Anatomy & Physiology Lab

Front 1

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Back 1

- Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones

- Gland?

Front 2

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Back 2

- Stimulated ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production

- Stimulates sperm production

- Gland?

Front 3

Luteinizing hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Back 3

- Triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone

- Stimulates testosterone production

- Gland?

Front 4

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Back 4

- Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and androgens

- Gland?

Front 5

Growth Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Back 5

- Stimulated body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserves glucose

- Gland?

Front 6

Prolactin

Anterior Pituitary

Back 6

- Stimulates milk production (lactation)

- Gland?

Front 7

Pituitary Gland

Back 7

- Located in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone

- Dubbed the “master gland” because its hormones control other parts of the endocrine system, namely the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.

Front 8

Anterior Pituitary

Back 8

- Secretes many tropic hormones, sometimes called master endocrine gland

Front 9

Posterior Pituitary

Back 9

- Not an endocrine gland, acts as a storage area for neurohormones from hypothalamaus

Front 10

Oxytocin

Posterior Pituitary

Back 10

- Stimulated powerful uterine contractions during birth and stimulated milk ejection in lactating mothers

- Gland?

Front 11

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Posterior Pituitary

Back 11

- Stimulated the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output and conserving body water

- AKA vasopressin

- Gland?

Front 12

Pineal Gland

Back 12

- Located in roof of third ventricle of brain

- Produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones

Front 13

Thyroid Gland

Back 13

- Located in the throat, just inferior to the larynx

- Its hormones control metabolism, growth, body temperature, muscle strength, appetite, and the health of your heart, brain, kidneys, and reproductive system. Only cells in the body that absorb iodine

Front 14

Parathyroid Glands

Back 14

- Two oval glands on posterior side of thyroid

- Regulate calcium levels and have no effect on metabolism

Front 15

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

Thyroxine T4

Triiodothyronine T3

Thyroid

Back 15

- Increases basal metabolic rate (BMR); regulates tissue growth and development

- Overall helps regulate body's metabolism by influencing, metabolism, growth, temperature, muscle strength,reproductive system

- Gland?

Front 16

Calcitonin

Thyroid

Back 16

- No known physiological role in humans

- Reduces calcium levels in the blood by two main mechanisms: It inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, which are the cells responsible for breaking down bone. Decrease the resorption of calcium in the kidneys, again leading to lower blood calcium levels.

- Gland?

Front 17

Parathyroid Hormone

Back 17

- Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts and by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb calcium

- Also stimulates kidneys to convert vitamin D to calcitriol, required for the absorption of calcium in the intestines

Front 18

Thymus

Back 18

- Bilobed gland situated in the superior thorax, posterior to the sternum and overlying the heart

- Its hormones appear to act locally as paracrines; help mature immune cells in children, usually becomes connective tissue in adults

Front 19

Pancreas

Back 19

- Located behind the stomach and close to the small intestine, functions as both endocrine and exocrine

- Produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon

Front 20

Gonads

Back 20

- Located in the pelvic cavity for females, located outside the pelvic cavity for males

Front 21

Glucagon

Pancrease

Back 21

- Accelerates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, stimulated the conversion of lactic acid into glucose, increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release

- Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system, targets the liver and adipose tissue

- Produced by alpha cells

- Gland?

Front 22

Insulin

Pancreas

Back 22

- Accelerates the transport of glucose into body cells; promotes glycogen, fat and protein synthesis; decreases blood glucose levels

- Stimulated by parasympathetic nervous system

- Produced by beta cells

- Gland?

Front 23

Estrogens

Ovaries

Back 23

- Stimulated by Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

- Targets most cells of the body

- Promotes the maturation of the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary sex characteristics

- Gland?

Front 24

Estrogens and Progesterone together

Ovaries

Back 24

- Regulate the menstrual cycle and promote breast development

- Stimulated by LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

- Targets uterus and mammaries

- Gland?

Front 25

Testosterone

Testes

Back 25

- Promotes the maturation of the male reproductive organs, the development of secondary sex characteristics, sperm production and sex drive

- Stimulated by LH and FSH, targets most cells of the body

Front 26

Parafollicular/C Cells from Thyroid Gland

Back 26

- Calcitonin is produced by what cells from which gland?

Front 27

- Oxyphils (Scattered, much larger)

- Parathyroid Cells (Small and abundant)

Back 27

List and describe the 2 structures under a Parathyroid gland slide?

Front 28

Acinar cells (Numerous, darker)

Islets of Langerhans (Roughly circular area, lighter)

Alpha cells (Stain darker)

Beta Cells (Stain lighter)

Back 28

List and describe the 4 structures under Pancreas slide?

Front 29

- Acidophil cells (Reddish pink)

- Basophil cells (Blue/purple)

- Chromophobes (Colorless)

Back 29

List and describe the 3 cells under the anterior pituitary slide?

Front 30

Acidophile cells

Basophil cells

Back 30

Prolactin and Growth hormone is produced from which cells?

FSH, ADH, TSH and LH is produced from which cells?

Front 31

- Pituicytes (Flattened cells)

- Nerve Fibers

Back 31

List and describe the 2 structures in the posterior pituitary.

Front 32

Acinar cells

Back 32

What are the cells that secrete exocrine products in the pancreas?

Front 33

Hormones

Back 33

Secreted from an endocrine organ into the blood to their target cells by binding to receptors and cause a response by stimulating or inhibiting a pathway.

Front 34

- Adrenal cortex

- Thyroid

- Melatonin can act like both

Back 34

List the 3 glands that secrete steroid hormones (or act like steroid hormones)

Front 35

- Anterior Pituitary

- Thyroid

- Adrenal Cortex

- Gonads

Back 35

4 Glands with Hormonal control

Front 36

- Posterior Pituitary

- Pineal

- Adrenal medulla

Back 36

3 Glands with Neural Control

Front 37

- Parathyroid

- Pancreas

- Thymus

Back 37

3 Glands with Humoral Control

Front 38

- Water

- Electrolytes

- Plasma Proteins

- Substances transported by blood

55

Back 38

4 Major Components of Plasma (Total %?)

Front 39

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Chloride

Magnesium

Bicarbonate

- Osmotic Balance, pH buffering

Back 39

6 Electrolytes in Plasma and their overall function

Front 40

Albumin - Osmotic Balance

Fibrinogen - Blood clotting

Globulins - Antibodies, lipid transport

Back 40

3 Plasma Proteins and their individual functions

Front 41

Nutrients (Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)

Waste Products (Urea)

Respiratory Gases (O2, CO2)

Hormones

Back 41

4 Substances Transported by Blood and give examples

Front 42

Erythrocytes

Back 42

- Transports oxygen and helps transport carbon dioxide

- Biconcave, anucleate

Front 43

Leukocytes

Back 43

- Function is for Defense and immunity

Front 44

Platelets

Back 44

Function is to help in blood clotting

Front 45

Neutrophils

Back 45

- Multilobed nucleus, red and blue granules

- Phagocytizes pathogens or debris

Front 46

Eosinophil

Back 46

- Bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules

- Kills parasitic worms; slightly phagocytic; complex role in allergy and asthma

Front 47

Basophil

Back 47

- Lobed nucleus, blue/purple cytoplasmic granules

- Releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contains heparin, an anticoagulant

Front 48

Lymphocyte

Back 48

- Spherical nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm

- Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibody production

Front 49

Monocyte

Back 49

- U- or kidney shaped nucleus, gray-blue cytoplasm, biggest WBC

- Develop into macrophages in tissues and phagocytize pathogens or debris

Front 50

Agranulocytes

Back 50

- Although found in the bloodstream, much more abundant in lymphoid tissues

Front 51

Differential White Blood Count

Back 51

- 100 WBCs are counted and classified according to type

Front 52

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

Back 52

List the leukocytes in descending order of frequency

Front 53

- Neutrophil

- Eosinophil

- Monocyte

Back 53

3 Phagocytic Leukocytes

Front 54

- Superior to diaphragm

- Thoracic Cavity

- Mediastinum

Back 54

The heart is located superior to the ________________, in the _____________ cavity, in the ____________

Front 55

Fibrous pericardium

Serous Pericardium

- Parietal Layer

- Visceral Layer (Epicardium)

Myocardium

Endocardium

Back 55

Name the layers of the heart:

- Superficial double-walled sac?

- Deep lining of double walled sac?

- Deep lining consists of another superficial and deep layer, these are called?

- Name the 3 layers of the heart walls

Front 56

Myocardium

Back 56

- Thickest layer, composed mainly of cardiac muscle

- Reinforced with dense irregular connective tissue, the cardiac skeleton

Front 57

Endocardium

Back 57

- Covers the heart valves and its continuous with the inner lining of the great vessels

- Composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on areolar connective tissue

Front 58

Interventricular septum

Back 58

- AKA interatrial

- Thick muscle wall that divides the heart longitudinally

Front 59

Chordae tendineae

Back 59

- Tiny white collagenic cords anchoring papillary muscles

Front 60

- Tricuspid

- Mitral (Bicuspid)

- Pulmonary

- Aortic

Back 60

- Right atrioventricular valve

- Left antrioventricular valve

- Right semilunar valve

- Left semilunar valve

Front 61

Ligamentum arteriosum

Back 61

- Fibrous tissue that connects to the aorta and the left pulmonary artery

Front 62

Introventricular sulcus (Anterior)

Left coronary artery

Great Cardiac Vein

Back 62

- Groove that separates the ventricles of the heart

- 2 Blood vessels that run along this groove

Front 63

Left coronary artery

Back 63

First branch of the ascending aorta and passes posterior to the pulmonary trunk

Front 64

Coronary sulcus

Right and Left Coronary artery, Great Cardiac Vein

Back 64

- Groove that separates the atria and the ventricles of the heart

- What 3 blood vessel runs along here?

Front 65

Anterior cardiac vein

Back 65

What major vein branches form the right coronary artery?

Front 66

Fossa Ovalis

Back 66

- Depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum, the wall between right and left atrium

Front 67

Coronary Sinus

Back 67

- Right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the heart from this major vessel

- Located along the coronary sulcus on posterior surface of heart

Front 68

Heart Murmurs

Back 68

- This is caused when blood can't be pumped through the valves properly, body can’t be properly oxygenated

- Swishing or screeching

Front 69

Electrocardiogram

Back 69

- Measures electrical activity of the heart: Involuntary contraction because self-regulated

Front 70

Serous Fluid

Back 70

- Fluid produce from pericardium layers (Sac) allows the heart to beat in a relatively frictionless environment

Front 71

Inspiration/Inhalation

Back 71

Taking in a breath

Front 72

Expiration/Exhalation

Back 72

Releasing a breath

Front 73

Tidal Volume (TV)

Back 73

Normal volume inhaled/exhaled per breath (Male = Female)

Front 74

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Back 74

Maximum volume you can inhale in a breath after normal exhalation (Male>Female)

Front 75

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Back 75

Maximum volume you can exhale after normal inhalation (Male>Female)

Front 76

Residual Volume (RV)

Back 76

Air remaining in lungs after forcefully exhaling (Male>Female)

Front 77

Vital Capacity (VC)

Back 77

Maximum volume you can exhale after a maximum inhalation (Male>Female)

Front 78

Tidal Volume

Back 78

Respiratory Volume that Male = Female

Front 79

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Back 79

Equation for Vital Capacity

Front 80

Pancrease

Back 80

- Organ that helps regulate blood glucose levels by releasing hormones in blood vessels

Front 81

Mesenteric Arteries

Back 81

- Vessels that supply blood to the intestines

Front 82

Hepatic Portal Vein

Back 82

- Vessel that brings blood from the intestines straight to the liver

Front 83

Hepatic Vein

Back 83

- Vessel that brings blood from liver to inferior vena cava

Front 84

Insulin

Back 84

- Hormone that lowers blood glucose by stimulating liver to store glucose as glycogen

Front 85

Glucagon

Back 85

- Hormone that raises blood glucose by stimulating liver to break down glycogen and release glucose

Front 86

No Glucose

Back 86

After addition of Benedict's Reagent, the sample is blue. This is an indication of?

Front 87

Low Glucose

Back 87

After addition of Benedict's Reagent, the sample is green. This is an indication of?

Front 88

High Glucose

Back 88

After addition of Benedict's Reagent, the sample is red/orange. This is an indication of?

Front 89

Vena Cavae

Back 89

Which vessel is easier to stretch? Aorta or Vena cava?

Front 90

Depolarization

Back 90

When the voltage in the cell membrane rapidly moves toward zero

Front 91

Intrinsic Conduction System

Back 91

- Ensures that the heart muscle depolarizes in an orderly and sequential manner, from atria to ventricles, and that the heart beats as a coordinated unit

Front 92

Sinoatrial Node

Back 92

- Pacemaker of the heart, set's heart rhythm because has the most leaky Na+ channels, Na+ constantly diffusing into cells

- When threshold reached, voltage-gated channels open, depolarizes

- Leads to atrial depolarization/contraction

- Sends electrical impulse through atrioventricular bundle to AV node through bundle of His

- Bundle branches carry signal to apex of heart

- Purkinje fibers bring signal to external ventricular walls

Front 93

Atrioventricular Node

Back 93

- Impulses pause (0.1 sec) here after the sinoatrial node generates impulses

Front 94

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

Back 94

Conducts the impulses to the bundle branches

Front 95

Bundle Branches

Back 95

- Conducts the impulses through the interventriclar septum and right and left of heart

Front 96

P Wave

Back 96

- Phase of atrial depolarization

Front 97

P-Q/P-R Interval

Back 97

- Time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization

Front 98

R Wave

Back 98

- Phase of ventricular depolarization

Front 99

QRS Interval

Back 99

- Entire time excitation and depolarization from bundle of His - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

Front 100

ST segment

Back 100

- Myocardial depolarization and contraction

Front 101

T Wave

Back 101

- Phase of ventricular repolarization

Front 102

QT Interval

Back 102

- Ventricular electrical activity (depolarization to repolarization)

Front 103

Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Back 103

- Heart rate over 100 beats/min

- Heart rate below 60 beats/min

Front 104

Fibrillation

Back 104

- Condition of rapid uncoordinated heart contractions

Front 105

Stroke Volume

Back 105

- Amount of blood ejected by a ventricle with each contraction

Front 106

Arteries

Back 106

- Typically thicker and more muscular because have higher blood pressure, pressure remains at arterioles, almost at zero at capillaries

- Except for pulmonary, carries oxygenated blood

Front 107

Capillaries

Back 107

- Site of exchange between blood and tissue cells

- Only tunica intima

Front 108

Veins

Back 108

- Thin, floppy walls, larger/collapsed lumen

- Valves

- Increases blood again from capillaries by skeletal muscles

- Except for pulmonary, carries deoxygenated blood

Front 109

Tunica Intima

Back 109

- Made of single layer of endothelium

- Very thin to allow diffusion of nutrients

- Smooth lining helps decrease resistance to blood flow

Front 110

Tunica Media

Back 110

- Most variable because of smooth muscle, thicker in arteries

- Smooth muscle and elastin, active role in regulating diameter of blood vessels, altering peripheral resistance and blood pressure

Front 111

Tunica Adventitia

Back 111

- Made of connective tissue, either fibrous or areolar, COLLAGEN

- Supports/protects blood vessels

Front 112

Parietal Branches of Thoracic Aorta

Back 112

- Supplies the muscles of thoracic cavity

- Intercostals, superior diaphragm

Front 113

Visceral Branches of the Thoracic Aorta

Back 113

- Supplies the organs of thoracic cavity

- Esophageal, bronchial, pericardial

Front 114

Celiac Trunk

Back 114

- Supplies the liver, spleen, stomach, gallbladder

Front 115

Superior Mesenteric

Back 115

- Supplies the small intestines

Front 116

Internal Carotid

Vertebral

Back 116

2 Arteries that supply the Brain

Front 117

Basilar Artery

Back 117

- Formed where the two vertebral arteries join at the base of the skull.

- Carries oxygenated blood to the cerebellum, brainstem, and occipital lobe

Front 118

Circle of Willis

Back 118

- Anterior and posterior communicating artieries contribute to the formation of the cerebral arterial circle

- Anastomotic system of arteries that sits at the base of the brain and encircles the stalk of the pituitary gland and provides important communications between the blood supply of the forebrain and hindbrain

Front 119

Subclavian - Axillary - Brachial - Radial & Ulnar

Subclavian - Axillary - Cephalic

Subclavian - Axillary - Basilic - Median antebrachial

Back 119

Trace venous blood to Subclavian from

- Radial & Ulnar

- Cephalic

- Median Antebrachial

Front 120

- Left suprarenal and gonadal branch from renal

Back 120

How is the left renal and right renal veins different in anatomy?

Front 121

Popliteal

- Small Saphenous

- Posterior Tibial & Fibular

- Anterior Tibial

Back 121

3 Sources and 4 Vessels of Venous Popliteal Vein

Front 122

Femoral

Great Saphenous Vein

Back 122

2 Venous Sources for External Iliac Vein

Front 123

- External Jugular

- Vertebral

- Internal Jugular

Back 123

3 Sources for Brachiocephalic Vein

Front 124

Branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery

Back 124

- Middle colic

- Intestinal

- Right colic

- Ileocolic

These are the branches for which vessel?

Front 125

Systole

Back 125

Term referring to events of Ventricular contraction

Front 126

Diastole

Back 126

Term referring to events of Ventricular relaxation

Front 127

Cardiac Cycle

Back 127

- Equivalent to one complete heartbeat during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax

Front 128

75 BPM

0.8 seconds

Back 128

Average heart beats per minute

Length of cardiac cycle

Front 129

Quiescent Period

Back 129

- Period of total relaxation (0.4 second)

Front 130

Dicrotic Notch

Back 130

- Result of pressure fluctuation that occurs when aortic valve snaps shut

- Point between ventricular systole and diastole

- Isovolumetric relaxation

Front 131

Electrocardiogram: P Wave, Q-R

Heart Sound: None

Pressure: Aorta Decrease, Atrial Rises - systole

Ventricular Volume: End systolic Volume - Increasing

Valves: AV Valves Open, SL Valves Closed

Back 131

During ventricular diastole, describe the electrocardiogram, Heat sounds, Pressure of Aorta, Atria, Ventricles, Ventricular Volume, and the Heart Valves

Front 132

Electrocardiogram: R-S Segment, T Wave

Heart Sound: 1st Heart Sound

Pressure: Aorta Pressure Peaks - Dicrotic Notch, Ventricle Pressure Peaks

Ventricular Volume: End Diastole Volume decrease by Stroke Volume

Valves: AV Valves Closed, SL Valves Open

Back 132

During ventricular systole, describe the electrocardiogram, Heat sounds, Pressure of Aorta, Atria, Ventricles, Ventricular Volume, and the Heart Valves

Front 133

'Lub' First Heart Sound

Back 133

- Assocated with closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole

Front 134

'Dup' Second Heart Sound

Back 134

- Occurs as the semilunar valves close and corresponds with the end of systole

Front 135

Auscultate

Back 135

"Listen to"

Front 136

Aortic Valve

Pulmonary Valve

Tricuspid Valve

Mitral Valve

Back 136

- Sounds are heard in 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

- Sound are heard in 2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

- Sounds are typically heart in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

- Sounds are heard in 5th intercostal space in line with middle of left clavicle

Front 137

Pulse Pressure

Back 137

- Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Front 138

Pulse

Back 138

- Refers to the alternating surges of pressure (expansion and recoil) in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle

Front 139

Superficial Temporal Artery: Anterior to the ear, in the temple region

Facial Artery: Clench the teeth and palpate the pulse just anterior to the masseter muscle on the mandible

Common Carotid: At the side of the neck

Brachial Artery: In the cubital fossa

Radial Artery: At the lateral aspect of wrist, above thumb

Femoral Artery: In the groin

Popliteal Artery: At back of the knee

Posterior Tibial Artery: Above medial malleolus

Dorsalis Pedis Artery: On dorsum of foot

Back 139

Know what and where the 9 Superficial Pulse Points are.

Pulse point with greatest and least amplitude?

Front 140

Blood Pressure

Cardiac Output * Peripheral Resistance (COPR)

Back 140

Defined as the pressure the blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel wells and is generally measured in the arteries

What is its equation?

Front 141

Systolic Pressure

Back 141

- Pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction (mmHg)

Front 142

Diastolic Pressure

Back 142

- Reflects the pressure during ventricular relaxation (mmHg)

Front 143

Sphygmomanometer

Back 143

- Blood pressure cuff - an instruments used to obtain blood pressure readings by the auscultatory method

Front 144

Sounds of Korotkoff

Back 144

- As cuff pressure is gradually released, characteristic sounds indicating the resumption of blood flow

- Soft thudding sounds of the blood spurting through the partially occluded artery

Front 145

30

40

Back 145

Narrowed pulse pressure (less than __ mmHG) may be a signal of severe aortia stenosis, constrictive pericarditis or tachycardia

A widened pulse pressure (over ___ mmHg) common in hypertensive individuals

Front 146

Mean arterial Pressure

Back 146

Diastolic Pressure + (Pulse Pressure/3)

Front 147

- Blood vessel Constriction

- Increase in blood viscosity

- Loss of artery elasticity

Back 147

3 Factors that increase Peripheral Resistance

Front 148

Mid-Late Diastole

Back 148

- Atrial Pressure Rises

- AV Valves open/SL Valves closed

- Ventricles filling with blood

- SA Node depolarizes, stimulates atrial contraction

Front 149

Systole

Back 149

- Ventricular Pressure Rises

- AV valves lcosed

- SL valves open

- Isometric contraction: Natural blood flow until arterial pressure equal ventricular pressure

- Ventricular contraction: Pushed blood out of ventricles, "Lub" sound

- Due to electrical system

Front 150

Early Diastole

Back 150

- Ventricular Pressure Lowers

- Atrial pressure Rises

- SL valves close as blood back flows from major arteries

- AV valves open - "Dup" sound

- Sodium leaky channels allow influx of Na+ into SA Node

Front 151

Inspiratory Capacity

TV + IRV

Back 151

- Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration

- Equation?

Front 152

Functional Residual Capacity

ERV + RV

Back 152

- Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

- Equation?

Front 153

Total Lung Capacity

IRV+TV+ ERV+RV

Back 153

- Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

- Equation?

Front 154

Frontal Sinus

Back 154

- Act as resonance chambers for speech; warm and moisten incoming air

- Lined with pseudostratified epithelium

Front 155

Nasal Cavity

Back 155

- Lined with respiratory mucosa composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; its floor is formed by the heard and soft palates

- Functions to filter, warm and moisten incoming air, resonance chambers for voice production

- Contains 3 Nasal Conchae

Front 156

Nasal Conchae

- Superior

- Middle

- Inferior

Back 156

- Project medially from lateral walls of cavity

- Increases surface area of mucosa, which enhances air turbulence and aids in trapping large particles in the mucus

- Located in Nasal Cavity

Front 157

Nasopharynx

Back 157

- Located posterior to nasal cavity, lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

- Contains pharyngeal tonsil, provide protection against pathogens

- Provides for the passage of air from the nasal cavity

Front 158

Oropharynx

Back 158

- Posterior to oral cavity, extends from soft palate to epiglottis; lined with stratified squamous

- Contains palatine tonsils, provide protection against pathogens; and linguial tonsil at base of tongue

Front 159

Laryngopharynx

Back 159

- Extends from epiglottis to larynx; stratified squamous

- AKA Voice box

- Diverges into respiratory and digestive branches

- Provides for the passage of air and swallowed food

Front 160

Larynx

Back 160

- Tube connecting the laryngopharynx and the trachea

- Above the vocal folds is stratified squamous, below is pseudostratified

- Air passageway; prevents food from entering the lower respiratory tract; responsible for voice production

Front 161

Thyroid Cartilage

Back 161

- Large hyaline cartilage, its laryngeal prominence referred to as Adam's apple

- Forms framework of larynx

Front 162

Cricoid cartilage

Back 162

- Single ring of hyaline cartilage, attaches the larynx to the trachea via the cricotracheal ligament

Front 163

Epiglottis

Back 163

- Single flap of elastic cartilage anchored to the inner rim of thyroid cartilage

- "Guardian of the airways" forms a lid over the larynx during swallowing

Front 164

Vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Back 164

- Composed of mostly elastic fibers covered with mucous membrane, glottis runs through here

- Vibrate with expired air for sound production

Front 165

Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

Back 165

- Located superior to vocal folds, protects them and helps to close the glottis when swallowing

Front 166

Glottis

Back 166

- Vocal folds and the slitlike passageway between the vocal folds

Front 167

Trachea

Back 167

- Cartilage layer except for its posterior; helps movement or obstruction

Front 168

Conducting Zone

Back 168

- Moves air from one place to another; mostly heavily supported by cartilage

- Consists of upper and lower respiratory structures

Front 169

- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx

Back 169

3 Upper Respiratory Structures of Conducting Zone

Front 170

- Trachea

- Bronchi

- Bronchioles (*Terminal and Respiratory Bronchioles considered part of Respiratory Zone)

Back 170

3 Lower Respiratory Structures of Conducting Zone

Front 171

Respiratory Zone

Back 171

- Gas exchange with blood; no cartilage support; may have some smooth muscle which disappears as this zone continues

Front 172

- Terminal Bronchioles

- Alveolar ducts

- Alveolar sacs

- Alveoli

Back 172

4 Respiratory Structures of Respiratory Zone

Front 173

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Back 173

3 Levels of Bronchi

- Which goes into the lobes of the lungs?

Front 174

CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid) <=> HCO3-(Bicarbonate Ion - Base) + H+(Proton - Weak Acid)

Back 174

Chemical Equation for CO2 and H2O

Front 175

- Leads to pH drop (More Acidic)

- Due to increased cellular respiration

- Body adjusts be increasing respiration rate to exhale more CO2

Back 175

An increase in CO2 leads to? It is due to? Body adjusts how?

Front 176

Blood Buffering System

Back 176

- Allows body to adjust respiration to keep pH constant

- Chemoreceptors in body help monitor pH

Front 177

Carotid Sinus

Aortic Arch

Medulla

Back 177

3 Chemoreceptors in body to help monitor pH

Front 178

Muscular Pump

Respiratory Pump

Back 178

2 Pumps Aiding in Venous Return

Front 179

Brachiocephalic

Back 179

Arterial System as one of these; the Venous system has two