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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Elbow joint
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-Hinge joint
-Permits flexion & Extension -Has 3 articulations |
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Articulations of Elbow Joint
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1) Humeroulnar - hinge
2) Humeroradial - hinge 3) Proximal radioulnar - pivot |
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Ulnar collateral ligament
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Anterior cord-like band is strongest
Posterior fan-like band is weakest Oblique band deepens the trochlear notch |
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Bursitis of Elbow
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Occurs after injury, or as a result of excessive pressure and friction on the olecranon region (e.g. "student's elbow").
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Posterior dislocation of elbow.
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results from forcible hyperextension of the elbow or falling on the hands with the elbows flexed;
The trauma moves the ulna posteriorly. |
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Subluxation of Radius
“Pulled elbow” “Nursemaid’s elbow” |
Occurs when child is lifted up suddenly by the extended arm with forearm pronated
Causes partial dislocation of radial head Due to distal attachment of annular ligament tearing from neck of radius |
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Tennis Elbow
(Lateral Epicondylitis) |
Inflammation of lateral epicondyl due to premature degeneration of common extensor tendon
Produces tenderness and pain around lateral epicondyl; may radiate to forearm Pain aggravated by activities that put tension on the tendon |
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Flexors of Elbow
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Brachialis
Biceps Brachii |
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Extensor of Elbow
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Triceps Brachii
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Anterior Muscles of Arm
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Flexors
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Posterior Muscles of the Arm
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Extensors
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The 3 Anterior Muscles That Are Innervated by Musculocutaneous N.
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Biceps Brachii
Brachialis Coracobrachialis |
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Biceps Brachii
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O - short head: tip of coracoid process of scapula
long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula I - Radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis N - musculocutaneous nerve A - supinates forearm; flexes forearm when supine; assists in flexing arm |
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Brachialis
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O - distal half of anterior surface of humerus
I - coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna N - musculocutaneous nerve A - flexes forearm |
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Coracobrachialis
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O - tip of coracoid process of scapula
I - middle 1/3 of medial surface of humerus N - musculocutaneous nerve A - helps to flex and adduct arm |
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Triceps Brachii Orgin
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O - long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
lateral head: posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove medial head: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove |
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Triceps Brachii
I-N-A |
I - proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm
N - radial nerve A - extends forearm |
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Anconeus
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O -lateral epicondyle of humerus
I - lateral surface of olecranon and superior part of posterior surface of ulna N - radial nerve A - Abducts ulna during pronation, assists in extending forearm; stabilizes elbow joint |
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Injury to radial nerve results in:
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Paralysis of triceps, brachioradialis, supinator, extensors of wrist, thumb and fingers
Loss of sensation in areas of skin supplied by this nerve |
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Wrist Drop
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Inability to extend wrist
Inability to extend elbow (does not occur if injury is at the radial groove) |
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Brachial Artery
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continuation of axillary artery
begins at inferior border of teres major ends at cubital fossa opposite the neck of the radius divides into radial and ulnar arteries |
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Name the Collateral Arteries
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Deep Artery of the Arm
Radial Collateral A. Superior & Inferior Ulnar Collateral Middle Collateral A. |
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What do the Collateral Arteries do?
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Allows blood to reach forearm when brachial artery is blocked
Regardless of elbow flexion or extension, blood can reach the forearm |
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4 main nerves that pass through the arm
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Median*
Ulnar* Musculocutaneous Radial *supply no branches to the arm but supply elbow joint and anterior forearm |
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Cubital Fossa
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End of brachial artery/
Beginning of ulnar and radial arteries - biceps brachii tendon - brachialis muscle - median nerve - radial nerve |
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Musculocutaneous nerve supplies the...
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Anterior muscles of the arm
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Radial nerve supplies the...
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Posterior muscles of the arm
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Superficial Layer of Muscles in Forearm
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Pronator teres,
Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, Flexor carpi ulnaris |
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Intermediate Layer of Muscles in Forearm
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Flexor digitorum superficialis
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Deep Layer of Muscles in the Forearm
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Flexor digitorum profundus,
Flexor pollicis longus, Pronator quadratus |
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Group of 4 muscles arising by a common flexor tendon
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Superficial Layer –
pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris Mainly pronators of forearm and flexors of hand @ the wrist Originate on medial epicondyle of humerous |
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All flexor muscles are innervated by median nerve…
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except for flexor carpi ulnaris & medial part of flexor digitorum profundus!
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Pronator Teres
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O - medial epicondyle of humerus (humeral head) and coronoid process of ulna (ulnar head)
I -lateral side of middle of radius N - median nerve A - *pronates the forearm, with some flexion at elbow |
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
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O - medial epicondyle of humerus
I -proximal 2nd metacarpal N - median nerve A -flexion and abduction of the hand at the wrist |
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Palmaris Longus
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O - medial epicondyle of humerus
I -palmar aponeurosis and distal flexor retinaculum N - median nerve A -flexion at wrist, tightens palmar aponeurosis, retracts claws in cats |
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
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O - medial epicondyle of humerus (humeral head), olecranon and posterior aspect of ulna (ulnar head)
I -proximal 5th metacarpal, pisiform bone and hamate bone N - ulnar nerve* A -flexion and adduction of hand at wrist |
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
(Intermediate Layer) |
O - medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna and upper half of anterior border of radius (radial head)
I -middle phalanges of digits 2-5 N - median nerve A -flexes: fingers at proximal interphalangeal joints metacarpophalangeal joints wrist |
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Deep Flexor Layer Arise from...
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The Ulna or Radius; none arise from the humerous
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Flexor Pollicis Longus
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O - middle part of radius and interosseous membrane
I -distal phalanx of thumb N -median nerve A -flexes phalanges of thumb |
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus
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O - proximal ¾ of ulna and interosseous membrane
I -distal phalanges of digits 2-5 N -medial part ulnar nerve*, lateral part median nerve A -flexes fingers at distal interphalangeal joints and helps flex wrist |
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Pronator Quadratus
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O - distal anterior ulna
I -distal anterior radius N -median nerve A -pronates forearm |
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Carpal Bones
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Proximal row
L Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum M Pisiform Distal row L Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate M Hamate |
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Wrist (radiocarpal) Joint
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Joint between the radius, scaphoid, and lunate
Adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, and circumduction |
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Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament & Palmar Radioulnar Ligament
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Absorbs hyperextension stress
(falling on outstretched hand) |
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Which ligaments are weaker- dorsal wrist or palmar wrist?
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Dorsal Wrist Ligaments
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Flexion & extension of wrist joint
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Flexion & extension occur simultaneously from radiocarpal joint and midcarpal joint
Females usually have large range of motion than males |
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Adduction & abduction of wrist joint
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Adduction is greater than abduction
Abduction (rotate wrist towards thumb) limited by styloid proc. of radius |
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Median nerve lesion – Elbow
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Paralysis of forearm pronators
Paralysis of long flexor mm. of wrist and finger [except FCU and ulnar half of FDP] Paralysis of mm. of thenar eminence |
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Hand of Benediction
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Paralysis of median n. at elbow
Cannot flex 2nd & 3rd digits Cannot flex thumb at proximal interphalangeal joint Can weakly flex 4th & 5th digits |
