Anatomy & Physiology Midterm

Front 1

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Back 1

Nucleotides

Front 2

Monosaccharide

Back 2

Carbohydrates

Front 3

Amino Acid

Back 3

Protein

Front 4

Glycerol backbone, fatty acids, phospholipids

Back 4

Lipids

Front 5

Nucleotide

Back 5

Nucleic Acids

Front 6

The site where ribosomes assemble prior to their migration into the cytoplasm

Back 6

nucleolus

Front 7

Type of bond when atoms lose or gain electrons (transferred) to become stable with filled outer shells

Back 7

Ionic bond

Front 8

Releases energy from nutrients to drive metabolism

Back 8

Oxygen

Front 9

Electrolytes, acids, and bases

Back 9

Inorganic Salts

Front 10

Waste product from metabolism that will be released into the air during exhalation

Back 10

Carbon dioxide

Front 11

Absorbs and transport heat

Back 11

Water

Front 12

The powerhouse of the cell synthesizes energy for the cell using

Back 12

Mitochondria

Front 13

Specific way that the protein bends and folds on itself

Back 13

Tertiary

Front 14

Specific way and location one protein bonds to another protein

Back 14

Quaternary

Front 15

Helix or pleated pattern of the protein

Back 15

Secondary

Front 16

Specific sequence of amino acids

Back 16

Primary

Front 17

An example of inorganic compounds is

Back 17

Water

Front 18

Spindle fibers contract and pull apart the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

Back 18

Anaphase

Front 19

Nuclear membranes start to form around each group of chromosomes. Chromosomes start to loosen into chromatins. The genetic information has divided equally into two new cells

Back 19

Telophase

Front 20

Nuclear membrane fragments duplicated centrioles migrating away from each other, duplicated chromatins condense into duplicated chromosomes

Back 20

Prophase

Front 21

Nuclear membrane dissolves, duplicated chromosome align at the equator of the cell, centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell with microtubules called spindle fiber radiate from the centrioles to connect to each half of the chromosomes

Back 21

Metaphase

Front 22

Building blocks of proteins

Back 22

Amino acids

Front 23

Life does not depend on the availability of which of the following:

-Water

-Shelter

-Nutrients

-Oxygen

Back 23

-Shelter

Front 24

Increase in size without change in shape

Back 24

Growth

Front 25

Movement of substances through a membrane and into body fluids

Back 25

Absorption

Front 26

Breakdown of foods into smaller forms to be used by the body

Back 26

Digestion

Front 27

Changing nutrients into chemically different forms

Back 27

Assimilation

Front 28

Internal & external change in position

Back 28

Movement

Front 29

Ability to reaction to a change or stimulus

Back 29

Responsiveness

Front 30

Use of oxygen & removal of metabolic wastes, carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods

Back 30

Respiration

Front 31

New generation of organisms and cells

Back 31

Reproduction

Front 32

Removal of metabolic wastes

Back 32

Excretion

Front 33

Movement of substances within bodily fluids

Back 33

Circulation

Front 34

Tertiary level of structure of proteins describes how a protein bends & folds on itself (T/F)

Back 34

True

Front 35

Groups of similar cells functioning together

Back 35

Tissues

Front 36

Which of the following is not an example of active mechanisms of movement through the cell membrane...

-Endocytosis

-Osmosis

-Exocytosis

-Phagocytosis

Back 36

-Osmosis

Front 37

Energy that is directly involved in cellular work

Back 37

Chemical energy

Front 38

Body temperature regulation (+/-)

Back 38

Negative Feedback

Front 39

Encourages the stimulus or change until a short-term goal is achieved (+/-)

Back 39

Positive Feedback

Front 40

Childbirth process (+/-)

Back 40

Positive Feedback

Front 41

Discourages the stimulus or change immediately (+/-)

Back 41

Negative Feedback

Front 42

Means situated toward the front

Back 42

Anterior

Front 43

The heart is contained in which cavity

Back 43

Thoracic cavity

Front 44

Form of cell death that is a normal part of development

Back 44

Apoptosis

Front 45

The basic framework of a cell membrane consists of a single layer of phospholipids (T/F)

Back 45

False

Front 46

Study of science that deals with the form and morphology

Back 46

Anatomy

Front 47

A body part that is positioned above another body part

Back 47

Superior

Front 48

Substance that releases detectable hydrogen ions in water

Back 48

Acid

Front 49

Ability to react

Back 49

Responsiveness

Front 50

Increase in size without change in shape

Back 50

Growth

Front 51

Ability to lift a volume of water

Back 51

Osmotic pressure

Front 52

Chemical energy for cellular work

Back 52

ATP

Front 53

Anything that takes up space & has mass

Back 53

Matter

Front 54

Represent the number of protons & neutrons

Back 54

Atomic mass

Front 55

Nucleic acid that forms genes

Back 55

DNA

Front 56

Stage of mitosis that results in the spindle fibers contracting and are pulling the sister chromatids apart toward opposite centrioles

Back 56

Anaphase

Front 57

Stage of the cell life cycle that involves all the events for nuclear division

Back 57

Mitosis

Front 58

Stage of the cell life cycle where normal growth, metabolism, and DNA synthesis occur

Back 58

Interphase

Front 59

Stage of the cell life cycle that involves cytoplasmic division

Back 59

Cytokinesis

Front 60

Stage of the cell life cycle that concludes with normal cell death. The cell becomes old and more fragile

Back 60

Apoptosis

Front 61

Stage of the cell life cycle when certain DNA cues will allow the cells to become specialized

Back 61

Cell Differentiation

Front 62

The electrical charge of subatomic particles

Back 62

Protons are positively charges, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons are neutral

Front 63

A control mechanism that responds to a stimulus by encouraging its intensity

Back 63

Positive feedback

Front 64

Active mechanisms of movement of materials across the membrane do not require cellular energy (T/F)

Back 64

False

Front 65

The tubular transport system of the cell

Back 65

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 66

Composed of flattened sacs, and refines, packages, modifies, and delivers substances such as proteins

Back 66

Golgi apparatus

Front 67

Diffusion in which materials move from an area of greater concentration across a selectively permeable membrane to an area of lower concentration through the aid of channels or carriers

Back 67

Facilitated diffusion

Front 68

The number of protons

Back 68

Atomic number

Front 69

AB "yields" or "produces" A+B

Back 69

Decomposition

Front 70

The body can be divided into two major portions, the appendicular portion and the axial portion (T/F)

Back 70

True

Front 71

Membranes within cavities are called viscera (T/F)

Back 71

False

Front 72

Which is NOT true about the plasma membrane...

-Its framework is made up of lipids

-It allows water-soluble molecules to pass through easily

-It contains proteins for specialized functions

-It regulates the entry and exit of materials

Back 72

-It allows water-soluble molecules to pass through easily

Front 73

Homeostasis is regulated through control systems which consists of

Back 73

Effectors

Front 74

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

Back 74

Homeostasis

Front 75

Sheets of primitive connective tissue appear at the sites of future bones. Blood vessels invade primitive connective tissues (Intramembranous Ossification step)

Back 75

Step 1

Front 76

Osteoblasts inside the periosteum form a layer of compact bone over the spongy bone (Intramembranous Ossification step)

Back 76

Step 4

Front 77

The outermost layer of the primitive connective tissue develops into periosteum (intramembranous ossification step)

Back 77

Step 3

Front 78

Some of the primitive connective tissue cells differentiate into osteoblasts which deposit spongy bone in all directions (intramembranous ossification step)

Back 78

Step 2

Front 79

Osteoblasts become osteocytes and reside in lacunae when surrounded by bony matrix. Calcification occurs (intramembranous ossification step)

Back 79

Step 5

Front 80

The articular ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage (T/F)

Back 80

True

Front 81

Type of bone tissue that makes up most of the walls of the diaphysis

Back 81

Compact bone

Front 82

Cordlike fascia that join the bone

Back 82

Tendon

Front 83

Increased number of activated motor units within a muscle due to an increase of frequency of the same stimuli Synovial joint that consists of a bone with a globular head articulating with a cup-shaped cavity of another bone

Back 83

Ball and socket joint

Front 84

Joints between the bodies of vertebrae

Back 84

Cartilaginous joint

Front 85

Skin strata that consists of dead cells containing keratin; and thus, making the skin tough and waterproof

Back 85

Strata corneum

Front 86

Secretion that consists of fatty acids that helps lowers the skins pH and cuts down on the microbial growth

Back 86

Sebum

Front 87

Transverse canal that connects the central canals of compact bone

Back 87

Perforating canal

Front 88

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual fascicles within a whole muscle

Back 88

Perimysium

Front 89

Functional units of compact bone

Back 89

Osteons

Front 90

Sebaceous glands secrete

Back 90

Sebum

Front 91

The joint that connects the metacarpal and carpal of the thumb

Back 91

Saddle joint

Front 92

Bundle of muscle cells that are attached to each hair follicle and causes goose bumps when cold or frightened

Back 92

Arrector pili muscle

Front 93

Characteristics of skin include

Back 93

House receptors

Front 94

Regulation of decreased body temperature

Back 94

Sweat glands deactivated, blood vessels constrict, & arrector pili muscles and muscles in general contract

Front 95

Regulation of elevated body temperature

Back 95

Blood vessels dilate

Front 96

Region of skin made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve, and contains hair follicles

Back 96

Dermis

Front 97

Purpose of hair

Back 97

Protection

Front 98

Region of skin consisting of stratified squamous cells

Back 98

Epidermis

Front 99

Functions of the skeletal system

Back 99

Protection against pathogens

Front 100

Synovial membranes are membranes that line passages that have openings to the outside (T/F)

Back 100

False

Front 101

Most actively growing region of the nail root

Back 101

Lunula

Front 102

Classification of bones that includes bones characterized by roughly equal length and width

Back 102

Short bone

Front 103

Condition that occurs when there is a lack of ATP needed to return calcium ions back sarcoplasmic reticulum so that the muscle fibers can not relax

Back 103

Muscle cramp

Front 104

Blood vessels and osteoblasts invade to form spongy bone at the primary ossification center of the diaphysis (endochondral ossification step)

Back 104

Step 2

Front 105

Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay down compact bone outside of the spongy bone (endochondral ossification step)

Back 105

Step 3

Front 106

Cartilage cells in epiphyseal plate undergo mitosis between the 2 ossification centers as long as bone is growing in length (endochondral ossification step)

Back 106

Step 5

Front 107

Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses and form spongy bone in all direction. A band of hyaline cartilage remains between the spongy bone in the epiphyses and diaphysis--forming epiphyseal plate (endochondral ossification step)

Back 107

Step 4

Front 108

Hyaline cartilage model of future bone forms. Chondrocytes within the diaphysis enlarge, calcify, and die. Periosteum forms around cartilage (endochondral ossification step)

Back 108

Step 1

Front 109

Fibrous connective tissue covering the bone

Back 109

Periosteum

Front 110

Canaliculi are microscopic canals that connect the lacunae so that nutrients and wastes can diffuse from the osteoclasts (T/F)

Back 110

False

Front 111

Sources of ATP for muscle contraction

Back 111

Creatine phosphate & aerobic respiration

Front 112

Structure of the cardiac muscle that transmit motor impulses from one muscle fiber to another muscle fiber

Back 112

Intercalated disk

Front 113

All regions of the skin are affected by the burn. Healing includes inflammation. Self-healing and repair will not be successful.

Back 113

Third degree burn or full thickness burn

Front 114

Sunburn

Back 114

First degree burn or superficial burn

Front 115

Healing includes inflammation, repairs to superficial layer of the skin along with repairs to the accessory structures of the skin

Back 115

Second degree burn or partial burn

Front 116

A cooking burn

Back 116

Second degree or partial burn

Front 117

Healing includes inflammation and cells of the basale strata undergoing mitosis

Back 117

First degree burn or superficial burn

Front 118

Intramembranous ossification is formed from which model

Back 118

Primitive connective tissue

Front 119

Epidermal strata consisting of cells that newly divided

Back 119

Spinosum

Front 120

The movable end of a muscle

Back 120

Insertion

Front 121

Structure of the muscle fiber that corresponds to ER and contains high concentrations of calcium

Back 121

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 122

Epidermal strata of cells that are beginning to die and contain granules in their cytoplasm

Back 122

Granulosom

Front 123

The minimal intensity of a stimulus in order to promote a response (irritability driven)

Back 123

Threshold stimulus

Front 124

Motor neuron release neurotransmitter, acetylcholine from its synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft to initiate a muscle contraction... (Step 1-5)

Back 124

1. Protein receptors in the motor end plate detect neurotransmitters, & muscle impulse spread over the sarcolemma and into T tubules

2. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and it releases Ca+2 that has been actively transported earlier and empties into the sarcoplasm

3. High concentration of Ca+2 interacts with troponin and tropomyosin, exposing the myosin binding sites one the actin

4. Myosin cross-bridges bind and pull on the actin, sarcomere shorten

5. Once nerve impulse received, acetylcholinesterase decompose acetylcholine. Ca+2 return to sarcoplasmic reticulum, filaments unlink

Front 125

Oxygen deficiency may develop during strenuous activities, and lactic acid accumulates as an end product of aerobic respiration (T/F)

Back 125

False

Front 126

Functions of muscles

Back 126

Maintain posture, generate heat, stabilize and reinforce joints, and produce movement

Front 127

Functions of bones

Back 127

Storage of fats, blood cell formation, support & protection, and storage of inorganic salts

Front 128

Types of muscle tissue that consists of cells that are elongated with tapered ends, lacks striations, and has a relatively undeveloped sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 128

Smooth muscles

Front 129

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

Back 129

Fascia

Front 130

Skin color results from

Back 130

Genetic factors, physiological factors, and environmental factors

Front 131

The epiphyses of a bone are filled with compact bone to reduce the weigh of the bone (T/F)

Back 131

False

Front 132

Area of the long bone where cartilage cells undergo mitosis and separate the primary ossification center from the secondary ossification centers

Back 132

Epiphyseal plate

Front 133

Site where a motor neuron (nerve cell) and a muscle fiber communicate

Back 133

Motor end plate

Front 134

The junction between 2 communicating neurons

Back 134

Synapse

Front 135

The axons of the neurosecretory cells release the hormones directly into the pituitary gland

Back 135

Posterior lobe

Front 136

Neurosecretory cells from the hypothalamus release hormones in the blood

Back 136

Anterior lobe

Front 137

The hormones from the hypothalamus must travel through the hypophyseal portal veins to reach the pituitary gland

Back 137

Anterior lobe

Front 138

Neurosecretory cells from the hypothalamus is innervated to the pituitary gland

Back 138

Posterior lobe

Front 139

Phenomenon that allows the lens to adjust their shape to facilitate focusing

Back 139

Accomodation

Front 140

The type of receptor that responds to changes in pressure and movement

Back 140

Mechanoreceptor

Front 141

Sense of Hearing-- Steps 1-6

Back 141

1. Sound waves captured by auricles and enter external auditory meatus

2. Sound waves causes tympanic membrane to transform the sound waves into vibrations

3. Tympanic membrane vibrates malleus, which vibrates the stapes

4. The vibrations coming from the stapes enter the oval window of the inner ear and causes movements of fluid within the inner ear (scala vestibuli & cochlear duct)

5. Different frequencies of vibrations stimulate receptor cells. Action potential causes release of neurotransmitters.

6. Neurotransmitters stimulate sensory neurons. Nerve impulse travels to CNS to be interpreted

Front 142

When an action potential reaches the synaptic knobs, potassium ions rush inward and, in response, some synaptic vessels fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft (T/F)

Back 142

False

Front 143

Taste cells contain taste pores which are the portions of the taste organ sensitive to taste (T/F)

Back 143

False

Front 144

A bundle of nerve fibers held together by layers f connective tissue

Back 144

Nerve

Front 145

The auditory tube helps to maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane (T/F)

Back 145

True

Front 146

The nerve fiber extensions of a neuron include axons and cell bodies (T/F)

Back 146

False

Front 147

Hearing receptors are located

Back 147

Organ of Corti

Front 148

Nerve Impulse Conduction--Steps 1-5

Back 148

1. Nerve cell membrane maintains resting potential -- stimuli are sub-threshold. Cell membrane is able to maintain polarity. (Negative charges inside/positive charges outside.)

2. Threshold stimulation is achieved in a local region -- trigger zone of the cell membrane. (Summation can occur. Trigger zone=the first segment of an axon characterized with numerous Na pumps.) Sodium channels in that region open.

3. Sodium channels in the region open. Sodium ions rush inward -- depolarization. There is no distinct separation of charges. (Action Potential)

4. Potassium channels open in that region. Potassium ions diffuse out to establish repolarization in that region.

5. The resulting action potential creates a bioelectric current that flows to the adjacent segment of cell membrane. As a result, a nerve impulse is conducted as a series of action potentials occurring along the length of the axon.

Front 149

Steroid hormones combine with receptors located

Back 149

In the target cell nucleus

Front 150

Cones provide sharp images in bright light and enable us to see in color (T/F)

Back 150

True

Front 151

The cell body of a neuron does not contain:

-Mitochondria

-Lysosomes

-Golgi Apparatus

-Synaptic knobs

Back 151

Synaptic knobs

Front 152

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system releases which of neurotransmitters

Back 152

Acetylcholine only

Front 153

Sense of Taste-- Steps 1-5

Back 153

1. Chemicals in the food and liquids are dissolved in saliva

2. Specific taste cells are stimulated because the taste hairs protrude into the taste pores

3. An impulse is fired by the taste cells. Taste impulses synapse to the facial, glossopharynx, and vagus nerves

4. From the cranial nerves, the taste impulses travel up the medulla oblongata to arrive at the thalamus for sorting

5. The thalamus routes the taste impulses to the parietal lobe for processing

Front 154

The receptors for sense of taste and smell are

Back 154

Chemoreceptor

Front 155

Neuroglial cell that lines the walls of choroids plexuses (capillaries) and possess cilia to circulate CSF in the ventricles

Back 155

Ependymal cells

Front 156

When a single neuron within a neuronal pool may receive impulses from 2 or more fibers

Back 156

Convergence

Front 157

Hormone that promotes milk production following childbirth

Back 157

Prolactin

Front 158

Receptor that responds to light energy

Back 158

Photoreceptor

Front 159

Receptor that responds to tissue damage

Back 159

Pain receptor

Front 160

Hormone that controls the secretions of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Back 160

ACTH--adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Front 161

The outer layer of myelin and contains the cytoplasm and nucleus of the Schwann cell

Back 161

Neurilemma

Front 162

Locally produced lipids that affect the organ that produced these substances or the area of secreton

Back 162

Prostaglandins

Front 163

Neuroglial cell that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris

Back 163

Migroglial cell

Front 164

The region associated with the sharpest vision

Back 164

Fovea centralis

Front 165

The control mechanisms for hormonal secretions

Back 165

Release of tropic hormones from the hypothalamus controls secretion of the anterior pituitary

Front 166

Reflexes are the simplest nerves pathway and generally only involve a sensory neuron and an interneuron (T/F)

Back 166

False

Front 167

The hormone that is not secreted by the anterior pituitary

Back 167

Oxytocin

Front 168

Neuron having many nerve fibers arising from the cell body (usually 1 axon & numerous dendrites)

Back 168

Multipolar neuron

Front 169

The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is involved in controlling skin color (T/F)

Back 169

False

Front 170

Neuron having a single axon and a single dendrite arising from a short fiber extending from the cell body

Back 170

Unipolar neuron

Front 171

The actions of cortisol

Back 171

-Inhibits protein synthesis to increase the levels of circulating amino acids

-Increase the release of fatty acids

-Stimulation of liver cells to synthesis glucose from noncarbohydrates

Front 172

The adrenal medulla secretes

Back 172

Epinephrine

Front 173

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord (T/F)

Back 173

False

Front 174

Hormones cannot be:

-Steroids

-Amino acids

-Nucleotides

-Glycoproteins

Back 174

Nucleotides

Front 175

At the same time a sensation is being formed, the brain uses projection to send the sensation back to its point of origin so that the person can pinpoint the area of stimulation (T/F)

Back 175

True

Front 176

Mineralcorticord that causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and thus water

Back 176

Aldosterone

Front 177

-Preganglionic fiber & postganglionic fiber contain acetylcholine

-Has long preganglionic fibers that arise from the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

-Ganglia is closer to the effectors

-Has short postganglionic fibers

Back 177

Parasympathetic division

Front 178

-Preganglionic fiber contains acetylcholine; postganglionic fiber contains norepinephrine

-Has short preganglionic fibers that arise from the thoracid and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

-Ganglia are closer to the CNS

-Has long postganglionic fibers

Back 178

Sympathetic division

Front 179

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are essential for normal growth and development (T/F)

Back 179

True

Front 180

The functions of the small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) of the middle ear

Back 180

Transmit & amplify vibrations from the external ear to the inner ear

Front 181

Hormones of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

Back 181

Glucagon and insulin

Front 182

At threshold potential, the membrane permeability to sodium does not change in the region of stimulation (T/F)

Back 182

False

Front 183

Non-steroid hormones combine with receptors located

Back 183

In the target cell membranes

Front 184

Meisseners corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to

Back 184

Touch and pressure

Front 185

Hormone(s) that regulate calcium ions levels in the blood

Back 185

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Front 186

Feelings that occur when the brain interprets sensory impulses

Back 186

Sensation

Front 187

The middle tunic of the eye consists of

Back 187

Choroid coat, ciliary body, and iris