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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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William Harvey
1578- 1657 |
Accurately described the circular, directional flow of blood and the actions of the heart.
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Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
1632- 1723 |
Invented relatively powerful microscopes.
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Burking
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To Suffocate
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M.J Schleiden and Thomas Schwaan.
1838 |
All living things are composed of cells
*Schwaan Cells |
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William Roentgen
1845- 1923 |
Discovered a new type of ray.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1901. |
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Anatomy
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Greek (ana- apart, tome- to cut)
to cut up or open |
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Physiology
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Greek ( physis- nature)
study of function of an object or organism. |
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Ancient Egypt
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2600 B.C.E.
Basic knowledge of organ removal, placement, and body preservation. Concern was religious |
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Herophilus
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Father of Anatomy
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Hippocrates
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460- 337 BCE
First Anatomist Father of Medicine |
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Aristotle
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384- 322 BCE
Understanding of form from dissection, misunderstanding of function of the organ systems. |
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Herophilis
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335-280 BCE
Vivisectionist Movement First link to intelligence and brain. Four Bodily Humors! |
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The Humors and Phlebotomy
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Phlegmatic: Emotionless
Choleric: Angry Sanguine: Happy, Generous Melancholic: Depressed * Blood letting |
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Andreas Verslius
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1514- 1564
Italian Artist and Anatomist Reformer of Anatomy disproved that female ribs (12) and male ribs (11) |
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Organization of the Animal Body
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Chemical
Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism |
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Chemical Level
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Simplest level
Atoms and Molecules Macromolecules- DNA, Proteins |
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Another name for Genetics
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Molecular Anthropology
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Cellular Level
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Cells are the smallest (Cell Theory)
Organelles are structural, functional units of life |
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Tissue Level
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Groups of cells with a common function.
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Four Tissue Types
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Epithelial
Connective Muscular Nervous |
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Epithelial
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Covers exposed surfaces and lines cavaities
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Nervous
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Conducts impulses for communication
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Connective
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connects, supports, and protects
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Muscular
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Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
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Integumentary System
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Skin, Hair, Protection
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Skeletal System
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Bones; Support, protection, movement
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Muscular System
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Muscle tissue; movement
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Nervous System
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Nervous tissue; movement, memory, thought
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Endocrine System
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Glands; Hormone Secretion, regulation
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Cardiovascular System
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Heart, vessels; distribution system
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Lymphatic System
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Ducts; transmits lymph, immune functions
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Respiratory System
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Lungs; gas exchange
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Digestive System
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GI tract; digestion and absorption
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Urinary System
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Kidneys, bladder; filters, elimination
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Reproductive System
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male/ female; reproduction
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Anatomical Position
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upright, feet parallel, head level and forward, arms at sides with palms up and thumbs out
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Anatomical planes
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imaginary surfaces that slice the body
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Midsaggital Plane
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(median plane) seperates into right and left
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Coronal Plane
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(frontal plane) seperates into front and back parts
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Transverse Plane
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(cross- sectional) cuts perpendicularly into upper and bottom halves
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Saggital plane
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into right and left portions that may or may not be equal.
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Oblique Plane
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passes through a specimen at an angle.
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Anterior
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in front
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Posterior
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in back
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Dorsal
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at the back side
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Ventral
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At the belly side
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Superior
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Toward the head or above
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Inferior
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Toward the feet not head
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Caudal
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At the rear or tail end
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Cranial
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At the head end
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Directional terms
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Medial, lateral, deep, superficial
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Medial
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toward the midline
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Lateral
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away from midline
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Deep
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on the inside, underneath another structure
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Superficial
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on the outside
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Proximal
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Closest to the point of attachment to the trunk
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Distal
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Furthest from the point of attachment to the trunk
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Axial Region
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includes head, neck, and trunk
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Appendicular Region
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includes limbs (appendages)
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Functional unit of all living organisms
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Cell
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Plasma membrane
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Communicates
connection Barrier regulation |
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Cilia
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occur in large numbers
move fluids or materials across the surface |
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Flagella
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longer than cilia
single appendage (sperm) |
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Cytoplasm
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content between plasma membrane and nucleus
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Cytoskeleton
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gives shape and movement
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Nucleus
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Control Center
contains nucleolus contains chromosomes |
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Smooth ER
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synthesis steroids and fatty acids
Warehouse/ factory |
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Rough ER
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Warehouse/ factory
free and fixed synthesis of proteins |
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Golgi Apparatus
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Shipping Facility
sorts products for transportation to plasma membrane packages enzymes |
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Mitochondria
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Power Plant
own DNA Passed by your mom produces ATP |
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Peroxisomes
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degradative enzymes for breaking down fats
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Lysosomes
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digestive enzymes
remove damaged organelles |
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Genetics
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how traits are passed
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Somatic cells
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cellular components of body tissues
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Gametes
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sex cells
sperm or ova |
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Zygote
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product of two haploid cells
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Prokaryotes
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single celled
no nucleus or membrane organelles |
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Eukaryotes
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membrane bound organelles and nucleus
composed of carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
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Mitosis
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division of somatic cells
one duplication = 96 chromosomes one division = 2 identical cells with 46 chromosomes result= 2 diploid cells |
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Meiosis
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division of sex cells
one duplication= 92 chromosomes two divisions= 4 gametes with 23 chromosomes result= 4 haploid cells |
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meiosis vs mitosis
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meiosis > 1/2 number of chromosomes
mitosis > same number of chromosomes as parent |
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Number of chromosomes (human)
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46
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autosomal pairs
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22
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sex pair
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1
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allele
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alternate form of a gene
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chromosme 9
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determines blood type
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james watson, francis crick, maurice wilkins, rosalind franklin
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nobel prize for DNA
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DNA bases
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A > T, adenine, thymine
C > G, Guanine, Cytosine |
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DNA make up
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Deoxyribose sugar
Nucleotide bases a phosphate group |
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Replication of DNA
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break bonds, attract unexposed complimentary strands, serve as a model for new stands.
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Protein synthesis
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most important activity of DNA
20 amino acids, 8 from foods - 12 produced. Triplet groups form amino acids |
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Protein synthesis mRNA
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takes place in ribosomes
contains bases A, U, C, G |
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Transcription
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DNA being transcribed into mRNA
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Stop Codons
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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Translation
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mRNA is being decoded
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Start Codon
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AUG
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Transfer RNA
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takes the amino acid that matches the codon is being translated to the ribosomes
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Polypeptide Chain
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sequence of amino acids that are linked together
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Nervous TIssue
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CNS, PNS, ANS
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Functional units of the Nervous System
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Neurons
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Oligodendrocytes
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Myelinate and insulate CNS axons.
faster nerve inpulse |
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Schwann Cells
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myelinate sheath and insulate PNS axons.
faster nerve impulse |
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Astrocytes Cells
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help form blood brain barrier.
regulate tissue fluid compression |
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Ependymal Cells
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assist with production and circulation of CFS
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Microglial Cells
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defend against pathogens, remove debris, phagocytes waste
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Cardiac muscle Tissue
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Striated, involuntary
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Smooth muscle Tissue
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non- straited, involuntary
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Skeletal muscle tissue
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striated, voluntary
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Where is connective tissue derived?
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Mesoderm
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Extracellular Matrix
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Fibers, ground substance, cells
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Collagen Fiber
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most common, strong, stretch resistant
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Elastic Fiber
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rubber like flexible proteins
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Reticular Fibers
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form interwoven framework
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Fibroblasts
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make collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
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Macrophages
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immune cells
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Adipocytes
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fat cells
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mesenchymal cells
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adult stem cells
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melanocytes
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pigment cells
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mast cells
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contains histamines/ stimulate inflammation
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Ground substance
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tissue fluid+ proteins+ polysacchrides.
non-living viscous: blood, semisoild: cartilage, soild: bone. |
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Loose connective tissue proper
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Loose/ Areolar
ex. between skin and underlying skeletal muscle. high fluid content, loosely woven tissue. -Adipose provide protection, nutrient storage, thermoregulation. white: pale yellow, less vascularized. Brown: highly vascularized for heat stimulation. -Reticular contains thin reticular fibers forms stroma (framework) functional (parachymal) enmeshed in stroma |
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Dense Connective Tissue Proper
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-Dense regular
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses -Dense irregular dermis, perichondrium/ periosteum, fibrous capasules -elastic more elastin than collagen densely packed large arteries, some ligaments |
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Supporting connective tissue
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Bone and cartilage
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Cartilage
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model for bone formation
-hyaline densely packed collagen -fibrocartilage thick, wavy bundles of collagen -elastic less collagen more elastic |
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Bone
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structural Support
-osteoblasts- building -osteocytes- mature cells -osteoclasts- resorption --compact (shafts) --trabecular (epiphyses) |
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Hematopoiesis
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red blood cell production
occurs in bones |
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Fluid type connective tissue
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Lymph
blood -leukocytes (immune response) -platelets (blood clotting) -Erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
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Epithelial Tissue
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one or more layers
lines every body surface constitutes majority of exocrine and endocrine glands (secretion) absorb nutrient molecules (absorption) |
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Epithelial Tissue: Protection
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Adhering- network of supportive microfilaments
Gap- Adjacent cells linked via channel Tight- Partial fusion Desmosomes- link adjacent cells |
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Three cell types
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Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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Glandular Epithelium
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unicellular or multicellular
serous glands, mucous glands and mixed glands |
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Exocrine Glands
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connected to surface by duct
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Excretion Methods
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Merocrine- package secretion
Holocrine- secretion produced through destruction of secretory cell Apocrine- a combo of merocrine and holocrine |
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Endocrine Glands
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no connection to epithelial surface
secreted into bloodstream |
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Largest organ
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The integument
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Functions of the integument
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protection
filters out UV rays contains sweat glands |
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Divisions of the integument
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Epidermis- stratified squamous
Dermis- papillary- areolar connective tissue proper. -reticular- dense irregular connective tissue Hypodermis- loose connective tissue proper |
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Stratum Basale
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deepest layer
-fingerprints, melanocytes, keratinocytes -continual cell divsion |
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Stratum Spinosum
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8-10 layers
-Langerhan cells- for immune -some cell divison |
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Stratum Granulosum
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3-5 layers
produce keratin apoptosis- programmed cell death |
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Stratum Lucidum
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layer only found in thick skin
packed with keratin |
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Staratum Corneum
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most superficial layer
tightly packed, no cytoplasm continuously shed constantly replaced |
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skin color is derived from...
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Carotene
Melanin Hemoglobin |
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Apocrine Gland
Where and What? |
axilla, anal, groin, areolar regions
sticky, cloudy, odorous secretion |
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Merocrine/ Eccrine Gland
What and Where? |
Widely Scattered
secrete water, electrolytes, and metabolites cools skin |
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Sebaceous Gland
What and Where? |
produce sebum
most active during fetal dev. and puberty |
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Mammary Glands
What and Where? |
breasts
milk to nourish offspring evolved from apocrine gland |
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Ceruminous Gland
Where and What? |
external ear
secretes cerumen (ear wax) |
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Dermis
Papillary Layer |
loose connective tissue
palms and soles contain nerve endings |
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Dermis
Reticular Layer |
Deepest layer of dermis
dense irregular |
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Goos Bumps?
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Errector pili muscle
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Hypodermis
Subcutaneous layer |
loose and adipose connective tissue
contains large blood vessels |
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Hair offers...
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Protection
Thermoregulation secondary sex char. chemical signal dispersal |
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WB
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Visitor for Business
(Visa Waiver Program) |
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Structures in Hair follicle
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Root
Papilla Shaft- keratin in 3 layers --medulla, soft --cortex, hard --cuticle, |
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skin cancer types....
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melanoma
basal cell carcinoma, most abundant squamous cell carcinoma |
