulmonary and aortic valves

Front 180

What does each cusp of the semilunar valve have?

Back 180

fibrous nodule (hard midpoint)
lunule (thin CT on either side of nodule)

Front 181

What happends when the semilunar valves close?

Back 181

the nodules and lunules meet in the center

Front 182

What do the coronary arteries arise from?

Back 182

the aortic sinuses

Front 183

When do the coronary sinuses and aortic sinuses fill?

Back 183

following ventricular contraction

Front 184

What are the 3 vessels in the umbilical cord?

Back 184

2 arteries become medial ligaments of anterior abdominal wall