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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Smooth Muscle
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Function- organs, blood vessels walls, digestive system
Is involuntary Non- striated One nucleus per cell Myosin and Actins Indistinct cell membrane |
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Cardiac
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Function- thickens cell membrane for strength and helps with electrical impulse.
Involuntary Striated One nucleus per cell Myosin and actins Only in the heart Branched Intercalated disks |
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Skeletal
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Function- attached bones all over the body
Voluntary Striated Multinucleated Myosin and actins |
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Sarcoplasm
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the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
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Sarcolemma
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the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
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Striations
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alternating light and dark bands due to alternating thick and thin myofilaments
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Myofilaments-
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the contractile elements of skeletal muscle. Appear as small thread-like structures that fill the sarcoplasm.
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Cross bridges
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also called myosin heads. The “golf club” shaped projections of each myosin molecule.
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Sarcomere
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he basic functional units of a myofibril. The filaments inside a myofibril do not extend the entire length of a muscle fiber; inside they are arranged in compartments called sarcomeres.
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Troponin
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regulatory protein that holds the tropomyosin strands in place in think filaments.
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Tropomyosin
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regulatory protein that blocks the myosin binding sites in relaxed muscles.
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Motor Unit-
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A motor neuron with all the muscle cells are stimulates
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Motor End Plate
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portion of muscle membrane under the end of the axon
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Acetylcholine (ACH)
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The neurotransmitter released to start muscle contraction.
The acetylcholine released by the terminal branches of the nerve axon causes a change in the electrical charge of the sarcolemma. |
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Describe the chemical changes that occur in a muscle contraction-
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The chemical changes that occur in a muscle contraction is that the Ca++ are combined with troponin, causing the myosin and actin to bind using the ATP. The Acetylcholine then turns in acetylcholinestrase.
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Tonic
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a continual partial contraction
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Treppe
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increasingly stronger twitch contractions in response to constant strength stimuli, repeated at the rate of once or twice per second.
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Isometric
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Muscle length remains about the same but the muscle tension changes
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Tetanus
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A more sustained contraction than a twitch; produced by series of stimuli bombarding the muscles in rapid succession.
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Isotonic
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Tension within a muscle remains the same but the muscle length changes producing movement.
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Twitch contraction
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A quick jerky contraction in response to a single stimulus
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Fibrillation
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Abnormal contraction in which fibers do not contract in synchronized manner resulting in “flutter of muscles”
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Convulsion
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abnormal uncoordinated tetanus contractions carrying muscle groups.
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Explain the principle of the “all or nothing” response of individual muscle fibers
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If an individual fiber is simulated enough to create a contraction it will contract completely. No increase in contraction by stimulus. Does not explain muscles.
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Describe how the aerobic oxidation of glucose results in the energy required for muscle contractions.
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Chemical reaction combined with glucose and oxygen. Giving into oxygen debt, causing glucose to lack enough oxygen turning into pyritic acid and then into lactic acid. Yielding h2o + CO2 = 35-38 ATPS
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Describe anaerobic oxidation as it occurs in muscle contractions
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Giving into oxygen debt breathing after helps repay oxygen debt
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Explain what it meant by oxygen debt?
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Glucose lacks oxygen changing into pyritic and later lactic acid yielding 2 ATPS.
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Prime Mover
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Muscle or muscles whose contraction produces movement
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Antagonist
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muscles which relax while movers is contracting
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Synergist
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muscles, which contract as the same time as prime movers (May help prime movers or stabilize it so it is more effective)
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Origin
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the attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone
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insertion
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the attachment of a muscle tendon to the movable bone
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flexor
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decrease the joint angle
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extensor
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increase the joint angle
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abductor
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moves the bone away from the midline
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adductor
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moves the bone closer to the midline
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rotator
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moves the bone around the longitudinal axis
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levator
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produces superior movement
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depressor
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produces inferior movement
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sphincter
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decreases the size of an opening
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tendon
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attaches muscle to bone
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ligament
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attaches bone to bone
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Change _______ energy into ________ energy
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chemical into mechanical
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______ the body's position
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stabilizes
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______ organ volume
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regulates
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generates _____
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heat
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______ fluids and food matter through various body systems
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propels
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striated tissue
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skeletal and cardiac
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non striated tissue
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smooth
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voluntary tissue
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skeletal
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involuntary tissue
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smooth and cardiac
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branched tissue
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cardiac
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indistinct sarcolemma
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smooth
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intercalated discs in tissue
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cardiac
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single nucleus tissues
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smooth, cardiac
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multi- nucleated tissue
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skeletal
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visceral tissue
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smooth
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Z discs
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Marks the end of every sarcomere
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actin
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thin filament
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myosin
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thick filament
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I bands
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area of sarcomere that contains thin filament only
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A bands
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part of sarcomere that extends the entire length of thick filament.
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fibrosis
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term for replacement of muscle tissue with fibrous connective tissue
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Number of ATP produced by aerobic oxidation
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35-38
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number of ATP produced by anaerobic oxidation
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2
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Tone
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a tautness of muscle during partial contraction
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flaccid
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term for muscles that have become atrophied
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