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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dynamic Reciprocity
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interaction between cell and its environment
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Basal membrane
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basal lamina
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Basal surface is
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towards body fluids
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Apical surface is
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towards the external surface away from fluids
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The foundation of cells sits where
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basement membrane
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Epithelia cells are ___________
and have little____________-- |
tightly packed
extracellular matrix |
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Basal surface
Apical mucosal or serosal |
basal- serosal
apical- mucosal |
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Anchoring junctions
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provide support
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Desmosome has what kind of connection?
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- creates spot weld
- strong connection |
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What are the fibers of the desmosome?
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intermediate filaments ( keratin)
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What role does the hemedesmosome play?
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anchors cell to basement membrane
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Where does an adherens junction occur
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near apical surface
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What is an adherens junction consist of?
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microfilaments
moderately strong connection between cells |
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A tight junction is like a _____________ that doesnt let ________ or _____________ cross
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ziplock bag phospholipids and proteins
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What facilitates the difference between the Apical and basal membranes?
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tight junction
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What is a gap junction?
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a very narrow gap that allows exchange
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What are some epithelial characteristics?
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friction at surfaces
greatest rate of mitosis no blood vessels get nutrients from connective tissue |
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Squamous-
Cuboidal columnar |
flattened
cube shaped columnar |
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Layers of cells
simple stratified |
one layer
>1 |
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What kind of exchanges take place over the simple squamous?
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blood to tissue
exchange of gases |
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What kind of exchanges take place through simple cuboidal
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reabsorption and secretion in the kidneys
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Columnar are found in the -------
and are responsible for |
reabsorption and secretion
- USUALLY SINGLE ROW OF NUCLEI |
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In ciliated epithelia fluid______________
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moves over the cell
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Where are ciliated epithelial found?
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uterine tubes
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IN the respiratory system ciliated epithelial_____________________-
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moves mucous out into the throat
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Exocrine glands are responsible for
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secretion from apical surface to cells
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Endocrine is the secretion___________
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across basolateral surfaces
ex. hormones |
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Secretory vesicles
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merocrine secretions
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The Goblet cell is a
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unicellular gland specialized for secretion of mucus
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T or F Some glands are multicellular
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TRUE
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Cancer has a _________ nature
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clonal
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Carcinoma causes cancer of the
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epithelial origin
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Sarcoma causes
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cancer of the connective tissue at the mesenchymal origin
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Connective tissue is
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collagen fibers in the EM that connect body tissues
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What are the major cell types of the CTP and what are they?
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fibroblast-collagen fibers
Adipocytes-fat cells macrophages-eaters |
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What are the majore fiber types of the CTP
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collagen
elastic reticular-specialized type of collagen |
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Characteristics of Areolar Connective tissues
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- loose components
loss of elastic fibers causes wrinkles uv damage |
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Reticular fibers are and make up what
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thin narrow collagen fibers that make up LN, spleen, liver, etc.
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Dense Regular CT is made up of
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collagen fibers arranged parallel to each other and densely packed
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Dense irregular CT
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collagen fibers tightly packed but arranged perpendicular to each other in two dimensions
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Elastic connective tissue is made up of Abundant elastic fibers
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give skin its stretchiness
store energy from contracting heart |
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The matrix of cartilage is
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semisolid
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The major cell type of cartilage is the
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chondrocyte
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Fibrocartilage is made up of
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collagen
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Where would cartilage be found in general?
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high pressure areas
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The bone is a __________ whose major fiber type is cartilage
Bone cells are called |
solid matrix
osteocytes |
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The definition of bone is
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osteocytes in a solid matrix of collagen fibers and calcium salts
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Skin separates the self from non-self
What does the skin include? |
glands, hair, and nails
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The 3 major functions of the skin Integumentary system are
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1. protection
2. body temp regulation 3. sensory perception |
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The skin has 3 layers
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Epidermis
dermis subcutaneous layer |
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What are each three made up of?
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Epidermis- SS epithelium
dermis- dense irregular connective tissue Subcutaneous layer- hypodermis |
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How are cells connected?
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desmosomes
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What is keratinization
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The movement from stratum basale to upper dead layer (differentiation
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The most important thing for replenishing the skin is? Why?
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Hemidesmosomes
- cells must remain attached to membrane to continue dividing |
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Stratum spinosum is
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- pt. of strongest connection
- thickest layer of living cells - |
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stratum granulosum is important bc
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- waterproofing lipids are secreted here
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The stratum granulosum involves __________ of the cytoskeleton
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crosslinking
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The nail root area is located
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underneath the epidermal layer
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Insted of stratum coneum the nail is made. This is a different type of
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keratinization
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The visible part of the nail is mad eup of
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dead cells
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What is sebum
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moisturizer secreted by the hair follicle
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What is a hair follicle?
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invagination where basal membrane extends down to dermis
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The hair is made up of what?
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cytoskeletons of cells that underwent differentiation in the matrix
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sudor =
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sweat
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Eccrine sweat glands function is
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evaporative cooling
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Apocrine sweat glands function is
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carrying odor= drains into hair follicle
= evaporative cooling with odor - found in pits and pubic areas |
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melanocytes are located
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in the stratum basale
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Melanin is responsible for (2)
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1.dark color of skin
absorb UV light |
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UV light generates
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Vitamin D
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Some muscles attach into the ______
an example being |
dermis
skeletal muscles of facial expression |
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Hypodermis is made up of
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adipose tissue and loose connective tissue
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Epidermal ridges aka
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finger prints
- give friction for better grip |
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The body can be divided into two regions when studying temp regulation
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core
shell |
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The core is made up of? which are
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organs
highly regulated |
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The shell is made up of ? which are?
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skin and limbs
not highly regulated |
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IN a cold environment
core shell |
core- heat conserved for the core
shell- allowed to be cold |
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In a warm environment
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excess heat leaves the body via the shell
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Heat is a
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molecular motion
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Conductance factor- how easy it is for heat to pass through
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1/insulation
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What are the two mechanisms of heat transfer?
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radiation and conduction
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Which accounts for most of the heat loss in the body
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radiation
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What is the main way of receiving heat if outside in the sun?
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radiation
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Conduction is
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heat transfer by direct contact
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Conductors have while insulators have
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high conductance
low conductance |
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Convection is
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increase in conduction due to movement of a liquid or gas
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Evaporation is another mechanism of heat transfer. what does it do?
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cools body by removing heat from body to environment
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What layer of the skin acts as an insulator
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the adipose tissue of the dermis
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Blood flow into the skin is
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highly regulated
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The more blood u have the more
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radiation, convection, conduction
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The main role of skin is to be a
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radiator and conductor
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What is the most important receptor? location?control center?
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hypothalamus
in brain above pituitary gland Blood goes through brain- temp detected info relayed to control center |
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What is shivering?
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human muscles contracting in a repetitive cycle
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what is the purpose of Thyroxin release?
What is the purpose in activating brown fat? |
- increases metabolic processes
-mitochondria generate heat instead of ATP |
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Decrease body temp
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heat los-> vasoconstriction- decrease activity decrease fuel intake
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Behavioral Control- example
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seek shade affects radiation- reduces sun
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Local contral exists where?
What is the purpose of local control? |
organs
protection |
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What is the cause of a fever?
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increase in set pt.
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What is the purpose of a fever?
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inhibits bacterial growth or speeds up immune system
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IS the hypothalamus still working in a fever?
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Yes but the set pt. is increased
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How does open heart surgery take advantage of the state of hypothermia?
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It lowers the metabolic rate therefore lowering the amount of oxygen needed
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What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system
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support
movement protection Ca and P storage hemopoiesis |
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Where is the site for blood cell formation?
What provides rigidity to the bone? |
Bone Marrow
Ca and P |
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Osseous Tissue is Bone Tissue
def |
cells scattered in a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium/phosphate salts
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What is responsible for reinforcing the bone and adding flexibility
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collagen
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What does an osteoblast develop from?
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stem cell first off then that differentiates into a Osteogenic cell then to and osteoblast thet to an osteocyte
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Give the function of the following
osteoclast osteoblast osteocyte |
forms bone tissue
bone destroying cell maintains bone tissue |
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WHere are blood vessels located and what are there purpose?
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IN the middle of the osteon- keep osteocytes alive
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IN the lacuna Canaliculi are found= what do they do?
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they are small channels that run through the bone matrix and allow diffusion (communication w/ osteocytes)
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Compact bone:
Spongy bone: Lamella: |
bone appears to be solid, densely packed
boney network with spaces in between e.g-trabeculae - layer within compact bone organized into circular structure- is an OSTEON |
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What is the basic unit of compact bone
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osteon
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What is the periosteum?
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connective tissue covering that surrounds the bone
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What is the place where tendons fuse w/ bone
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dense connnective tissue
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What does intramembraneous ossification lead to?
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development of bone from msenchyme or CTP
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What is endochondral ossification?
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development of bone from hyaline cartilage
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What does intramembranous ossification develop
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flatter bones (skull)
knee cap |
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What is the central portion of thelong bone?ends?
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diaphysis
epiphysis |
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What is the epiphyseal plate?
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line of cartilage separating epiphysis from diaphysis
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Where is yellow bone marrow stored?
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medullary cavity
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The epiphyses are are separated from the shaft by what?
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epiphysial plate
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How does the bone increase in length?
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as the plate lays down new bone on the end of the shaft
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When does growth stop?
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when the epiphyses unites with the shaft. not when epiphysial line is made
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What happens in osteoporosis?
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net loss of bone
bone becomes porous holes made by osteoclasts more likely to fracture |
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Rickets and bone fracture- Osteomalacia
What happens to osteoblastic activity? |
it is normal
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What is the cause of osteomalacia?
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lack of precipitation of Ca and P salts
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There are two types of skull bones name them
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cranial and facial
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What is the part of the skull that allows for rapid growth in babies?
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fontanels
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The coronal suture separates what?
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frontal from parietal
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Sagittal suture
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separates left and right parietal bones
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What b=part of the skull allows for brain and spinal cord attachment
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foramen magnum
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Which skull bones allow olfactory nerves to pass into the cranial cavity?
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ethmoid bones
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Which bone is associated with hearing?
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temporal
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