Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Muscle tissue is one of the four...........muscle tissues
|
basic types
|
|
|
|
The Four basic types of muscle tissue are:
|
Epithelial
Connective Nervous Muscle |
|
|
|
How many types of muscle tissue are there?
|
3
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth |
|
|
|
Name the 3 different types of muscle tissue
|
Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
|
|
|
Long Striated (Appear Stripy) & Multi Nucleated muscle tissue is?
|
Skeletal Muscle tissue
|
|
|
|
Skeletal muscle tissue is multi-nucleated? T/F
|
True
|
|
|
|
Skeletal muscle tissue is primarily under voluntary control? T/F
|
True
|
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle tissue is found where?
|
in the wall of the heart
|
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle tissue controls the beating of the heart? T/F
|
True
|
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle tissue ensures blood is pumped through the blood vessels? T/F
|
True
|
|
|
|
Cardia muscle is striated ( looks stripy) T/F
|
True
|
|
|
|
Is Cardiac muscle uni-nucleated?
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle is made up of?
|
Branching cells, arraged in spiral bundles
|
|
|
|
The contraction and relaxation of heart muscle is?
|
Involuntarily controlled, meaning that we do not consciously control the beating of the heart.
|
|
|
|
Smooth muscle tissue is found where?
|
In the walls fo hollow internal structures (blood vessels, airways, and most organs in the adominopelvic cavity)
|
|
|
|
Smooth muscle tissue is also found?
|
attached to hair follicles in the skin (arrector pili muscle)
|
|
|
|
Smooth muscle tissue is non striated. What does this mean
|
Smooth
|
|
|
|
Is smooth muscle tissue:
Uni nucleated or Multi nucleated? |
Uninucleated
|
|
|
|
What is the shape and arrangement of Smooth Muscle tissue
|
Smooth muscle tissue is spindle shaped and arranged in layers
|
|
|
|
Is Smooth muscle tissue under involuntary control or voluntary control?
|
Under involuntary control which means that we do not consciously control their contraction in order to move substances along hollow organce (stomach, intestines & blood vessels)
|
|
|
|
Skeletal muscle tissue is?
|
Moves bones
Cells are long Stiated (stripy) Multi nucleated Under voluntary control Controls movement of body parts |
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle Tissue is?
|
Wall of the heart
Controls the beating of the heart Striated Uni-nucleated under involuntary controll |
|
|
|
Smooth muscle tissue is?
|
walls of hollow internal structures
Attached to hair follicles Under involuntary control |
|
|
|
Electrical excitability affects?
|
Muscle tissue & nervous tissue
|
|
|
|
Electrical signals are called "action otentials". Which 2 types of tissue respond to this stimuli?
|
Muscle
Nervous tissue |
|
|
|
Muscle tissue contracts forcefully when stimulated by an action potential. What is this called?
|
Contractility
|
|
|
|
The ability of muscle tissue to be extended (stretched ) without being damaged is?
|
Extensibility
|
|
|
|
Elasticity of the muscle tissue refers to what?
|
The ability of the muscle tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension.
|
|
|
|
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
|
Produce body movements
Storing substances Movement of substances Stabilising body positions heat production |
|
|
|
Skeletal Muscle tissue is an individual organ? T/F
|
True
As it contains more than one type of tissue. |
|
|
|
Each skeletal muscle contains?
|
More than one type of tissue.
Consists of 100's to 1,000's of muscle cells. Contains connective tissue. Contains nerves and blood vessels |
|
|
|
What is the Periosteum?
|
Outer covering membrane of bone.
|
|
|
|
Tendons attach to?
|
Bone & Muscle
|
|
|
|
The outer covering of the attachement that encases the tendon & the adjoining muscle is called?
|
Deep fascia
|
|
|
|
Skeletal muscle attaches to the bone via the tendon. T/F
|
True
|
|
|
|
The outer membrane of the skeletal muscle is called the ?
|
Epimysium
|
|
|
|
The Epimysium encases the ?
|
Perimysium of the Skeletal muscle
|
|
|
|
Each Perimysium of the muscle has a number of sub?
|
Permysium within.
|
|
|
|
Connective tissue components of the muscle tissue are?
|
Superficial fascia surrounds the muscle fibres
|
|
|
|
Superficial fascia tissue is a combination of?
|
areaolar connective tissue & adipose tissue
|
|
|
|
Deep fascia tissue is made of?
|
Dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
|
The dense irregular connective tissue of the deep fascia holds?
|
adjacent muscles with similar function together
|
Stick together
|
|
|
What does the deep fascia allow
|
Muscles to move freely, carries nerves, blood & lymphatic vessels.
|
|
|
|
What are the connective tissues that extend from the deep fascia?
|
Epimysium
Perimysium Endomysium |
|
|
|
What do the Epimysium, Perimysium & Endomysium protect and strengthen?
|
Individual skeletal muscles
|
|
|
|
What are tendons?
|
Are cords of dense, regular connective tissue that attach muscles to the periosteum of bones
|
|
|
|
What is a Aponeurosis tendon?
|
A tendon that extends as a flat, broad layer, rather than cord-like structure of a regular tendon.
|
|
|
|
What are the cells called that make up muscle tissue?
|
Muscle fibres
|
|
|
|
What is the appearance of muscle fibres?
|
Elongated
|
|
|
|
Like all other cells within the body, a muscle cell or fibre has ?
|
Cell membrane,
Organelles, Other cellular components. |
|
|
|
What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fibre?
|
Sarcolemma
|
|
|
|
What is another name for cytoplasm?
|
Sarcoplasm
|
|
|
|
What type of sugar does the cytoplasm or sarcoplasm store?
|
Glucose
|
|
|
|
What is stored in the cytoplasm or sarcoplasm?
|
Glucose red protein call myoglobin.
|
|
|
|
What happens when the glucose stored in the cytoplasm is broken down?
|
Releases energy
|
|
|
|
What does the red protein called myoglobin do?
|
holds oxygen in the muscle fibre
|
Red Blood cells carry oxygen
|
|
|
Is the protein call myoglobin found any where else in the body.
|
No, Myoglobin is only found in muscle cells.
|
|
|
|
Muscle fibres contain large numbers of mitochondria? T/F
|
True
|
|
|
|
Due to their length, muscle fibres contain how many nuclei?
|
many
|
|
|
|
What are the contractive components inside the muscle fibre called?
|
Myofibrils
|
|
|
|
The Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a fluid-filled system of membranous sacs, wrapped around each myofibril? T/F
|
T
|
|
|
|
The Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a storage site for what type of ions?
|
Calcium ions
Calcium ions are released from this location in order for muscles to contract. |
|
|
|
thick filaments contain how many thin filaments?
|
2
|
|
|
|
There are three different proteins in myofibrils?
|
Contractile Proteins
Regulatory proteins Structural proteins |
|
|
|
What do contractile proteins do?
|
facilitate contraction
|
|
|
|
What do regulatory proteins do?
|
determine when contraction can and cannot take place
|
|
|
|
What do Structural Proteins do?
|
Hold the thick and thin filaments in the correct position.
Give myofibril elasticity and extensibility |
|
|
|
Myosin in thick filaments look like?
|
Golf clubs - the heads stick out like clubs.
|
|
|
|
What do Actin in thin filaments look like?
|
Actin protein looks like an olive and arranged in a line along a twisted regulatory protein.
|
|
|
|
What are the two regulatory protein of the the thin filaments called?
|
Troponin and Tropomysosin
|
|
|
|
What does Tropomyosin do?
|
Covers the myosin binding sites to prevent the myosin heads attaching.
|
|
|
|
What is the mechanism called in the process of muscle contraction?
|
Sliding filament mechanism.
|
|
|
|
Do Sarcomeres shorten during a muscle contraction?
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
What form of energy is used during the process of contraction?
|
ATP - providing the energy needed for the myosin head to swivel and pull the thin filament across itself.
|
|
|
|
What is the first thing to happen for a muscle to contract?
|
It must first be stimulated by a nerve impulse from specialised nerve cells (motor neurons)
|
|
|
|
The Neuromuscular junction is where? .
|
a nerve cell and muscle cell come in close contact with each other
|
|
|
|
A motor unit consists of ?
|
A single moter neuron and all the muscle fibres it stimulates
|
|
|
|
The Body has six levels of structural organization. Rank from smallest to largest -
|
The Chemical Level
The Cellular level The Tissue level The organ level The system level The organismal level |
C
T O S Org |
|
|
Homeostatis is a term that refers to ?
|
The way that the body attempts to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
|
|
|
|
Anatomy is the study of;
|
Structures of the body and thier relationship to one another
|
|
|
|
Physiology is the study of the:
|
Functions of the various parts of the body and how they work.
|
|
|
|
Structure always determines
|
Function. And vice versa
|
|
|
|
A feedback system is:
|
A cycle of events in which the stutus of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated and changed to maintain homeostatis.
|
|
|
|
Examples of a feedback system loops are:
|
Blood pressure
Body temperature Blood glucose level |
|
|
|
How many general components are there to a feedback system?
|
There are three general components to a feeedback system;
1. Receptors: 2. Control Centre: 3. Effectors. |
|
|
|
Receptors in a feedback system are:
|
Information gatherers that send input to a control centre.
|
|
|
|
Control Centre of a feedback system evaluates?
|
The information received and compares to the established normal range.
Then sends output to effectors when necessary |
Auditor
|
|
|
Effectors of a feedback system
|
The body structure that receives the information from the control centre and then responds to cause a change in the controlled condition
|
|
|
|
How many types of feedback system does the body have?
|
There are two types of feedback systems.
1. Negative feedback systems 2. Positive feedback systems |
|
|
|
What do negative feedback systems do?
|
Negative feedback systems reverse the change in a controlled condition.
eg. reduces body temperature. |
|
|
|
What do positive feedback systems do?
|
Positive feedback systems enhance the change in the controlled condition.
|
|
|
|
Anatomical position?
|
Standing erect
Facing me Feet flat & pointing forward arms hanging at sides \palms facing forward |
|
|
|
Erect position
|
Standing upright and not stooping
|
|
|
|
Supine position
|
Body lying down and facing up
|
|
|
|
Prone position
|
Body lying down and facing down
|
|
|
|
Lateral position or recumbent
|
Lying horizontally on either left or right side
|
|
|
|
Superior
Cranial cephalic |
Above (towards the head or upper part of a structure)
|
|
|
|
Inferior
Caudal |
Below (away from the head or lower part of a structure
|
|
|
|
Anterior
ventral |
Towards the front of the body
|
|
|
|
Posterior
dorsal |
Towards the back of the body
|
|
|
|
Medial
|
Toward the midline
|
|
|
|
Lateral
|
Away from the midline
|
|
|
|
Intermediate
|
In between two structures
|
|
|
|
Proximal
|
Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
|
|
|
|
Distal
|
Further away from the point of attachement of a limb to the trunk
|
|
|
|
Superficial
External |
At or toward the surface of the body
|
|
|
|
Deep
Internal |
Away from the surface of the body
|
|
|
|
Frontal
|
Forehead
|
|
|
|
Occipital
|
Base of skull
|
|
|
|
Cervical
|
Neck
|
|
|
|
Deltoid
|
Deltoid muscle
|
|
|
|
Auxiliary
|
Armpit
|
|
|
|
Brachial
|
Arm
|
|
|
|
Cubital
|
Anterior elbow
|
|
|
|
Digital
|
Fingers,toes
|
|
|
|
Scapula
|
Shoulder blade
|
|
|
|
Thoracic
|
Chest area
|
|
|
|
Pectoral
|
Breast area
|
|
|
|
Abdominal
|
Anterior area between ribs and hips
|
|
|
|
Umbilical
|
Navel
|
|
|
|
Lumbar
|
Posterior area between ribs & hips
|
|
|
|
Pelvic
|
Hip
|
|
|
|
Pubic
|
Genital region
|
|
|
|
Inguinal
|
Groin area
|
|
|
|
Gluteal
|
Buttock
|
|
|
|
Femoral
|
Thigh
|
|
|
|
Patellar
|
Knee cap
|
|
|
|
Popliteal
|
Posterior Knee
|
|
|
|
Tibial
|
Tibia
|
|
|
|
Sural
|
Calf
|
|
|
|
Sagittal Plan
|
vertical plane
|
|
|
|
Midsagittal
|
equal , vertical left and right sides
|
|
|
|
Parasagittal plan
|
Unequal, vertical
|
|
|
|
Frontal
|
vertical, front and back
|
|
|
|
Transverse plane
|
Horizontal plane, into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
|
|
|
|
Oblique plane
|
an angle
|
|
|
|
Dorsal Cavity
|
Cranial (brain)
Spinal (spinal cord) |
|
|
|
Ventral Cavity
|
Thoracic (heart & lungs)
Abdomino-pelvic cavity (stomach to rectum organs) |
|
|
|
Serous membrane
|
Double membrane in thoracic & abdominal
|
|
|
|
The 2 layers of serous membrane are?
|
Parietal layer (inner layer of body cavities)
Visceral Layer (out surface of organs) |
|
|
|
All living and non-living things are composed of?
|
matter
|
|
|
|
Matter is defined as anything that occupies?
|
space & has mass
|
|
|
|
All matter is composed of small units called?
|
Chemical elements
|
|
|
|
How many different elements are there?
|
112 different elements
only 92 occur naturally on earth |
|
|
|
The elements that make up 96% of the body weight?
|
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) |
|
|
|
The remaining 4% of your weight comes from ?
|
Minerals
|
|
|
|
Atoms are?
|
Building blocks of elements
|
|
|
|
How many sub atomic particles make up an atom
|
3
Protons + Neutrons o Electrons - |
|
|
|
In an atom the number of protons + always equals the number of ?
|
Neutronso
|
|
|
|
How many electrons does the first electron shell hold?
|
2
|
|
|
|
How many electrons does the 2nd electron shell hold?
|
8
|
|
|
|
How many electrons does the 3rd electron shell hold?
|
18
|
|
|
|
What is the maximum number of electron shells and atom may have?
|
7 shells
|
|
|
|
A molecule has two or more different kinds of atoms, is called a?
|
compound
|
|
|
|
In Ionic bonding, atoms ..........or........electrons ?
|
Lose or gain electrons
|
|
|
|
When an atom loses or gains an electron it changes from neutral to postive or negative and is then called a?
|
Ion
+/- |
|
|
|
Positive ions are called?
|
cations
|
|
|
|
Negative ions are called?
|
anions
|
|
|
|
cations & anions are attracted to each other t/f
|
True
Opposites attract |
|
|
|
When one pair of electrons are shared, the bond is called a?
|
single covalent bond
|
|
|
|
When 2 pairs of electons are shared,
the bond is called a? |
Double covalent bond
|
|
|
|
When 3 pairs of electrons are shared it is called a ?
|
Triple covalent bond
|
|
|
|
Decomposition reactions are when...
|
Large molecules are broken down into smalle molecules, atoms or ions.
Known as catabolic reactions . |
|
|
|
Synthesis reactions
|
Forming of more complex larger molecules by combining atoms, ions & molecules
|
|
|
|
Exchange
|
breaking and forming bonds
part decomposition and part synthesis |
|
|
|
Potential energy is
|
stored energy in food.
|
|
|
|
Kinetic energy
|
moving and performing work
|
|
|
|
Inorganic compounds are?
|
Lack carbon atoms, simple
Include water, salts, acids & bases |
|
|
|
First class levers have the fulcrum between?
|
The effort & resistance (EFR)
|
|
|
|
2nd clas levers have the resistance between?
|
fulcrum & Effort (FRE)
|
|
|
|
3rd Class levers have the effort bedtween the?
|
Fulcrum & Resistance (FER)
|
|
|
|
1st Class Levers
|
EFR
|
|
|
|
2nd Class Levers
|
FRE
|
|
|
|
3rd Class Levers
|
FER
|
|
|
|
When one muscle is contracting another is
|
relaxing
|
|
|
|
Prime mover or agonist?
|
Produces desired action
|
|
|
|
Antagonist produces
|
Opposite action
|
|
|
|
Synergist
|
reduces unnecessary movement
|
|
|
|
Fixator
|
Stabilizes
|
|
|
|
Skeletal muscles produce movement by
|
pulling on tendons
|
|
|
|
Tendons are attached to?
|
Bones and muscles
|
|
|
|
Muscle tendon attachment point to stationary bone?
|
origin
|
|
|
|
Muscle tendon attachement point to a movable bone is?
|
insertion
|
|
|
|
The body only uses 3rd class levers
|
FER
|
|
|
|
Muscle fatigue can be due to?
|
Inadequate release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
|
Muscle fatigue can be due to?
|
Depleted creatine phosphate in the muscle
|
|
|
|
Muscle fatigue can be due to?
|
Inadequate supply of oxygen to muscle tisue
|
|
|
|
Muscle fatigue can be due to?
|
Depletion of glycogen in muscle tissue
|
|
|
|
Muscle fatigue can be due to?
|
Build up of waste products and lactic acid
|
|
|
|
Muscle tone is important to?
|
Control blood pressure
|
|
|
|
Muscle tone is important to?
|
Maintain tone of hollow internal organs (GIT)
|
|
|
|
Exercise and massage help to improve?
|
Muscle tone
|
|
|
|
Muscle increase in size?
|
Hypertrophy
|
|
|
|
Muscle decrease in size (wasting)
|
Atrophy
|
|
|
|
Isometric contraction
|
Holding arm outstretched straigt
|
|
|
|
Isotonic contraction
|
weight bearing bending
|
|
|
|
3 type of skeletal muscle fibres?
|
Slow twitch (spine)
Fast twitch A (legs) Fast twtch B (Arms) |
|
|
|
2 types of skeletal muscle cvontractions?
|
Isometric contractions
Isotonic contractions |
|
|
|
A motor unit has how many motor neurons?
|
Single motor neuron
|
|
|
|
What does a motor unit consist of?
|
Single motor neuron & all the muscle fibres it stimulates
|
|
|
|
For a muscle to contract it must first be stimulated by
|
a nerve impulse
|
|
|
|
What is a synaptic end bulb
|
The end of a neuron (nerve cell)
|
|
|
|
Where are neurotransmitters found?
|
In the synaptic vesicles inside synaptic end bulbs
|
|
|
|
The gap between the neuron and other cells is called
|
The synaptic cleft which signals pass through.
|
|
|
|
The sarcolemma of the muscle fibre receptors are called
|
Motor end plates
|
|
|
|
Sliding filament mechanism is
|
Muscle contraction process
|
|
|
|
Muscle contraction process
|
Thick filament grabs onto the nearby thin filament and pulls it across itself towards the centre of the carcomere
|
|
|
|
Myosin (golf clubs)
|
in thick filaments of contractile muscle
|
|
|
|
Actin (olives)
|
in thin filaments of contraction muscle
|
|
