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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
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Physiology
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Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
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Gross or Macroscopic
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Structures examined without a microscope
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Regional Anatomy
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Studied by area
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Systemic Anatomy
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Studied system by system
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Surface
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External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
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Microscopic
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Structures seen with the microscope
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Cytology
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Cellular anatomy
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Histology
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Study of tissues
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Cell physiology
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Examines processes in cells
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Neurophysiology
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Focuses on the nervous system
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Cardiovascular
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The heart and blood vessels
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Two subjects that encompass both anatomy and physiology
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Pathology
Exercise Physiology |
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Pathology
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Structural and functional changes in structure and function caused by disease
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Exercise Pathology
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Changes in structure and function caused by exercise
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Names the 6 Structural and Functional Organizations
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Chemical Level
Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism |
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Chemical Level
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Interaction of atoms
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Cell Level
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Structural and functional unit of living organisms
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Tissue Level
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Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
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Organ Level
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One of more tissues functioning together
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Neurophysiology
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Focuses on the nervous system
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Cardiovascular
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The heart and blood vessels
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Two subjects that encompass both anatomy and physiology
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Pathology
Exercise Physiology |
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Pathology
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Structural and functional changes in structure and function caused by exercise
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Exercise Pathology
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Changes in structure and function caused by exercise
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Names the 6 Structural and Functional Organizations
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Chemical Level
Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism |
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Chemical Level
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Interaction of atoms
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Cell Level
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Structural and functional unit of living organisms
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Tissue Level
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Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
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Organ Level
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One of more tissues functioning together
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Organ System Level
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Group of organs functioning together
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Organism Level
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Any living thing
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What are the 11 organ systems?
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Integumentary system
Skeletal System Muscular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Urinary System Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System |
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What are the components of the Integumentary System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of Skin, Hair, Nails and Sweat Glands
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and helps produce Vitamin D |
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What are the components of the Skeletal System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments and joints
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells and stores minerals and fat |
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What are the components of the Muscular System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Produces body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat |
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Organ System Level
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Group of organs functioning together
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Organism Level
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Any living thing
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What are the 11 organ systems?
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Integumentary system
Skeletal System Muscular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Urinary System Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System |
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What are the components of the Integumentary System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of Skin, Hair, Nails and Sweat Glands
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and helps produce Vitamin D |
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What are the components of the Skeletal System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments and joints
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells and stores minerals and fat |
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What are the components of the Muscular System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Produces body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat |
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What are the components of the Lymphatic System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs fats from the digestive tract |
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What are the components of the Respiratory System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of lungs and respiratory passages
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH |
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What are the components of the Digestive System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs.
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. |
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What are the components of the Nervous System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes and intellectual functions |
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What are the components of the Urinary System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts and carry urine
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH |
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What are the components of the Female Reproductive System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands and associated structures
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. |
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What are the components of the Male Reproductive System and what are its major functions?
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Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors |
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What are the 6 characteristics of life?
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Organization
Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development (differentiation, morphogenesis) Reproduction |
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Regarding the Characteristics of Life, define Organization
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Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
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Regarding the Characteristics of Life, define Metabolism
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All chemical reactions of the body
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Regarding the Characteristics of Life, define Responsiveness
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Ability to sense changes and adjust
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Regarding the Characteristics of Life, define Growth
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Increase in size and/or number of cells
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Regarding the Characteristics of Life, define Development
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Changes in an organism over time
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Regarding the Characteristics of Life, define Differentiation
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Change from general to specific
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Regarding the Characteristics of Life, define Morphogenesis
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Change in shape of tissues, organs
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Regarding the Characteristics of Life, define Reproduction
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New cells or new organisms
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What drives Biomedical Research?
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Shared characteristics between living things
Single-celled bacteria = cell Mammalian research furthers human surgery and medicine Strict laws govern research to minimize suffering |
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What is homeostasis?
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Values of variables that fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
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Define Set Point
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The ideal normal value of a variable
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Two types of Feedback Systems
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Negative and Positive
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Components of Feedback Systems
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Receptor (monitors the value of some variable)
Control Center (established a set point) Effector (can change the value of the variable) |
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Stimulus (re: Feedback Systems)
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Deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor
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Response (re: Feedback Systems)
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Produced by the effector
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Negative Feedback
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1) Receptors monitor the value of a variable
2) Information about the value of the variable is sent to the control center 3) the control center compares the value of the variable against the set point 4) Control Center causes the effector to respond 5)An effector produces a response that maintains homeostasis |
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Positive Feedback
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When a deviation occurs, the response is the make the deviation greater
Unusual in healthy, normal individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death Ex (normal): Childbirth Ex (harmful): after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart's ability to pump blood decreases |
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Anatomical Position
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Body erect, face forward feet together, palms face forward
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Supine
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Lying face upward
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Prone
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Lying face downward
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Superior (Cephalic)
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Toward the head
Ex: The chin is superior to the naval. |
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Inferior (Caudal)
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Away from the head
Ex: The naval is inferior to the chin |
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Medial
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Toward the midline
Ex: The bridge of the nose is medial to the eye |
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Lateral
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Away from the midline
Ex: The nipple is lateral to the breastbone |
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Proximal
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Toward the beginning, the nearer of two or more items
Ex: The elbow is proximal the wrist |
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Distal
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The more (or most) distant of two (or more) things.
Ex: The wrist is distal the elbow |
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Anterior (Ventral)
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Anterior is forward, toward the front
Ex: The naval is anterior to the spine |
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Posterior (Dorsal)
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Posterior is is toward the back
Ex: The spine is posterior to the breastbone |
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Body parts of the head region
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Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Otic (ear) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) |
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Body parts of the neck region
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Cervical
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Body parts of the trunk region
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Thoracic (thorax)
Pectoral (chest) Stomach (breastbone) Mammary (breast) abdominal (abdomen) umbilical (navel) Pelvic (pelvis) Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) |
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What comprises the thoracic region of the trunk?
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Pectoral (chest)
Stomach (breastbone) Mammary (breast) |
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Body parts of the upper limb region
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Axillary (armpit)
Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manual Hands : Palmar (palm) Digital (fingers) |
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Body parts that comprise the lower limb region
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Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh) Patellar (kneecap) Crural (leg, below knee) Pedal (foot) Talus (ankle) Dorsum (top of foot) Digital (toes) |
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Body parts that comprise the cranial region (skull)
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Occipital (base of skull)
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Define nuchal
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Back of neck
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Body parts that comprise the posterior upper limb region
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Acromial (point of shoulder)
Olecranon (point of elbow) Dorsum (back of hand) |
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Body parts that comprise the posterior Trunk region
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Dorsal: Scapular (shoulder blade)
Vertebral (spinal column) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttock) Perineal (perineum) |
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Body parts that comprise the posterior lower limb region
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Popliteal (hollow behind knee)
Sural (calf) Plantar (sole) Calcaneal (heel) |
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Median Plane
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Through the midline
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Sagittal Plane
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Same plane as median, but left or right of the median
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Frontal or Coronal Planes
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Divides the body in anterior and posterior sections
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Transverse/Cross Planes
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Divides the body into superior and inferior sections
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Oblique Plane
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Other than at a right angle
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Longitudinal Plane through an organ
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Cut along the length of an organ
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Transverse/Cross Plane through an organ
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Cut at right angle to length of the organ
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Oblique Plane through an organ
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Cut at any but a right angle
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Diaphragm
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Divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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Mediastinum
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Contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs
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Serous Membranes
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Cover the organs of trunk cavaties and line the cavity
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Visceral serous membrane
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Inner membrane, the part that touches the organ itself
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Parietal serous membrane
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Outer wall of the serous membrane
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Ultrasound
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Computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body
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Computed Tomography (CT scan)
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Computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of the body
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Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
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3-D version of CT using multiple slices
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Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
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Comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood blood vessel studies
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues
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Positron Emission Tomography
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Uses radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells
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