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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Smooth Muscle
Function- organs, blood vessels walls, digestive system

Is involuntary
Non- striated
One nucleus per cell
Myosin and Actins
Indistinct cell membrane
Cardiac
Function- thickens cell membrane for strength and helps with electrical impulse.

Involuntary
Striated
One nucleus per cell
Myosin and actins
Only in the heart
Branched
Intercalated disks
Skeletal
Function- attached bones all over the body

Voluntary
Striated
Multinucleated
Myosin and actins
Sarcoplasm
the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Striations
alternating light and dark bands due to alternating thick and thin myofilaments
Myofilaments-
the contractile elements of skeletal muscle. Appear as small thread-like structures that fill the sarcoplasm.
Cross bridges
also called myosin heads. The “golf club” shaped projections of each myosin molecule.
Sarcomere
he basic functional units of a myofibril. The filaments inside a myofibril do not extend the entire length of a muscle fiber; inside they are arranged in compartments called sarcomeres.
Troponin
regulatory protein that holds the tropomyosin strands in place in think filaments.
Tropomyosin
regulatory protein that blocks the myosin binding sites in relaxed muscles.
Motor Unit-
A motor neuron with all the muscle cells are stimulates
Motor End Plate
portion of muscle membrane under the end of the axon
Acetylcholine (ACH)
The neurotransmitter released to start muscle contraction.
The acetylcholine released by the terminal branches of the nerve axon causes a change in the electrical charge of the sarcolemma.
Describe the chemical changes that occur in a muscle contraction-
The chemical changes that occur in a muscle contraction is that the Ca++ are combined with troponin, causing the myosin and actin to bind using the ATP. The Acetylcholine then turns in acetylcholinestrase.
Tonic
a continual partial contraction
Treppe
increasingly stronger twitch contractions in response to constant strength stimuli, repeated at the rate of once or twice per second.
Isometric
Muscle length remains about the same but the muscle tension changes
Tetanus
A more sustained contraction than a twitch; produced by series of stimuli bombarding the muscles in rapid succession.
Isotonic
Tension within a muscle remains the same but the muscle length changes producing movement.
Twitch contraction
A quick jerky contraction in response to a single stimulus
Fibrillation
Abnormal contraction in which fibers do not contract in synchronized manner resulting in “flutter of muscles”
Convulsion
abnormal uncoordinated tetanus contractions carrying muscle groups.
Explain the principle of the “all or nothing” response of individual muscle fibers
If an individual fiber is simulated enough to create a contraction it will contract completely. No increase in contraction by stimulus. Does not explain muscles.
Describe how the aerobic oxidation of glucose results in the energy required for muscle contractions.
Chemical reaction combined with glucose and oxygen. Giving into oxygen debt, causing glucose to lack enough oxygen turning into pyritic acid and then into lactic acid. Yielding h2o + CO2 = 35-38 ATPS
Describe anaerobic oxidation as it occurs in muscle contractions
Giving into oxygen debt breathing after helps repay oxygen debt
Explain what it meant by oxygen debt?
Glucose lacks oxygen changing into pyritic and later lactic acid yielding 2 ATPS.
Prime Mover
Muscle or muscles whose contraction produces movement
Antagonist
muscles which relax while movers is contracting
Synergist
muscles, which contract as the same time as prime movers (May help prime movers or stabilize it so it is more effective)
Origin
the attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone
insertion
the attachment of a muscle tendon to the movable bone
flexor
decrease the joint angle
extensor
increase the joint angle
abductor
moves the bone away from the midline
adductor
moves the bone closer to the midline
rotator
moves the bone around the longitudinal axis
levator
produces superior movement
depressor
produces inferior movement
sphincter
decreases the size of an opening
tendon
attaches muscle to bone
ligament
attaches bone to bone
Change _______ energy into ________ energy
chemical into mechanical
______ the body's position
stabilizes
______ organ volume
regulates
generates _____
heat
______ fluids and food matter through various body systems
propels
striated tissue
skeletal and cardiac
non striated tissue
smooth
voluntary tissue
skeletal
involuntary tissue
smooth and cardiac
branched tissue
cardiac
indistinct sarcolemma
smooth
intercalated discs in tissue
cardiac
single nucleus tissues
smooth, cardiac
multi- nucleated tissue
skeletal
visceral tissue
smooth
Z discs
Marks the end of every sarcomere
actin
thin filament
myosin
thick filament
I bands
area of sarcomere that contains thin filament only
A bands
part of sarcomere that extends the entire length of thick filament.
fibrosis
term for replacement of muscle tissue with fibrous connective tissue
Number of ATP produced by aerobic oxidation
35-38
number of ATP produced by anaerobic oxidation
2
Tone
a tautness of muscle during partial contraction
flaccid
term for muscles that have become atrophied