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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two chemical transmitters of the ANS?
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adrenergic and cholinergic
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What neurotransmitter is released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
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norepinephrine
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What are the two major receptors that respond to norepinephrine, the adrenergic transmitter?
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alpha and beta receptors
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What are the two forms alpha receptors exist in?
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alpha-1 and alph-2
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What is the most common alpha receptor and is excited by norepi?
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alpha -1
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Where are alpha-1 receptors located?
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some smooth muscle cells
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What alpha cell's inhibit cell's activity?
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alpha-2
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What are the two forms beta receptors can live in?
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beta-1 and beta-2
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What does Beta-1 do to the heart?
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speeds it up
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What Beta cells are inhibited by norepi?
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beta-2
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Where are beta-2 receptors located?
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smooth muscles of bronchioles
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What receptor is associated with adrenergic?
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norepinephrine and epinephrine
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What receptor is asscoiated with cholinergic?
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acetylcholine
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What two forms do acetylchoine receptors exist in?
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nicotinic and muscarinic
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What cells are strictly excited by Ach?
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nicotinic
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Where are nicotinic receptors located?
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post ganglionic neuron dendrites on skeletal muscles
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Where are muscarinic receptors located?
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all parasympathetic target organs
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What cells are excited and inhibited by Ach?
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muscarinic
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Where are Alpha-1 receptors located?
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precapillary sphincters, in the gut, gut sphincters, bladder sphincters
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Where are Alpha-2 receptors located?
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iris, circular intrinsic eye muscles, gut smooth muscles
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Where are Beta-1 receptors located?
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heart, adipose tissue, kidneys
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Where are Beta-2 receptor located?
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smooth muscles in bronchioles, smooth muscles in wall of gut and uterus
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Where are nicotinic receptors located?
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all motor end organs, all skeletal muscles, all post ganglionic autonomic perikarya
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What tells the CNS about internal and external conditions?
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sensory systems
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What is sensitive to physical movements of your skin such as touch and internal pressure?
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mechanoreceptor
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What is sensitive to temperature?
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thermoreceptor
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What is sensitive to chemicals such as oxygen?
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chemoreceptor
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What is sensitive to light?
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photoreceptor
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What are free nerve endings that detect pain?
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nociceptors
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What receptors are outside such as skin, eyes, and ears?
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exteroceptors
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What receptors are sensitive to simuli inside the body including visceral, blood vessels, muscle stretch, etc?
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visceroceptors
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What tell the brain about body movements through stimulus from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?
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proprioceptors
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What are located just about everywhere but abundant in epithelia and c.t.?
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free nerve endings
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What is the structure of free nerve endings?
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unmyelinated at dendritic tips of axons and the rest of the axon is myelinated
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What are free nerve endings sensitive to?
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pain, hot and cold, itch, hair movement, and pressure on skin
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What consist of a Merkel cell and are sensitive to light touch and are located in deep layers of the epidermis?
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Merkel discs
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What are free nerve endings that detect tissue damage and the stimulation of them is interpreted as pain?
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nociceptors
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What sensation is a protective mechanism that tells the brain when tissue is being damaged?
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pain
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What is felt within 0.1 second and is not felt in most of the deeper tissues of the body?
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fast pain
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What begins only after one second or more and is always associated with tissue destruction?
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slow pain
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Fast pain travels through what?
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myelinated neurons
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Slow pain travels through what?
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non-myelinated neurons
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What is felt in a part of the skin that is remote from the tissue causing the pain?
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referred pain
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What is the most painful chemical known?
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Bradykinin
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what are detected by four different free nerve ending receptors?
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thermal receptors
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What are the four different thermal receptors?
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cold-pain, cold, warm, and heat-pain receptors
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Thermal pain adapts with what?
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time
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What have axon ends that wrap around hair follicles and detect hair movement?
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hair follicle receptors
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What are stimulated by chemicals that promote inflammation?
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itch receptors
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What are the smallest receptors yet to be discovered?
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itch receptors
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What are receptors within connective tissue capsules and are sensitive to mechanical movement?
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encapsulated dendritic endings
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What are present in hairless skin and are sensitive to touch?
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Meissner's corpuscles
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What are large lamellated corpuscles and look like onions and are sensitive to vibrations?
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Pacinian corpuscles
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What detect stretch and deep continuous pressure?
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Ruffini's corpuscles
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What are throughout muscle tissue and detect stretch?
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Muscle spindles
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Muscle spindles have a central muscle core of what that are wrapped by sensory dendrites?
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intrafusal fibers
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What is the detection of chemicals within the nose by chemoreceptors?
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olfactory sense
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The stretching of muscle spindles causes an increase in what?
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action potential rate
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What are located on each side of the nasal septum and are replaced on a regular schedule?
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olfactory receptor cells
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When are olfactory receptor cells replaced?
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every 60 days
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Where are the only place neurons are exposed to the environment?
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olfactory receptor cells
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What is the maximum number of odors a human can detect?
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10.000
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What is the typical number of odors a human can detect?
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3,000-4,000
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What are the seven primary odor sensations?
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camphoraceous, musky, floral, peppermint, ethereal, pungent, and putrid
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Where is smell hard wired to?
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limbic system
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What is the name for the substance put in natural gas so you can smell it?
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methylmercaptan
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What is the smell that a skunk produces?
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butylmercapton
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What is a chemical sense that is detected by taste buds?
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taste
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What are located on papillae of tongue?
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taste buds
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What are the primary taste sensations?
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sour, salty, sweet, bitter and umami
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Where are sour taste buds located?
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sides of the tongue
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Where are sweet taste bud located?
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tip of the tongue
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Where are bitter taste buds located?
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back of the tongue and in the throate
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What taste buds give the beefy taste of meat and the tang of cheese?
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umami
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What percent of humans have taste blindness?
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20%
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What cranial nerves carry taste induced depolarizaiton to the brain stem?
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7,9, and 10
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What is a sense that is stimulated by light?
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vision
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What produces tears?
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lacrimal gland
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What is the diameter of the eye?
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2.5 cm
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What is the outer transparent layer that covers the white of the eye and the inside of the eyelids?
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conjunctiva
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What part of the eye gets bloodshot?
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conjunctiva
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What is the white part of the eye?
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sclera
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What is the layer of dark connective tissue that lies just inside the sclera?
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choroid
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What are the photosensitive cells within the retina that are excited by different colors?
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cones
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What are the three types of cones?
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blue sensitive, green sensitive, and red sensitive
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What are you missing if you're colorblind?
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a cone
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What are photosensitve cells that are very sensitive to low intensity of light but can't distinguish color?
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rods
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What are rods used for?
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scotopic vision (night vision)
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What is the transparent cover over the iris and pupil of the eye?
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cornea
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What is anterior to the cavity and is subdivided into an anterior and posterior chamber?
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anterior cavity
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The anterior and posterior chamber of the anterior cavity are separated by what?
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the iris
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What is a flexible structure that is suspended by suspensory ligaments from the ciliary ligaments?
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lens
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What does the lens do when it is focus for near vision?
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bulge
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What is the pigment in eyes?
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melanin
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What is the colored part of the eye?
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iris
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What is the hole through the iris and lens that light passes through?
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pupil
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There are four of these oriented in a straight line from the anterior to the posterior of the eye?
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extrinsic eye muscles
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What are the four extrinsic eye muscles?
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superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus
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There are to extrinsic eye muscles that lie at an oblique angle...What are they?
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superior oblique and inferior oblique
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What are the sensations that are excited by sound vibrations inside the inner ear?
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auditory
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What is the external part of the ear that can be observed from the outside?
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outer ear
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What is the external appendage of the ear?
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auricle
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What is another name for auricle?
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pinna
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What are the parts of the auricle?
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lobule, helix, antihelix, tragus, and antitragus
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What part of the ear extends into the head to the eardrum?
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external auditory canal
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What separates the outer ear from the inner ear?
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tympanum
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What does sound do to the tympanum?
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vibrate
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What is filled with air and located inside the tympanum?
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middle ear
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What transfer vibrations through the middle ear from the tympanum to the oval window of the inner ear?
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ear ossicles
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What are the name of the three ear ossicles?
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malleus, incus, and stapes
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What are located on the medial surface of the middle ear and separate the air in the middle ear from the liquid in the inner ear?
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oval and round windows
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Which ear ossicle sits against the oval window?
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stapes
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What is the sensory detection part of the ear?
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inner ear
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What are the two major parts of the inner ear?
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cochlea and vestibule
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What is the snail shaped structure insde the inner ear?
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cochlea
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What does the cochlea contain?
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organ of corti
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What does the cochlea do?
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detects sound
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What part of the ear is sensitive to head position and movement?
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vestibule and semicircular canals
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What is sensitive to the position of the head when it is NOT moving?
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vestibule
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What part of the ear is sensitive to head movement and dynamic equilibirum?
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semicircular canals
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What carries supplies to cells of the body and removes waste material from them?
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circulatory system
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How close does a capillary have to be to a cell for the cell to survive?
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50 microns
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What system functions to transport blood through the body?
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blood vascular system
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What is the fluid that moves through vessels of the body?
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blood
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What is the pump that moves blood through vessels of the body?
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heart
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What are the tubes through which blood passes through the body?
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vessels
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What carry blood away from the heart?
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arteries
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What carry blood toward the heart?
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veins
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What are tiny vessels that transport blood through tissues of the body?
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capillaries
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What are networks between arteries and veins?
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capillaries
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What is the system of veins that carry lymph from interstitial spaces back into the blood vascular system and also protect tissues fo the body through immunity?
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lymph vascular system
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What are the vessels that transport lymph fro interstitial spaces to the venous system?
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lymph veins and capillaries
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If lymph veins and capillaries are plugged what can you get?
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elephantitis
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What are associated with the lymph system as either a filter of produce cells of the immune system?
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lymphoid organs
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What are the functions of blood?
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transportation, osmoregulation, buffering, clotting, immunity, and stabalize blood temp
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What does blood transport?
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oxygen, carbon dioxide, sugars, amino acids, fats, water, etc.
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What means control of water movement in tissue?
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osmoregulation
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What is maintained because blood contains proteins that are usually not present in the interstital spaces?
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blood onchotic pressure
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What are blood proteins called?
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albumins
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The presence of blood proteins pulls water from interstitial space and prevents what?
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adema (tissue swelling)
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What are the majority of the proteins in blood?
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albumins
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What produces albumins?
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liver
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What refers to maintaining a proper acid-base balance in blood?
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buffering
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What prevents the loss of blood?
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clotting
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What does blood consist of?
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plasma and cells
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What is blood as it normally exists within the body?
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whole blood
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What is the name for RBC's?
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erythrocytes
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What is the name for WBC's?
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leukocytes
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What consists of serum and clotting proteins?
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plasma
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What is plasma with the clotting proteins removed?
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serum
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What is whole blood without clotting proteins?
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defibrinated blood
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What % of the body is made up of blood?
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7%
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How much blood do males have?
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34 ml of blood per pound
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How much blood do females have?
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30 ml of blood per pound
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What is the liquid part of blood with clotting proteins?
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plasma
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What % of plasma is water?
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90%
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What make up about 60% of the protein in blood?
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albumins
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What is the function of albumins?
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maintain blood onchotic pressure and water balance
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What make up 35% of the protein in blood and are the antibodies of immunity?
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globulins
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What is another name for globulins?
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immunoglobulins
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What are the different types of immunoglobulins?
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IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
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