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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Events of the stretch reflex |
1. Tapping the patellar ligament excites muscle spindles in the quadriceps 2. Afferent impulses travel to the spinal cord where synapses occur with motor neurons and interneurons. 3. Motor neurons send activating impulses to the quadriceps causing it to contract, extending the knee. 4. Interneurons make inhibitory synapses with ventral horn neurons that prevent antagonist muscles from resisting the contraction of the quadriceps. |
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Patellar Reflex (Somatic or Autonomic) |
Somatic |
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Pupillary Light Reflex (Somatic or Autonomic) |
Autonomic |
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Ciliospinal Reflex (Somatic or Autonomic) |
Autonomic |
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GENERAL SENSORY RECEPTOR Cutaneous receptors
*KNOW FIGURE 22.1a* |
1. Tactile corpuscle: touch, light receptor location: dermal papillae of hairless skin 2. Free nerve endings: pain, temperature location: widespread in the skin and visceral 3. Bulbous corpuscle: deep continuous pressure 4. Hair follicle receptor: hair movement, light touch 5. Lamellar corpuscle: deep pressure |
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GENERAL SENSORY RECEPTOR Proprioceptors *KNOW FIGURE 22.2a* |
muscle spindle: minute nerve extensions of the nerve endings of the sensory neurons that coil around slender skeletal muscle cells Golgi tendon organ: composed of nerve endings that ramify through the tendon tissue close to the attatchment between the muscle and tendon. Stretching of muscles excite these receptors. |
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Two point threshold |
the smallest seperation at which two points applied simultaneously to the skin can be distinguished from one (tooth picks) |
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Tactile localization |
the ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched. The tactile receptor field of the body periphery has a corresponding "touch" field in the brain. Some areas have high touch receptor densities ie: fingers, lip |
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Adaption of touch sensory receptors |
when a stimulus is applied for a prolonged period, the rate of receptor discharge slows and conscious awareness of the stimulus declines or is lost until some of the stimulus change. Touch receptors adapt fast. |
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refraction |
light rays are bent |
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accomodation |
the ability of the eye to focus differently for objects near/close |
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emmetropia |
the normal eye |
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myopia |
near-sightedness (image focuses in front of the retina) |
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hyperopia |
far-sightedness (image focuses behind the retina) |
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astigmatism |
irregularities in the curvature of the lens and/or the cornea that lead to blurred vision |
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presbyobia |
the elasticity of the lens decreases with old age resulting in difficulty focusing for near vision |
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bulbar conjuctiva |
secretes mucus that aids in lubricating the eyeball |
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cornea |
light enters the eye here |
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palpebral conjuctiva |
aka the eyelid; continues over the anterior surface of the eyeball to its junction with the bulbar conjuctiva |
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palpebral fissure |
the space between the top and bottom eyelashes |
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tarsal glands |
located behind the eyelashes and secrete an oily substance. When these glands become inflamed it is called a sty. |
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medial and lateral commisures |
junctions of the upper and lower eyelids |
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palpebrae |
eyelids |
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lacrimal caniculi |
duct that drains tears to the lacrimal sac |
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lacrimal caruncle |
fleshy area at the medial commisure that secretes a whitish oily secretion |
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lacrimal gland |
modified sweat glands that lie between the eyelash hair follicles and help lubricate the eyeball |
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lacrimal puncta |
tears flush across the eyeball and straight here |
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lacrimal sac |
upper part of the nasolacrimal duct |
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nasolacrimal duct |
empties into the nasal cavity |
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ORDER OF EYE PARTS |
lacrimal gland lacrimal duct lateral & medial commisure (washes eye) lacrimal punctum lacrimal caruncle lacrimal canacilus lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct |
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inferior oblique muscle |
elevates eye and turns in laterally |
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inferior rectus muscle |
depresses eye and turns it medially |
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lateral rectus muscle |
moves eye laterally |
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medial rectus muscle |
moves eye medially |
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superior oblique muscle |
depresses eye and turns it laterally |
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superior oblique tendon |
passes through the trochlea of superior oblique of the eye which is a pulley |
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superior rectus muscle |
elevates eye and turns it medially |
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trochlea |
pulley structure on the eye |
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extrinsic muscles |
attached to the exterior surface of each eyeball, control eye movement, & make it possible to follow a moving object |
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ciliary body |
composed of ciliary muscle (smooth muscle that control lens shape) and ciliary processes ( secrete aqueous humor) |
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lens |
flexible crystalline structure held vertically in the eye's interior by suspensory ligaments |
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optic nerve |
leaves the eyeball at the neural retina (blind spot) |
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auricle |
skin covered cartilaginous structure encircling the auditory canal opening |
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external acoustic meatus |
short narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone |
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incus |
one of three small bones found in the middle ear |
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malleus |
one of three small bones found in the middle ear |
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pharyngotympanic tube |
connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx |
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stapes |
one of three small bones found in the middle ear |
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temporal bone |
bone that forms part of the side of the skull and encloses the middle and inner ear |
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tympanic membrane |
aka the eardrum which vibrates at the same frequency as sound waves hitting it |
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external ear |
composed primarily of the auricle and external acoustic meatus |
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middle ear |
small chamber (tympanic cavity) located within the temporal bone |
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internal ear |
consists of a system of bony chambers called the bony labyrinth which is filled with aqueous fluid called perilympth |
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cochlea |
snail like an contains the sensory receptors for hearing |
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cochlear nerve |
a receptor for hearing located in the spiral organ and is a vestibulocochlear nerve. |
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oval window |
the auditory ossicles (incus, malleus, stapes) form a lever system that amplifies and transmits the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear via the oval window |
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round window |
bounds the scala tympani |
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semicircular canals |
involved with equilibrium |
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spiral organ of Corti |
contains receptors for hearing and is located in the cochlea |
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vestibule |
involved with equilibrium |
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basilar membrane |
forms the floor of the cochlear duct |
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cochlear duct (scala media) |
filled with endolymph and supports the spiral organ |
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scala tympani |
bounded by the round window; lower chamber of the cochlear duct |
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scala vestibuli |
terminates at the oval window; upper chamber of cochlear duct |
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tectorial membrane |
overlies the sterocilia that project into a gelatinous membrane |
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vestibular membrane |
roof of the cochlear duct |
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Weber test |
to evaluate whether sound remains centralized (normal) or laterlizes to one side |
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Rinne test |
compares bone conduction and air conduction |
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Role of vision in equilibrium |
the eyes detect the body's position relative to its equilibrium |
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olfacion |
sense of smell |
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gustation |
act of tasting |
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olfactory adaption |
the temporary, normal inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to it |
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tapetum lucidum |
cat and cows have it; located on the retina |
