Anatomy & Physiology Paramedic Chapter 5

Front 1

The early phase of repolarization in which the cell contains such a large concentration of ions taht it cannot be stimulated to depolarize.

Back 1

Absolute Refractory Period

Front 2

The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood.

Back 2

Afterload

Front 3

Leukocytes that lack granules.

Back 3

Agranulocytes

Front 4

Stimulation of alpha receptors tht results in vasoconstriction.

Back 4

Alpha Effect

Front 5

A decrease in the number of red blood cells, for any reason.

Back 5

Anemia

Front 6

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery.

Back 6

Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Front 7

Proteins within plasma that react with antigens.

Back 7

Antibodies

Front 8

Substances on the surface of erythrocytes that are recognized by the immune system.

Back 8

Antigens

Front 9

The largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the entire body.

Back 9

Aorta

Front 10

One of the three described portions of the aorta; the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions taht gives rise to the right brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.

Back 10

Aortic Arch

Front 11

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Back 11

Aortic Valve

Front 12

The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Back 12

Arteries

Front 13

The deposition of calcium in the arterial walls that results in a loss of elasticity and concomitant reduction in blood flow.

Back 13

Arteriosclerosis

Front 14

The first of three portions of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two branches, the right and left main coronary arteries.

Back 14

Ascending Aorta

Front 15

A disorder charactized by the formation of plaques of material, mostly lipids and cholesterol, on the inner arterial walls.

Back 15

Atherosclerosis

Front 16

The site located in the right atrium adjacent to the septum that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical condcution.

Back 16

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Front 17

The two valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles.

Back 17

Atrioventricular Valves

Front 18

One of the two chambers in the heart that recieves blood back from the body.

Back 18

Atrium

Front 19

The ability of cardiac cells to generate an impulse to contract even when there is no external nervous stimulus.

Back 19

Automaticity

Front 20

The vein taht is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins; it drains into the subclavian vein.

Back 20

Axillary Vein

Front 21

Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis.

Back 21

Baroreceptors

Front 22

The artery that is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after entering the brain through the foramen magnum.

Back 22

Basilar Artery

Front 23

One of the two major veins of the arm, it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein.

Back 23

Basilic Vein

Front 24

The least common of all granulocytes; they important in both allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Back 24

Basophils

Front 25

Stimulation of beta receptors that results in increased inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states.

Back 25

Beta Effect

Front 26

A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver.

Back 26

Bilirubin

Front 27

The fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries and consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Back 27

Blood

Front 28

An abnormal "whooshing-like" sound indicating chaotic blood flow within a blood vessel.

Back 28

Bruit

Front 29

Part of the conduction system of the heart; a continuation of the atrioventricular node.

Back 29

Bundle of His

Front 30

Thin-walled vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass out into the cells and allow carbon dioxide and waste products to pass out into the cells and allow carbon dioxide and waste products to pass drom the cells into the capillaries.

Back 30

Capilarries

Front 31

The pumping process begins with the onset of myocardial contraction and ends with the begining of the next contraction.

Back 31

Cardiac Cycle

Front 32

Expressed as liters per minute, the amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in 1 minute.

Back 32

Cardiac Output

Front 33

A life-threatening state of shock that develops as a result of a large pericardial effusion.

Back 33

Cardiac Tamponade

Front 34

The point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries.

Back 34

Carotid Bifurcation

Front 35

An opening in the cranial vault through which the carotid arteries enter.

Back 35

Carotid Canals

Front 36

A slight dilaion in the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure.

Back 36

Carotid Sinus

Front 37

One of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein.

Back 37

Cephalic Vein

Front 38

The part of the brain that is located dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance.

Back 38

Cerebellum

Front 39

The arteries that supply blood to large portions of the cerebral cortex of the brain.

Back 39

Cerebral Arteries

Front 40

Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in chemical composition of the blood to help maintain homeostasis.

Back 40

Chemoreceptors

Front 41

Small muscular strands that attach the ventricles and the valves, preventing regurgitation of blood through the valves from the ventricles to the atria.

Back 41

Chordae Tendinae Cordis

Front 42

Related to the control of the heart's rate of contraction.

Back 42

Chronotropic State

Front 43

An interconnection of the anterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation of the brain.

Back 43

Circle of Willis

Front 44

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery.

Back 44

Circumflex Coronary Artery

Front 45

A group of complex electrical tissues within that heart that initiate and transmit stimule that result in contractions of myocardial tissue.

Back 45

Conduction System

Front 46

The ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses.

Back 46

Conductivity

Front 47

The strength of heart muscle contraction.

Back 47

Contractility

Front 48

Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients.

Back 48

Coronary Arteries

Front 49

The condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls.

Back 49

Coronary Artery Disease (CAP)

Front 50

Veins that collect blood that is resturning from the walls of the heart.

Back 50

Coronary Sinus

Front 51

The flaps that comprise the heart valves.

Back 51

Cusps

Front 52

The process of electrical discharge and flow of electrical activity from a cell.

Back 52

Depolarization

Front 53

One of the three portions of the aorta, it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis.

Back 53

Descending Aorta

Front 54

A process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to moev forward tissue were they are needed most.

Back 54

Diapedisis

Front 55

A continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot.

Back 55

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

Front 56

Related to the control of the heart's conduction rate.

Back 56

Dromotropic State

Front 57

The portion of the blood ejected from the ventricle during systole.

Back 57

Ejection Fraction

Front 58

An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant.

Back 58

Electrical Potential

Front 59

A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

Back 59

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Front 60

A piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow.

Back 60

Embolus

Front 61

Infection of a heart valve.

Back 61

Endocarditis

Front 62

Granulocytes that contain granules that stai bright red with the acidic stain, eosin, and function in the body's allergic response.

Back 62

Eosinophils

Front 63

The layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart; also called the visceral pericardium.

Back 63

Epicardium

Front 64

A naturally occuring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on beta receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug.

Back 64

Epinephrine

Front 65

A serious condition taht results when a pregnant woman's blood type is oincompatible with the fetus' blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation and detroy the fetus' red blood cells.

Back 65

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Front 66

Disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen to the tissues; also known as red blood cells.

Back 66

Erythrocytes

Front 67

The process by which red blood cells are made.

Back 67

Erythropoiesis

Front 68

A property of cardiac cells that provides the cells with the ability to respond to electical impulses.

Back 68

Excitability

Front 69

A continuation of the external iliac artery, it supplies circulation to the thigh, external genitalia, anterior abdominal wall, and knee.

Back 69

Femoral Artery

Front 70

A continuation of the saphenous vein taht drains into the external iliac vein.

Back 70

Femroal Vein

Front 71

A white insoluble protein formed in the clotting process.

Back 71

Fibrin

Front 72

An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but closes shortly after birth.

Back 72

Foramen Ovale

Front 73

A depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus.

Back 73

Fossa Ovalis

Front 74

A type of leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a simple light microscope.

Back 74

Granulocytes

Front 75

A muscular, cone-shaped organ whose function is to pump blood throughout the body.

Back 75

Heart

Front 76

The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow; also called hemopoieses.

Back 76

Hematopoiesis

Front 77

The protein in red blood cells that gives them their reddish color, it binds oxygen absorbed in the lungs and transports it to the tissues where it is needed.

Back 77

Hemoglobin

Front 78

Control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot.

Back 78

Hemostasis

Front 79

A substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting.

Back 79

Heparin

Front 80

A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen.

Back 80

Hepatic Portal System

Front 81

The veins to which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs.

Back 81

Hepatic Veins

Front 82

A substance found in large amounts in basophils that incrases tissue inflammation.

Back 82

Histmaine

Front 83

One of two major large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart via the right atrium. Blood from the lower body is returned to the heart by the inferior vena cava.

Back 83

Inferior Vena Cava

Front 84

Related to the strength of the heart's contraction.

Back 84

Inotropic State

Front 85

A membrane that seperates the right and left atrium.

Back 85

Interatrial Septum

Front 86

A thick wall that seperates the right and left ventricles.

Back 86

Interventricular Septum

Front 87

Insufficient oxygen at a particular tissue site often associated with obstruction of arterial blood flow to the site.

Back 87

Ischemia

Front 88

A yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes because of excessive concetrations of bilirubin in the blood.

Back 88

Jaundice

Front 89

The two main veins that drain the head and neck.

Back 89

Jugular Veins

Front 90

A cancerous condition in which certain cell lines begin to grow abnormally fast and invade other tissues.

Back 90

Leukemia

Front 91

White blood cells that are responsible for fighting infection.

Back 91

Leukocytes

Front 92

The opening or hollow part of a blood vessel.

Back 92

Lumen

Front 93

The smallest of the agranulocytes, they originate in the bone marrow but migrate through the blood to the lymphatic tissues.

Back 93

Lymphocytes

Front 94

Cells that are responsible for protecting the body against infection.

Back 94

Macrophages

Front 95

The area in the chest that lies between the lungs and contains the heart and great vessels.

Back 95

Mediastinum

Front 96

Pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis.

Back 96

Mesenteric Angina

Front 97

Blockage of a mesenteric artery resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel.

Back 97

Mesentaric Infarction

Front 98

The valve in the heart that seperates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

Back 98

Mitral Valve

Front 99

Agarnulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection.

Back 99

Monocytes

Front 100

An abnormal heart sound, heard as a "whooshing-like" sound indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart.

Back 100

Murmur

Front 101

Blockage of the arteries that supply oxgen to the heart, resulting in death to a portion of the myocardium.

Back 101

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Front 102

The heart muscle.

Back 102

Myocardium

Front 103

One of the three types of granulocytes; they have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter.

Back 103

Neurtrophils

Front 104

A naturally occuring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on alpha receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug.

Back 104

Norepinephrine

Front 105

The first postive wave in the normal cardiac conduction pattern, it represents movement of the electrical impulse through the atria, resulting in atrial contraction.

Back 105

P Wave

Front 106

The two arches formed from the radial and ulnar vessels within the hand, creating the superficial and deep palmar arches.

Back 106

Palmar Arches

Front 107

Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae twndineae cordis.

Back 107

Papillary Muscles

Front 108

One of two layers of the serous pericardium. It is seperated from the visceral pericardium by a small amount of pericardial fluid.

Back 108

Parietal Layer

Front 109

A condition, often caused by trauma, in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, hampering the heart's ability to expand and contract properly.

Back 109

Pericardial Effusion

Front 110

A serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction.

Back 110

Pericardial Fluid

Front 111

A thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart; also called the pericardium.

Back 111

Pericardial Sac

Front 112

A life-saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid that is restricting the heart from expanding and contracting properly.

Back 112

Pericardiocentesis

Front 113

Infection or inflammation of the pericardial membranes, resulting in severe chest pain.

Back 113

Pericarditis

Front 114

A thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart; also called the pericardial sac.

Back 114

Pericardium

Front 115

Inflammatory condition involving veins; often associated with thrombus formation within the vein.

Back 115

Phlebitis

Front 116

A watery, straw-colored fluid that accounts for more than half of the total blood volume.

Back 116

Plasma

Front 117

An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin in blood clots.

Back 117

Plasmin

Front 118

Small cells in the blood that are essential for clot formation.

Back 118

Platelets

Front 119

The state of the resting cell, which normally has a net negative charge with respect to the outside of the cell.

Back 119

Polarized State

Front 120

The mass of nerve fibers at the end of the medulla oblongata.

Back 120

Pons

Front 121

A continuation of the femoral artery at the lower thigh.

Back 121

Popliteal Artery

Front 122

The vein that forms when the anterior and posterior tibial veins unite at the knee.

Back 122

Popliteal Vein

Front 123

A flat line or electrical pause that follows the P wave in the normal electical conduction pattern and represents the time delay that occurs within the atrioventricular node.

Back 123

P-R Segment

Front 124

The circulatory system in the body that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart.

Back 124

Pulmonary Circulation

Front 125

A potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when an embolus travels from one part of the body (typically the legs) to the lungs, blocking blood flow to a portion of the lung.

Back 125

Pulonary Embolism

Front 126

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

Back 126

Pulmonic Valve

Front 127

The second positive waveform that follows the P-R segment in the normal electrical conduction pattern and represents the depolarization of the ventricles. This complex corresponds to ventricular contraction, or systole.

Back 127

QRS Complex

Front 128

Spasms that develop in the digital arteries, particularly following emotional stress or cold exposure, resulting in white and cool fingertips.

Back 128

Raynaud's Phenomenoon

Front 129

The latter phase of repolarization in which the cells are able to respond to a stronger-than-normal stimulus.

Back 129

Relative Refractory Period

Front 130

The process of returning to the cardiac cells' resting or polarized state that occurs once the cardiac cells depolarize.

Back 130

Repolarization

Front 131

An acute condtion that affects children and yuong adults and may result in permanent damage to the aortic and mitral valves.

Back 131

Rheumatic Fever

Front 132

The longest vein in the body, it drains the leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot.

Back 132

Saphenous Vein

Front 133

The two valves, the aortic and pulmonic valves, that divide the heart from the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Back 133

Semilunar Valves

Front 134

The inner membrane of the pericardium, which contains two layers called the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium.

Back 134

Serous Pericardium

Front 135

The normal site of the origin of electrical impulses; located high in the right atrium, it is the heart's natural pacemaker.

Back 135

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Front 136

A part of the hepatic portal system in which blood collects within the liver and the liver cells extract nutrients from the blood, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs.

Back 136

Sinusoids

Front 137

A molecular (ion-transporting) mechanism whereby sodium is actively moved out of a cell and potassium moved in.

Back 137

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Front 138

The second pause that occurs in the normal electrical conduction pattern and represents the beginning of repolarization of the heart.

Back 138

ST Segment

Front 139

The amount of blood that the left ventricle ejects into the aorta per contraction.

Back 139

Stroke Volume

Front 140

The proximal part of the main artery of the arm, which supplies the brain, neck, anterior chest wall, and shoulder.

Back 140

Subclavian Artery

Front 141

The proximal part of the main vein of the arm, which unites with the internal jugular vein.

Back 141

Subclavian Vein

Front 142

One of two major large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart via the right atrium. Blood from the upper body is returned to the heart by the superior vena cava.

Back 142

Superior Vena Cava

Front 143

The circulatory system in the body that is responsible for blood flow in all areas of the body, except for areas covered by the pulmonary circulation.

Back 143

Systemic Circulation

Front 144

Contraction of the ventricular mass with its concomitant pumping of blood into the system circulation.

Back 144

Systole

Front 145

The third positive waveform in the normal electrical conduction pattern; it represents the completion of repolarization.

Back 145

T Wave

Front 146

Blood clots.

Back 146

Thrombi

Front 147

An enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to the platelet plug, forming the final mature clot.

Back 147

Thrombin

Front 148

A continuation of the veins of the feet that unite at the knee to form the popliteal vein, which then drains into the femoral vein.

Back 148

Tibial Veins

Front 149

A major component in the fibrinolytic system, in which clots that have already formed are lysed or disrupted, converting plasminogen to plasmin.

Back 149

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)

Front 150

The heart valve that seperates the right atrium from the right ventricle.

Back 150

Tricuspid Valve

Front 151

The outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue.

Back 151

Tunica Adventitia

Front 152

The smooth, thin, inner lining of a blood vessel.

Back 152

Tunica Intima

Front 153

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.

Back 153

Tunica Media

Front 154

The blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart.

Back 154

Veins

Front 155

Spaces between the membranes surrounding the brain that are the primary means of venous drainage from the brain.

Back 155

Venous Sinuses

Front 156

One of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart.

Back 156

Ventricle

Front 157

The layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart; also called the epicardium.

Back 157

Visceral Layer