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192 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
_____________ studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Anatomy
p. 2
__________ deals with the function of the body (i.e. how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities).
Physiology
p. 2
__________ anatomy or _________ anatomy is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
Gross; macroscopic
p. 2
__________ anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic
p. 2
In _________ anatomy, all the structures in a particular area of the body are examined at the same time.
regional
p. 2
In __________ anatomy, body structure is studied system by system.
systemic
p. 2
__________ anatomy is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
Surface
p. 2
What is the level of structural organization that contains the smallest unit of life?
Cellular Level
p. 3
What is the level of structural organization that contains groups of similar cells that have a common function?
Tissue Level
p. 3
What are the four basic tissue types found in the human body?
Epithelium
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
p. 3
What type of tissue covers the body surface and lines its cavities?
Epithelium
p. 3
What type of tissue provides movement?
Muscle
p. 3
What type of tissue supports and protects body organs?
Connective
p. 3
What type of tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by transporting electrical impulses?
Nervous
p. 3
An __________ is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.
organ
p. 3
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an __________.
organ system
p. 3
What is the highest level of structural organization?
Organismal Level
p. 4
On a cellular level, the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is called __________.
contractility
p. 5
__________ or __________ is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to it.
Responsiveness; irritability
p. 5
__________ is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
Digestion
p. 5
What are the two types of metabolism?
Catabolism
Anabolism
pp. 6-7
__________ is the synthesizing of complex cellular structures from simpler substances.
Anabolism
pp. 6-7
__________ is the breaking down of substances into their simpler building blocks
Catabolism
p. 6
__________ is the process of removing wastes from the body.
Excretion
p. 8
__________ can occur at the cellular and organismal levels.
Reproduction
p. 8
In __________ reproduction, the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells.
cellular
p. 8
__________ is an increase in the size of a part of the body or the organism.
Growth
p. 8
__________ is the term used to describe the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.
Homeostasis
p. 9
All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components called __________, __________, __________.
receptor; control center; effector
pp. 9-10
In homeostatic control, the sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes is called a __________.
receptor
p. 9
In homeostasis, the factor or event being regulated is called the __________.
variable
p. 9
The __________ provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus.
effector
p. 10
In homeostatic control, the output that shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity is called __________ feedback.
negative
p. 10
__________ is explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy.
Physiology
p. 2
__________ anatomy traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan.
Developmental
p. 2
__________ is a subdivision of developmental anatomy which deals with developmental changes that occur before birth.
Embryology
p. 2
__________ anatomy studies structural changes caused by disease.
Pathological
p. 2
__________ anatomy studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.
Radiographic
p. 2
In __________, the structure of biological molecules (chemical substances) is investigated.
molecular biology
p. 2
__________ physiology deals with kidney function and urine production.
Renal
p. 3
__________ explains the workings of the nervous system.
Neurophysiology
p. 3
__________ physiology examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular
p. 3
What is the simplest level of the structural (organization) hierarchy called?
Chemical Level
p. 3
__________ is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells.
Metabolism
p. 6
__________ accounts for 60-80 percent of body weight.
Water
p. 8
__________ is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body.
Water
p. 8
As body temperature drops below __________, metabolic reactions become ___________.
37 degrees C (98.6 degree F); slower and slower
p. 8
What are the smallest units of living things?
Cells
p. 3
What are the basic components of microscopic cells?
Organelles
p. 3
The "reference man" describes a healthy _____ year old male weighing about _____ pounds.
22-year-old
155 pounds
p. 2
The "reference woman" describes a healthy _____ year old female weighing about _____ pounds.
22 year old
125 pounds
p. 2
A subdivision of microscopic anatomy which considers the cells of the body is known as __________.
cytology
p. 2
__________ is the study of tissues.
Histology
p. 2
What is the term used to describe the idea that a structure can do depends on its specific form?
Principle of complementarity of structure and function
p. 3
What are the levels of structural organization, from smallest to largest?
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organismal Level
pp. 3-4
At what structural organization level do extremely complex functions become possible?
Organ Level
p. 3
Organ systems of the body include: ____________ (11 answers).
Cardiovascular
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
p. 4
What structural organization level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life?
Organismal Level
p. 4
Metabolism is largely regulated by what?
Hormones secreted by the endocrine system glands
p. 7
With regard to homeostasis, changes in the environment are called __________.
stimuli
p. 9
In homeostasis, input from the receptor to the control center along the so-called __________.
afferent pathway
pp. 10-11
The __________ determines the set point (level or range at which a variable is to be maintained), analyzes the input it receives, and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.
control center
p. 10
Information flows from the control center to the effector along the ________.
efferent pathway
p. 10
The afferent pathway __________ the control center and the efferent pathway __________ the control center.
approaches; exits
p. 10
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are __________ feedback mechanisms.
negative
p. 10
In __________ feedback mechanisms, the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the activity (output) is accelerated.
positive
p. 10
Positive feedback mechanisms are also called __________.
cascades
p. 10
Blood clotting is an example of what type of feedback?
Positive
p. 10
A disturbance of homeostasis is called __________.
homeostatic imbalance
p. 11
In the "anatomical position," the body is __________ with feet __________. The palms face __________ with the thumbs pointing __________ from the body.
erect; slightly apart; forward; away
p. 13
The two fundamental divisions of the body are the __________ and the __________ parts.
axial; appendicular
p. 12
One of the fundamental divisions of the body, the __________ part includes the head, neck, and trunk.
axial
p. 12
One of the fundamental divisions of the body, the __________ part includes the limbs.
appendicular
p. 12
__________ means toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.
Superior
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.
Inferior
p. 13, Table 1.1
In directional terms, another name for "superior" is __________.
cranial
p. 13, Table 1.1
In directional terms, another name for "inferior" is __________.
caudal
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means toward or at the front of the body; in front of.
Ventral
p. 13, Table 1.1
In humans, another name for "ventral" is __________.
anterior
p. 13, Table 1.1
In humans, another name for "dorsal" is __________.
posterior
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means toward or at the back of the body; behind.
Dorsal
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means toward or at the midline of the body: on the inner side of.
Medial
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.
Lateral
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
Intermediate
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
Proximal
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
Distal
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means toward or at the body surface.
Superficial
p. 13, Table 1.1
__________ means away from the body surface; more internal.
Deep
p. 13, Table 1.1
In directional terms, another term for "superficial" is __________.
external
p. 13, Table 1.1
In directional terms, another term for "deep" is __________.
internal
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Superior
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Inferior
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Ventral (Anterior)
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Dorsal (Posterior)
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Medial
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Lateral
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Intermediate
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Proximal
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Distal
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Superficial (External)
p. 13, Table 1.1
Identify the directional term.
Deep (Internal)
p. 13, Table 1.1
The nose is found in the __________ region.
nasal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The mouth is found in the __________ region.
oral
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The neck is found in the __________ region.
cervical
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The point of the shoulder is found in the __________ region.
acromial
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The armpit is found in the __________ region.
axillary
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The abdomen is found in the __________ region.
abdominal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The arm is found in the __________ region.
brachial
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The front of the elbow is found in the __________ region.
antecubital
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The pelvis is found in the __________ region.
pelvic
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The wrist is found in the __________ region.
carpal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The thumb is found in the __________ region.
pollex
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The palms are found in the __________ region.
palmar
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The fingers are found in the __________ region.
digital
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The genitals are found in the __________ region.
pubic
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The anterior knee is found in the __________ region.
patellar
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The leg is found in the __________ region.
crural
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The foot is found in the __________ region.
pedal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The ankle is found in the __________ region.
tarsal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The toes are found in the __________ region.
digital
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The forehead is found in the __________ region.
frontal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The eye is found in the __________ region.
orbital
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The cheek is found in the __________ region.
buccal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The chin is found in the __________ region.
mental
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The breastbone is found in the __________ region.
sternal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The chest is found in the __________ region.
thoracic
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The breast is found in the __________ region.
mammary
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The naval is found in the __________ region.
umbilical
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The hip is found in the __________ region.
coxal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The groin is found in the __________ region.
inguinal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The thigh is found in the __________ region.
femoral
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The side of the leg is found in the __________ region.
fibular or peroneal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The great toe is found in the __________ region.
hallux
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The head is found in the __________ region.
cephalic
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The hand is found in the __________ region.
manus
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The ear is found in the __________ region.
otic
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The back of the head to the base of the skull is found in the __________ region.
occipital
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The spinal column is found in the __________ region.
vertebral
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The shoulder blade is found in the __________ region.
scapular
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The back is found in the __________ region.
dorsum or dorsal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The elbow is found in the __________ region.
olecranal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The loin (lower back) is found in the __________ region.
lumbar
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The area between the hips (on the back) is found in the __________ region.
sacral
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The buttock is found in the __________ region.
gluteal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The area between the anus and the external genitalia is found in the __________ region.
perineal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The back of the knee is found in the __________ region.
popliteal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The calf is found in the __________ region.
sural
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The heel is found in the __________ region.
calcaneal
p. 14, Figure 1.7
The sole of the foot is found in the __________ region.
plantar
p. 14, Figure 1.7
In anatomical terms, the __________ plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
sagittal
p. 15
In anatomical terms, the sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is known as the __________ plane or the __________ plane.
median; midsagittal
p. 15
In anatomical terms, the __________ plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
frontal
p. 15
In anatomical terms, a frontal plane is also known as a __________ plane.
coronal
p. 15
In anatomical terms, a sagittal plane which is offset from the midline is known as a __________ plane.
parasagittal
p. 15
In anatomical terms, the __________ plane runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.
transverse or horizontal
p. 15
In anatomical terms, a transverse section is also called a __________.
cross section
p. 15
In anatomical terms, cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes are called __________.
oblique sections
p. 15
The dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions: The __________ cavity and the __________ cavity.
cranial; vertebral or spinal
p. 15
The cranial cavity encases the __________.
brain
p. 15
The vertebral or spinal cavity runs within the bony __________and encloses the __________.
vertebral column; spinal cord
p. 15
What are the two internal body cavities called?
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
p. 15
What are the two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
p. 15
The ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively called the __________.
viscera or visceral organs
p. 15
The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the __________.
ribs and muscles of the chest.
p. 15
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the __________ cavities, each enveloping a lung, and the medial mediastinum.
lateral pleural
p. 15
The mediastinum contains the __________ cavity, which encloses the heart and surrounds the esophagus, trachea, and other thoracic organs.
pericardial
p. 15
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the __________.
diaphragm
p. 15
Although not physically separated by a muscular or membrane wall, the abdominopelvic cavity has two parts: The __________ cavity and the __________ cavity.
abdominal; pelvic
p. 15
The pelvic cavity lies in the bony pelvis and contains the: __________ (3 answers).
Bladder
Some Reproductive Organs
Rectum
p. 15
The abdominal cavity contains the: __________ (5 answers).
Stomach
Intestines
Spleen
Liver
Other Organs
p. 15
"Survival needs" include what five items?
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal Body Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
p. 8
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surface of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane called the __________ or __________.
serosa; serous membrane
p. 17
The part of the serous membrane lining the cavity walls is called the __________.
parietal serosa
p. 17
The part of the serous membrane that covers the organs is called the __________.
visceral serosa
p. 17
The serous membranes are separated by __________, which is secreted by both membranes.
serous fluid
p. 17
The serous membrane which lines the pericardial cavity is called the __________.
parietal pericardium
p. 18
The serous membrane which covers the heart is called the __________.
visceral pericardium
p. 18
The serous membrane which lines the walls of the thoracic cavity is called the __________.
parietal pleura
p. 18
The serous membrane which covers the lungs is called the __________.
visceral pleura
p. 18
The serous membrane which lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity is called the __________.
parietal peritoneum
p. 18
The serous membrane which covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity is called the __________.
visceral peritoneum
p. 18
Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the __________ region is the centermost region.
umbilical
p. 18
Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the __________ region is located superior to the umbilical region.
epigastric
p. 18
Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the __________ region is located inferior to the umbilical region.
hypogastric (pubic)
p. 18
Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the two (right and left) __________ regions are located lateral to the hypogastric region.
iliac or inguinal
p. 18
Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the two (right and left) __________ regions are located lateral to the umbilical region.
lumbar regions
p. 18
Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the two (right and left) __________ regions are located lateral to the epigastric region.
hypochondriac
p. 18
The __________ cavity contains the teeth and tongue.
oral
p. 19
The __________ cavity is located within and posterior to the nose.
nasal
p. 19
The __________ cavities house the eyes.
orbital
p. 19
The __________ cavities lie just medial to the eardrums and contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.
middle ear
p. 19
The __________ cavities are joint cavities and are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body (such as the elbow and knee joints).
synovial
p. 19