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118 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The Respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in voluntary respiration
False
The ___ is the rounded superior peak of the lung
Apex
The ___ are responsible for generating sounds of the larynx
Vocal folds and vocal cords
Pulmonary compliance is ____ in the patients with tuberculosis
Low
Identify the two terms that describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity
Nostrils and nares
The system the supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ____ system
respiratory
The ____ division includes all of the passageways through which air flows from the nostrils to the terminal bronchioles
conducting
The ____ ____ in the brainstem respond to the changes in pH within the cerebrospinal fluid
Central Chemoreceptors
Identify the two aspects of the respiratory cycle
expiration and inspiration
What is the respiratory membrane?
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
The ____ is an elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing as the tongue pushes it downward toward the larynx
epiglottis
The ___ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea
Larynx
___ is the intake of air during the respiratory cycle
inspiration
The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the
laryngopharynx
Identify the two locations that contain respiratory control centers
Pons and medulla oblongata
The lumen of the trachea is lined with epithelium that has _____, structures that move the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx
cilia
True or False: The nasal cavity and trachea are considered anatomic dead space
true
Identify the two principal muscles or muscle groups responsible for inspiration
Diaphragm and external intercostals
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported through the blood as _____.
bicarbonate
The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells are called
systemic gas exchange
Alveolar gas exchange describes the exchange of gases across the
respiratory membrane of alveoli
Identify the components if a respiratory membrane
Type I (squamous) Alveolar cell, one shared basal lamina. endothelial cell of capillary
in the hemoglobin molecule. oxygen binds to
the heme group
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the ___ of the lungs
alveoli
The ___ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity
nasopharynx
The right lung has how many secondary bronchi
Three
The ___ is a double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung
pleura
___ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45
Alkalosis
Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
At the capillary networks of the tissues
____ fluid fills the pleural cavity around the lungs
Pleural
The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within the:
laryngopharynx
____ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing
Tidal
Identify the origin of voluntary stimuli for respiration
Primary Motor Cortex
Identify the four predominant components of inspired air
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen
The Enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the decomposition of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water or the reverse reaction is called ____ ______.
Carbonic Anhydrase
Decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will result in ____.
expiration
The Function of the surfactant in the lungs is to:
Reduce surface tension
The nasal ____ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves
Septum
Identify three ways in which air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae
It is cleansed, it is warmed, and it is humidified
____ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
Describe the action of carbonic anhydrase
Converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid
Identify three factors that contribute to airflow resistance
Lung compliance, surface tension, and diameter of the bronchioles
How many lobes are found in the right lung?
3
Identify the tissue that lines that oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Stratified squamous epithelium
True or False: the pleural cavity contains the lungs
False
Identify the factors detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors
Changes in blood carbon dioxide saturation, changes in blood pH, changes in blood oxygen saturation
True or false: The chloride shift allows RBC's to continue to produce carbonic acid
True
The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Explain why these infants experience alveolar sac collapse
Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities
The ____ pressure refers to the slight vacuum (-4 mm Hg) that exists in between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes
intrapleural
True or false: the respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in volunatary respiration
False
____ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35
Acidosis
Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for generating ____.
sound
Which of these are true of pleural fluid?
reduces friction during breathing, it is merely a slippery film in the pleural cavity
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in the
Right primary bronchus
The ___ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm
base
Air flows into the lungs during inspiration because
atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure and air flows toward the lower pressure area
Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
Carbaminohemoglobin, dissolved gas, and bicarbonate ion
Which the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?
Smell
The nasal vestibule is located in the ___ portion of the nasal cavity.
anterior
Tertiary bronchi channel airflow to the ____.
Bronchopulmonary segments of the lobe of the lung
Identify the principle synergist of respiration
The external intercostals and internal intercostals
List the correct order of more proximal airways to the more distal airways
Primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchus, and respiratory bronchus
The parietal ____ lines the thoracic cavity.
Pleura
Identify the three functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid
create pressure gradient during inhalation, reduce friction between membranes, and compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity
RBCs leave capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. this is called the ___ of oxygen and can sustain the body for several minutes
venous reserve
True or false: Intrapleural pressure in greater than atmospheric pressure
False
The Trachea is located ___ to the esophagus
Anterior
The volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation is the ____ volume.
Residual
The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the _____ capacity.
inspiratory
Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?
Respiratory division
____ ____ are capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system
Respiratory Bronchioles
Which of these choices correctly identifies the lobes of the human left lung?
inferior, superior
The nasal cavity, choana, and oropharynx are components of the:
Upper respiratory tract
Identify two factors the would DECREASE the affinity of hemoglobin fro oxygen.
Increased bisphosphogylcerate production by RBC and increased temperature. Decreased blood pH and decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue
When oxygen bind to hemoglobin the molecule is called ____.
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is not transporting any oxygen is called :
deoxyhemoglobin
The larynx is attached to the trachea by a ring of hyaline cartilage called the _____ cartilage
Cricoid
Identify the factors which add up to the function residual capacity
Residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
A person expelling air while yelling is performing ____ breathing .
forced
True or false: the majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported by carbaminohemoglobin
False
The distal most portion of the respiratory system, that is incapable of respiration is(are) the ______.
Terminal Bronchioles
The prominent laryngeal cartilage which is often larger in males than in females is the _____ cartilage
Thyroid
Indicate which two of these structures are comprised if hyaline cartilage
cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
Individuals with pulmonary diseases have increased
physiological dead space
The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus along the ___ escalator of the trachea
mucociliary
Which of the following best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?
c-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
The structure that extend from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important as it resonates sounds produced in the larynx is called the ______.
Pharynx
When hemoglobin transports carbon dioxide it is called:
Carbaminohemoglobin
The ____ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups
Ventral
Identify the paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal folds
cuneiform
The maximum voulme of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ____ _____ volume
expiratory reserve
Identify the factors that affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing
posterior movement of the tongue and elevation of the larynx
____ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension
Surfactant
The ___ of the voice is the characteristic of the voice that is dependent upon the tension of the vocal folds.
Pitch
True or false: The anatomical dead space is subtracted from the tidal volume when calculating the aleveolar ventilation rate.
True
Identify the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group.
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex
The sum of the expiratory reserve, tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is the ____ capacity.
Vital
The ___ is the percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time
Forced expiratory volume
The ___ ____ volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Name the paired horn-shaped cartilages that articulate with the arytenoid cartilages
corniculate cartilages
The elastic components of the lungs, bronchial tree:
conserve energy by facilitating recoil during exhalation
Identify the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity
Residual volume+vital capacity
The ___ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptor and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly
Dorsal
Identify the structures that enter the lung at the hilum
Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?
Inspiratory reserve volume
Describe the mechanism of carbon dioxide loading
Diffusion of carbon dioxide from the tissues (higher concentrations) into the plasma and then into the RBCs (lower concentration)
The term ___ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PC)2 greater than 43 Hg)
hypercapnia
What factor is aveolar gas exchange is dependent upon the efficiency of blood supply to the respiratory membranes
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
___ maneuver entails increasing inter abdominal pressure by trying to exhale the glottis closed
Valsalva
The cardiac notch is the indention located on the ___ surface of the ___ lung that accommodates the heart
Medial, Left
Emphysema is a respiratory disorder that results in the loss of alveoli. Identify which factor of alveolar gas exchange would be affected by emphysema
Respiratory membrane surface area
Indicate which of the following best describes what happens during exhalation
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
The ___ tonsils(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx
pharyngeal
___ are cuboidal cells responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung
Type II Alveolar Cells
Identify two factors that facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin
PO2 lower in surround tissues than RBCs and binding of protons to hemoglobin lowers its affinity for oxygen
Coughing and bronchoconstriction may result when ___ receptors are stimulated within epithelium of the airway
Irritant
Decompression sickness occurs because of nitrogen gas' increased solubility into the blood at depth. this is a practical example
Henry's Law
The visceral _____ covers the lung surface
Pleura