Anatomy & Physiology Ii Exam 3

Front 1

cutaneous membrane

Back 1

skin: epidermis & dermis

Front 2

mucous membrane

Back 2

digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive: epithelium, lamina propria, mucularis mucosae

Front 3

lamina propria

Back 3

blood vessels, collagen fibers, fibroblast, elastic fibers

Front 4

epithelium

Back 4

cilia, mucin in goblet cell, ciliated cells of pseudostratified epithelium

Front 5

serous membrane (serosa)

Back 5

pleura, pericardium, peritonium. produce watery serous fluid. endothelium & mesothelium

Front 6

synovial membrane

Back 6

fibrous joints

Front 7

skin functions

Back 7

resistance to trauma, barriers, vitamin D, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication

Front 8

cells of epidermis

Back 8

stem, kertinocytes, melanocytes, tactile, dendric

Front 9

layers of epidermis

Back 9

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

Front 10

dermis

Back 10

fibrous connective tissue, richly endowed with blood vessels and nerve endings. sweat glands and hair follicles originate here and in hypodermis

Front 11

hypodermis

Back 11

areolar or adipose tissue between skin and muscle

Front 12

nail bed

Back 12

skin on which the nail plate rests

Front 13

nail plate

Back 13

the clear, keratinized portion of the nail

Front 14

root

Back 14

the proximal end of a nail, underlying the nail fold

Front 15

body

Back 15

the major portion of the nail plate, overlying the nail bed

Front 16

free edge

Back 16

the portion of the nail plate that extends beyond the end of the digit

Front 17

hyponychium

Back 17

the epithelium of the nail bed

Front 18

nail fold

Back 18

the fold of skin around the margins of the nail plate

Front 19

nail groove

Back 19

the groove where the nail fold meets the nail plate

Front 20

eponychium

Back 20

dead epidermis that covers the proximal end of the nail; commonly called the cuticle

Front 21

nail matrix

Back 21

the growth zone (mitotic tissue) at the proximal end of the nail; corresponding to the stratum basale of the epidermis

Front 22

lunule

Back 22

the region at the base of the nail that appears as a small white crescent because it overlies a thick stratum basale that obscures dermal blood vessels from view

Front 23

sweat glands

Back 23

merocrine and apocrine

Front 24

sebaceous glands

Back 24

sebum: lubricates the skin with oil

Front 25

ceruminous glands

Back 25

cerumen: earwax that cleans and lubricates the auditory canal

Front 26

mammary glands

Back 26

produce milk

Front 27

bone functions

Back 27

support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation, osseous tissue, mineralization/calcification

Front 28

bone shapes

Back 28

long, short, flat, and irregular

Front 29

bone features

Back 29

compact bone, medullary cavity, spongy bone, diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, nutrient foramina, perosteum, endosteum

Front 30

compact bone

Back 30

Very dense bone tissue that forms the outer shell of bones and composes a large part of the long bones of the arms, legs, and ribs. It is also called cortical bone or lamellar bone

Front 31

nail matrix

Back 31

the growth zone (mitotic tissue) at the proximal end of the nail; corresponding to the stratum basale of the epidermis

Front 32

lunule

Back 32

the region at the base of the nail that appears as a small white crescent because it overlies a thick stratum basale that obscures dermal blood vessels from view

Front 33

sweat glands

Back 33

merocrine and apocrine

Front 34

sebaceous glands

Back 34

sebum: lubricates the skin with oil

Front 35

ceruminous glands

Back 35

cerumen: earwax that cleans and lubricates the auditory canal

Front 36

mammary glands

Back 36

produce milk

Front 37

bone functions

Back 37

support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation, osseous tissue, mineralization/calcification

Front 38

bone shapes

Back 38

long, short, flat, and irregular

Front 39

bone features

Back 39

compact bone, medullary cavity, spongy bone, diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, nutrient foramina, perosteum, endosteum

Front 40

compact bone

Back 40

Very dense bone tissue that forms the outer shell of bones and composes a large part of the long bones of the arms, legs, and ribs. It is also called cortical bone or lamellar bone

Front 41

medullary cavity

Back 41

the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored (which is why medullary cavity is also known as marrow cavity)

Front 42

spongy bone

Back 42

Bone composed of meshwork of small, bony plates filled with red marrow

Front 43

diaphysis

Back 43

the middle, shaft region of long bones which is usually fully ossified and contains the medullar cavity ("marrow")

Front 44

epiphysis

Back 44

the end portions of long bones where growth occurs

Front 45

articular cartilage

Back 45

Cartilage which covers surface of bones forming a synovial joint; also called hyaline cartilage

Front 46

nutrient foramina

Back 46

any of the passages admitting nutrient vessels to the medullary cavity of bone

Front 47

periosteum

Back 47

A fibrous membrane that covers the surface of bone except at the end of the bones where it is covered with cartilage as part of a joint

Front 48

endosteum

Back 48

a thin layer of connective tissue which lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

Front 49

bone cells

Back 49

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Front 50

intramembranous ossification

Back 50

one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system resulting in the creation of bone tissue

Front 51

endochondral ossification

Back 51

one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system resulting in the creation of bone tissue

Front 52

types of joints

Back 52

bony, fibrous (sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses), cartilagenous, synovial

Front 53

synovial joints

Back 53

articular cartilage, synovial fluid, joint cavity, tendon, ligament, bursa, tendon sheaths

Front 54

classes of synovial joints

Back 54

ball-and-socket, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, pivot

Front 55

knee injuries

Back 55

ACL, MCL, TCL, medial miniscus

Front 56

joint disorders

Back 56

arthritis, bursitis, dislocation, gout, rheumatism, sprain, strain, synovitis, tendinitis

Front 57

arthritis

Back 57

broad term embracing more than 100 types of joint rheumatism

Front 58

bursitis

Back 58

inflammation of a bursa, usually due to overexertion of a joint

Front 59

dislocation

Back 59

displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint, usually accompanied by a sprain of the adjoining connective tissues.

Front 60

gout

Back 60

a hereditary disease, most common in men, in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints and irritate the articular cartilage and synovial membrane

Front 61

rheumatism

Back 61

broad term for any pain in the supportive and locomotory organs of the body, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles

Front 62

sprain

Back 62

torn ligament or tendon, sometimes with damage to a meniscus or other cartilage

Front 63

strain

Back 63

painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle without serious tissue damage.

Front 64

synovitis

Back 64

inflammation of a joint capsule.

Front 65

tendinitis

Back 65

a form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed

Front 66

meiosis

Back 66

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number

Front 67

chromosomes

Back 67

a complex of DNA and protein carrying the genetic material of a cell's nucleus.

Front 68

mutations

Back 68

any changes in the structure of a chromosome or a DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of organismal structure or function

Front 69

gene

Back 69

an information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA, which in most cases goes on to play a role in the synthesis of one or more proteins

Front 70

allele

Back 70

any of the alternative forms that one gene can take, such as dominant and recessive alleles.

Front 71

fertilization

Back 71

combines the haploid set of sperm chromosomes with the haploid set of egg chromosomes, producing a diploid set

Front 72

nondisjunction

Back 72

The failure of two members of a chromosome pair to disjoin during anaphase

Front 73

homozygous

Back 73

having two identical alleles of the same gene

Front 74

heterozygous

Back 74

Describes the situation where cells or organisms carry two different versions (alleles) of a given gene

Front 75

genotype

Back 75

the genetic constitution of a cell, an organism, or an individual (i.e. the specific allele makeup of the individual) usually with reference to a specific character under consideration

Front 76

p generation

Back 76

Two unlike individuals that begin a genetics experiment, or breeding program

Front 77

f1 generation

Back 77

F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial generation seeds/plants or animal offspring resulting from a cross mating of distinctly different parental types

Front 78

f2 generation

Back 78

Also called second cross, the F2 generation is the generation after F1. Generally an F1 offspring bred to another purebred dog. The resulting puppies are F2 puppies

Front 79

monohybrid cross

Back 79

hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)

Front 80

Mendel's hypothesis

Back 80

1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters.
2. For each character trait (ie: height, color, texture etc.) an organism inherits two genes, one from each parent.
3. If the two alleles differ, then one, the dominant allele, is fully expressed in the organism's appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance.
4. The two genes for each character segregate during gamete production.

Front 81

karyotype

Back 81

a chart/map of the 23 chromosomes

Front 82

homologous chromosomes

Back 82

chromosomes in a biological cell that pair (synapse) during cell division during the creation of gametes (meiosis)

Front 83

autosomes

Back 83

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Front 84

sex chromosome

Back 84

a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual

Front 85

diploid

Back 85

an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell; i.e., two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

Front 86

haploid

Back 86

a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes

Front 87

somatic cells

Back 87

Any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction

Front 88

germ cells

Back 88

the cells that give rise to the gametes of organisms that reproduce sexually

Front 89

codominant

Back 89

A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other

Front 90

incomplete dominance

Back 90

A situation where neither gene dominates the other and both exercise an influence on the individual. Also called co-dominance

Front 91

polygenic

Back 91

controlled by the interaction of more than one gene

Front 92

pleiotropy

Back 92

A phenomenon whereby a particular gene affects multiple traits

Front 93

penetrance

Back 93

the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variation of a gene (allele or genotype) that also express an associated trait (phenotype)

Front 94

crossing over

Back 94

Where a section of one chromosome switches places with the same section from the other chromosome of the pair

Front 95

chiasma

Back 95

the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis

Front 96

haploid

Back 96

a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes

Front 97

somatic cells

Back 97

Any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction

Front 98

germ cells

Back 98

the cells that give rise to the gametes of organisms that reproduce sexually

Front 99

codominant

Back 99

A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other

Front 100

incomplete dominance

Back 100

A situation where neither gene dominates the other and both exercise an influence on the individual. Also called co-dominance

Front 101

polygenic

Back 101

controlled by the interaction of more than one gene

Front 102

pleiotropy

Back 102

A phenomenon whereby a particular gene affects multiple traits

Front 103

penetrance

Back 103

the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variation of a gene (allele or genotype) that also express an associated trait (phenotype)

Front 104

crossing over

Back 104

Where a section of one chromosome switches places with the same section from the other chromosome of the pair

Front 105

chiasma

Back 105

the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis

Front 106

genetic recombination

Back 106

Formation of new combinations of alleles in offspring (viruses, cells or organisms) as a result of exchange of DNA sequences between molecules

Front 107

translocation

Back 107

chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes

Front 108

trisomy 21

Back 108

a chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome (Down's syndrome)

Front 109

mutagens

Back 109

any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation

Front 110

Turner syndrome

Back 110

caused usually by monosomy of a sex chromosome, and causing sterility and other problems

Front 111

Patau syndrome

Back 111

also known as trisomy 13 and trisomy D, is a chromosomal abnormality, a syndrome in which a patient has an additional chromosome 13 due to a nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis

Front 112

Klinefelter syndrome

Back 112

syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation; a genetic defect in which an extra X chromosome (XXY) is present in the male

Front 113

Albinism

Back 113

due to a recessive gene which blocks the metabolic pathway converting the amino acid tyrosine into 3,4 - dihydroxyphenylalanine and then to melanin

Front 114

phenylketonuria

Back 114

a genetic abnormality in which the body lacks an enzyme needed for normal metabolism

Front 115

sickle cell

Back 115

an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin

Front 116

hemophilia

Back 116

an inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting; hemophilia A is caused by a lack of the blood clotting protein factor VIII; hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of factor IX.