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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in voluntary respiration
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False
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The ___ is the rounded superior peak of the lung
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Apex
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The ___ are responsible for generating sounds of the larynx
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Vocal folds and vocal cords
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Pulmonary compliance is ____ in the patients with tuberculosis
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Low
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Identify the two terms that describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity
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Nostrils and nares
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The system the supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ____ system
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respiratory
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The ____ division includes all of the passageways through which air flows from the nostrils to the terminal bronchioles
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conducting
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The ____ ____ in the brainstem respond to the changes in pH within the cerebrospinal fluid
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Central Chemoreceptors
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Identify the two aspects of the respiratory cycle
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expiration and inspiration
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What is the respiratory membrane?
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Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
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The ____ is an elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing as the tongue pushes it downward toward the larynx
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epiglottis
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The ___ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea
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Larynx
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___ is the intake of air during the respiratory cycle
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inspiration
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The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the
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laryngopharynx
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Identify the two locations that contain respiratory control centers
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Pons and medulla oblongata
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The lumen of the trachea is lined with epithelium that has _____, structures that move the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx
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cilia
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True or False: The nasal cavity and trachea are considered anatomic dead space
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true
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Identify the two principal muscles or muscle groups responsible for inspiration
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Diaphragm and external intercostals
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The majority of carbon dioxide is transported through the blood as _____.
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bicarbonate
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The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells are called
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systemic gas exchange
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Alveolar gas exchange describes the exchange of gases across the
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respiratory membrane of alveoli
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Identify the components if a respiratory membrane
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Type I (squamous) Alveolar cell, one shared basal lamina. endothelial cell of capillary
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in the hemoglobin molecule. oxygen binds to
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the heme group
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Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the ___ of the lungs
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alveoli
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The ___ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity
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nasopharynx
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The right lung has how many secondary bronchi
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Three
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The ___ is a double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung
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pleura
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___ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45
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Alkalosis
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Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
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At the capillary networks of the tissues
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____ fluid fills the pleural cavity around the lungs
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Pleural
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The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within the:
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laryngopharynx
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____ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing
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Tidal
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Identify the origin of voluntary stimuli for respiration
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Primary Motor Cortex
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Identify the four predominant components of inspired air
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Water vapor, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen
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The Enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the decomposition of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water or the reverse reaction is called ____ ______.
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Carbonic Anhydrase
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Decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will result in ____.
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expiration
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The Function of the surfactant in the lungs is to:
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Reduce surface tension
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The nasal ____ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves
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Septum
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Identify three ways in which air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae
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It is cleansed, it is warmed, and it is humidified
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____ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity
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Pneumothorax
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Describe the action of carbonic anhydrase
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Converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid
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Identify three factors that contribute to airflow resistance
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Lung compliance, surface tension, and diameter of the bronchioles
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How many lobes are found in the right lung?
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3
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Identify the tissue that lines that oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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True or False: the pleural cavity contains the lungs
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False
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Identify the factors detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors
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Changes in blood carbon dioxide saturation, changes in blood pH, changes in blood oxygen saturation
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True or false: The chloride shift allows RBC's to continue to produce carbonic acid
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True
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The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Explain why these infants experience alveolar sac collapse
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Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities
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The ____ pressure refers to the slight vacuum (-4 mm Hg) that exists in between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes
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intrapleural
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True or false: the respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in volunatary respiration
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False
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____ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35
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Acidosis
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Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for generating ____.
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sound
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Which of these are true of pleural fluid?
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reduces friction during breathing, it is merely a slippery film in the pleural cavity
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Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in the
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Right primary bronchus
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The ___ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm
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base
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Air flows into the lungs during inspiration because
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atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure and air flows toward the lower pressure area
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Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
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Carbaminohemoglobin, dissolved gas, and bicarbonate ion
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Which the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?
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Smell
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The nasal vestibule is located in the ___ portion of the nasal cavity.
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anterior
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Tertiary bronchi channel airflow to the ____.
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Bronchopulmonary segments of the lobe of the lung
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Identify the principle synergist of respiration
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The external intercostals and internal intercostals
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List the correct order of more proximal airways to the more distal airways
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Primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchus, and respiratory bronchus
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The parietal ____ lines the thoracic cavity.
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Pleura
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Identify the three functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid
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create pressure gradient during inhalation, reduce friction between membranes, and compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity
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RBCs leave capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. this is called the ___ of oxygen and can sustain the body for several minutes
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venous reserve
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True or false: Intrapleural pressure in greater than atmospheric pressure
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False
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The Trachea is located ___ to the esophagus
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Anterior
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The volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation is the ____ volume.
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Residual
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The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the _____ capacity.
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inspiratory
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Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?
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Respiratory division
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____ ____ are capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system
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Respiratory Bronchioles
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Which of these choices correctly identifies the lobes of the human left lung?
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inferior, superior
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The nasal cavity, choana, and oropharynx are components of the:
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Upper respiratory tract
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Identify two factors the would DECREASE the affinity of hemoglobin fro oxygen.
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Increased bisphosphogylcerate production by RBC and increased temperature. Decreased blood pH and decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue
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When oxygen bind to hemoglobin the molecule is called ____.
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Oxyhemoglobin
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Hemoglobin that is not transporting any oxygen is called :
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deoxyhemoglobin
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The larynx is attached to the trachea by a ring of hyaline cartilage called the _____ cartilage
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Cricoid
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Identify the factors which add up to the function residual capacity
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Residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
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A person expelling air while yelling is performing ____ breathing .
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forced
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True or false: the majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported by carbaminohemoglobin
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False
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The distal most portion of the respiratory system, that is incapable of respiration is(are) the ______.
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Terminal Bronchioles
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The prominent laryngeal cartilage which is often larger in males than in females is the _____ cartilage
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Thyroid
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Indicate which two of these structures are comprised if hyaline cartilage
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cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
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Individuals with pulmonary diseases have increased
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physiological dead space
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The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus along the ___ escalator of the trachea
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mucociliary
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Which of the following best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?
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c-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
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The structure that extend from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important as it resonates sounds produced in the larynx is called the ______.
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Pharynx
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When hemoglobin transports carbon dioxide it is called:
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Carbaminohemoglobin
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The ____ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups
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Ventral
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Identify the paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal folds
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cuneiform
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The maximum voulme of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ____ _____ volume
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expiratory reserve
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Identify the factors that affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing
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posterior movement of the tongue and elevation of the larynx
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____ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension
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Surfactant
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The ___ of the voice is the characteristic of the voice that is dependent upon the tension of the vocal folds.
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Pitch
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True or false: The anatomical dead space is subtracted from the tidal volume when calculating the aleveolar ventilation rate.
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True
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Identify the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group.
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Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex
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The sum of the expiratory reserve, tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is the ____ capacity.
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Vital
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The ___ is the percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time
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Forced expiratory volume
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The ___ ____ volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume
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Inspiratory reserve
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Name the paired horn-shaped cartilages that articulate with the arytenoid cartilages
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corniculate cartilages
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The elastic components of the lungs, bronchial tree:
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conserve energy by facilitating recoil during exhalation
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Identify the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity
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Residual volume+vital capacity
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The ___ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptor and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly
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Dorsal
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Identify the structures that enter the lung at the hilum
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Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
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In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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Describe the mechanism of carbon dioxide loading
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Diffusion of carbon dioxide from the tissues (higher concentrations) into the plasma and then into the RBCs (lower concentration)
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The term ___ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PC)2 greater than 43 Hg)
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hypercapnia
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What factor is aveolar gas exchange is dependent upon the efficiency of blood supply to the respiratory membranes
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Ventilation-perfusion coupling
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___ maneuver entails increasing inter abdominal pressure by trying to exhale the glottis closed
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Valsalva
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The cardiac notch is the indention located on the ___ surface of the ___ lung that accommodates the heart
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Medial, Left
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Emphysema is a respiratory disorder that results in the loss of alveoli. Identify which factor of alveolar gas exchange would be affected by emphysema
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Respiratory membrane surface area
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Indicate which of the following best describes what happens during exhalation
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The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
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The ___ tonsils(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx
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pharyngeal
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___ are cuboidal cells responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung
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Type II Alveolar Cells
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Identify two factors that facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin
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PO2 lower in surround tissues than RBCs and binding of protons to hemoglobin lowers its affinity for oxygen
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Coughing and bronchoconstriction may result when ___ receptors are stimulated within epithelium of the airway
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Irritant
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Decompression sickness occurs because of nitrogen gas' increased solubility into the blood at depth. this is a practical example
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Henry's Law
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The visceral _____ covers the lung surface
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Pleura
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