Anatomy Test 1: Chapter 1

Front 1

What is anatomy?

Back 1

the study of form

Front 2

What are the four ways in which the structure of the human body may be examined?

Back 2

inspection (eyes)

palpation (fingers)

auscultation (listening)

percussion (tapping)

Front 3

What is the term that describes the cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships?

Back 3

Cadaver dissection

Front 4

What is the term that describes the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences, and analyze evolutionary trends?

Back 4

comparative anatomy

Front 5

Explain and describe the seven ways to study anatomy.

Back 5

exploratory surgery - open the body and look inside

medical imaging - (non-invasive) viewing the inside of the body WITHOUT surgery; radiology - branch of medicine concerned with imaging

gross anatomy - study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

cytology - study of structure and function of cells

histology - (microscopic anatomy) examination of cells with a microscope

ultrastructure - view molecular detail under electron microscope

histopathology - microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Front 6

What is physiology?

Back 6

the study of function

Front 7

List and describe the three subdisciplines of physiology.

Back 7

neurophysiology - physiology of nervous system

endocrinology - physiology of hormones

pathophysiology - mechanisms of disease

Front 8

What puts a limitation of human experimentation and is the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures (via animal surgery and animal drug tests)?

Back 8

comparative physiology

Front 9

What did physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt use 3,000 years ago?

Back 9

herbal drugs, salts, and physical therapy

Front 10

Which scientist was named "Father of medicine" and established the code of ethics?

Back 10

Hippocrates --> established a code of ethics (Hippocratic oath)

urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods and demons

Front 11

Which physician was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology and believed that diseases had either supernatural causes or physical causes?

Back 11

Aristotle --> believed that complex structures are built from simpler parts

called supernatural causes of disease = theologi
called natural causes for disease = physiologi
This gave rise to the terms physician and physiology.

Front 12

What two terms did Aristotle coin?

Back 12

theologi = supernatural causes of diseases

physiologi = natural causes for diseases

Front 13

What physician was one to the Roman gladiators and saw science as a method of discover, not just a body of facts taken on faith?

Back 13

Cladius Galen --> wrote book advising followers to trust their own observation more than the teaching of dogma of the "ancient masters"

did animal dissections since use of cadavers was banned during his time

Front 14

What Jewish physician wrote 10 influential medical texts and was a physician to Egyptian sultan, Saladin?

Back 14

Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon)

Front 15

Which Muslim physician was known as "The Galen of Islam" and wrote "The Canon of Medicine" used in medical schools for 500 years?

Back 15

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) --> combined Galen and Aristotle findings with original discoveries

Front 16

Which physiologist's contributions represent the birth of experimental physiology and realized blood flows out from the heart and back to it again?

Back 16

William Harvey --> published book De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart) in 1628

Front 17

Who were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to other organs, and back to the heart again?

Back 17

William Harvey and Michael Servetus

Front 18

Which scientist taught anatomy in Italy and published the first atlas of anatomy called De Humani Corporus Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)?

Back 18

Andreas Vesalius

Front 19

What scientist made many improvements to the compound microscope? What changes were made?

Back 19

Robert Hooke --> ocular lens (eyepiece) and objective lens (near specimen)

invented specimen stage, illuminator, and fine focus controls

his microscopes magnified 30x

first to see and name cells

first comprehensive book of microscopy

Front 20

What scientist invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200x)?

Back 20

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings, and many other things

Front 21

What is the term used to describe the branch of medicine concerned with imaging?

Back 21

radiology (medical imaging)

Front 22

What are the benefits of a large sample size?

Back 22

controls for chance events and individual variation

enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome

Front 23

What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?

Back 23

consistent with what is already known

testable and possibly falsifiable with evidence

Front 24

What is falsifiability?

Back 24

if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

Front 25

Who was the first to see and name cells?

Back 25

Robert Hooke

Front 26

Which scientists concluded that "all organisms were composed of cells"?

Back 26

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

first tenet of cell theory

Front 27

Which scientists greatly improved compound microscopes by eliminating blurry edges (spherical aberration) and rainbowlike distortions (chromatic aberration)?

Back 27

Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe

Front 28

Which method is described as making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them?

Back 28

The Inductive Method --> Francis Bacon

knowledge of anatomy is obtained by this method

Front 29

Which philosophers invented new habits of scientific thought?

Back 29

Francis Bacon in England
Rene Descartes in France

Front 30

Which method allows for more physiological knowledge and includes the investigator asking a question, formulating a hypothesis, and falsifiability?

Back 30

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Front 31

What is the term that describes effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology?

Back 31

psychosomatic effects --> use of placebo in control group

Front 32

How can experimenter bias be prevented?

Back 32

in a double-blind study where neither the doctor nor the patient know

Front 33

What aspects of experimental design that help to ensure objective and reliable results?

Back 33

sample size - number of subjects used in a study

controls - control group and treatment group

psychosomatic effects - effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her own physiology

experimenter bias - prevented with double-blind study

statistical testing - provides statements of probability

Front 34

What is the term that describes the critical evaluation by other experts in the field?

Back 34

peer review

ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science

Front 35

What is the term that describes information that can be independently verified by a trained person?

Back 35

scientific fact

Front 36

What is the term that describes a generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave?

Back 36

law of nature

results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations; written as verbal statements or mathematical formulas

Front 37

What is the term that describes an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses?

Back 37

theory

summarizes what we know; suggests direction for further study

Front 38

What book written by Charles Darwin has been coined "the book that shook the world"?

Back 38

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Front 39

What is the term that describes how species originate and change through time, which changed the prevailing view of our origin, nature, and our place in the universe?

Back 39

theory of natural selection

Front 40

What is the term that describes the change in genetic composition of population of organisms?

Back 40

evolution

Front 41

What term explains the development of resistance to antibiotics and the appearance of new strains of AIDS virus?

Back 41

evolution

Front 42

What is the term that describes some individuals within a species having hereditary advantage over their competitors?

Back 42

natural selection

better camouflage
disease resistance
ability to attract mates

Front 43

What is the term that describes natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others?

Back 43

selection pressures

Front 44

What is our closest relative?

Back 44

chimpanzee --> difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure

Front 45

What is the term that describes features of an organism's anatomy, physiology, or behavior that have evolved in response to those selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment?

Back 45

adaptations

Front 46

What is the term that describes remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestor of a species, and now serve little or no purpose?

Back 46

vestigial organs

pileorector muscles
auricularis muscles

Front 47

What is the term that describes the order of mammals to which humans, monkeys, and apes belong?

Back 47

primates

Front 48

What is the term that describes the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions?

Back 48

homeostasis

Front 49

Which adaptation made hands prehensile to grasp branches and encircle them with the thumb and finger?

Back 49

opposable thumbs

Front 50

List the adaptations for arboreal (treetop) lifestyle of earlier primates?

Back 50

mobile shoulders

opposable thumbs (prehensile hands)

forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)

color vision

larger brains and good memory

Front 51

What is the term that describes the ability of present primates to stand and walk on two legs?

Back 51

bipedalism

Front 52

What are the adaptations for bipedalism?

Back 52

skeletal and muscular modifications

increased brain volume

family life and social changes

Front 53

What is the oldest bipedal primate?

Back 53

Australopithecus

Front 54

Which homo species appeared 2.5 million years ago and were taller, had larger brain volume, probably speech, and tool-making?

Back 54

Homo genus

Front 55

Which homo species appeared 1.8 million years ago and migrated from Africa to parts of Asia?

Back 55

Homo erectus

Front 56

Which homo species originated in Africa 200,000 years ago?

Back 56

Homo sapiens

Front 57

Describe the hierarchy of complexity.

Back 57

Organism
Organ system
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Atoms

Front 58

What is the term that describes the theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying the simpler components?

Back 58

Reductionism (first espoused by Aristotle)

Front 59

What is the term that describes the theory that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts?

Back 59

Holism

Humans are more than the sum of their parts

Front 60

No two humans are exactly alike. _____% most common structure and ______% anatomically variant.

Back 60

70% most common structure and 30% anatomically variant.

Variable number of organs. Variation in location of organs.

Front 61

What is the term that describes that living things exhibit a higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them?

Back 61

organization

Front 62

What is the term that describes that living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells?

Back 62

cellular composition

Front 63

What is the term that describes the sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism, catabolism, and excretion?

Back 63

metabolism

Front 64

What terms describe sense and react to stimuli (responsiveness, irritability, and excitability)?

Back 64

responsiveness and movement

Front 65

What is the term that describes mutations: changes in genetic structure?

Back 65

evolution

Front 66

What is the term that describes the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all functions of life?

Back 66

cell

Front 67

What the term that describes a molecule, cell, organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus?

Back 67

effector

Front 68

What is the term that describes the smallest part of matter with unique chemical properties?

Back 68

atom

Front 69

Which 5 factors cause physiological variation?

Back 69

sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity

Front 70

Describe the physiological values of the reference man.

Back 70

22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity
consumes 2,800 kcal/day

Front 71

Describe the physiological values of the reference woman.

Back 71

22 years old, 128 lbs, and 2,000 kcal/day

Front 72

What can the failure to consider physiological variation lead to?

Back 72

overmedication of elderly or medication women on the basis of research done on men

Front 73

What is the range of internal body temperature despite variations in external temperature?

Back 73

97-99 degrees F

(Claude Bernard)

Front 74

Which scientist coined the term homeostasis?

Back 74

Walter Cannon

State of the body fluctuates (dynamic equilibrium) within limited range around a set point.

Front 75

Which mechanism is activated when the body senses a change and wants to reverse it to maintain dynamic equilibrium?

Back 75

negative feedback

Front 76

Which mechanism is triggered when the brain senses a change in blood temperature?

Back 76

negative feedback

Front 77

What is the term that describes the process that occurs when vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)?

Back 77

vasodilation

Front 78

What is the term that describes the process that occurs when vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)?

Back 78

vasoconstriction

Front 79

What sends nerve signals that increase the heart rate and return the blood pressure to normal; regulates heart rate?

Back 79

cardiac center

Front 80

What is the term that describes sensory nerve endings in the arteries near the heart that alert the cardiac center in the brainstem?

Back 80

baroreceptors

Front 81

What senses changes in the body?

Back 81

receptors (e.g. stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure)

Front 82

What is the control center that processes sensory information, "makes a decision", and directs the response?

Back 82

integrating (control) center (e.g. cardiac center of the brain)

Front 83

What carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis?

Back 83

effector (e.g. cell or organ)

Front 84

What mechanism is a self-amplifying cycle that leads to greater change in the same direction?

Back 84

positive feedback

feedback loop is repeated--change produces more change

Front 85

At what temperature does fever become fatal?

Back 85

113 degrees F

Front 86

What occurs when temperature is above 104 degrees F?

Back 86

metabolic rate increases

body produces heat even faster

body temperature continues to rise

further increasing metabolic rate

Front 87

List 5 examples that would result in positive feedback.

Back 87

childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, fever, and generation of nerve signals

Front 88

What languages do about 90% of medical terms originate?

Back 88

1,200 Greek and Latin roots

Front 89

Brachium denotes ______.

Back 89

arm

Front 90

Brachii denotes ________.

Back 90

of the arm

Front 91

Digiti denotes _________.

Back 91

of a single finger or toe

Front 92

Digits denotes _________.

Back 92

fingers and toes

Front 93

Digitorum denotes ___________.

Back 93

multiple fingers or toes

Front 94

What means "large" in Latin?

Back 94

magnus

Front 95

What means "larger of two" in Latin?

Back 95

major

Front 96

What means "largest of three being compared" in Latin?

Back 96

maximus

Front 97

Which form of medical imaging penetrates tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body, dense tissue appears white, and consists over half of all medical imaging?

Back 97

Radiography (X-ray)

William Roentgens

Until 1960s, it was the only method widely available.

Front 98

Which form of medical imaging consists of low-intensity X-rays and computer analysis and creates slice-type images?

Back 98

Computed tomography (CT scan)

formerly known as a CAT scan

Front 99

Which form of medical imaging assesses metabolic state of tissue, distinguished tissues most active at any given moment, and injects radioactively labeled glucose?

Back 99

Positron emission topography (PET scan)

Front 100

Which form of medical imaging consists of injected or swallowed substances and fills hollow structures?

Back 100

radiopaque susbtances

Front 101

Which form of medical imaging is a slice-type image, superior quality to CT scan, best for soft tissue, and alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves?

Back 101

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Front 102

Which form of medical imaging is the second oldest and second most widely used, consists of high frequency sound waves, and avoids harmful X-rays?

Back 102

sonography