Anatomy& Physiology

Front 1

During the development, the CNS appears as what tube?

Back 1

Neural Tube

Front 2

By the 4th week the anterior end if the neural tube begins to expand and what formation begins?

Back 2

Brain

Front 3

Posterior end develops into what?

Back 3

Spinal Cord

Front 4

What are the four major regions of the CNS?

Back 4

Cerebral Hemispheres, Diencephalon, Brain Stem, Cerebellum

Front 5

What is the most superior part of the brain- larger than other three regions combined?

Back 5

Cerebral Hemispheres

Front 6

Elevated ridges

Back 6

Gyri

Front 7

Grooves that seperate gyri

Back 7

Tissues

Front 8

The two hemispheres are seperated by a deep fissure

Back 8

Longitudinal tissue

Front 9

Speech, memory, logical and emotional response as well as consciousness

Back 9

Cerebral Hemispheres

Front 10

Helps a person identify objects and understand spatial relationships

Back 10

Parietal lobe

Front 11

Interacting with pain and touch in the body

Back 11

Parietal lobe

Front 12

Back part of the brain involved with vision

Back 12

Occipital lobe

Front 13

the sides of the brain, involved in memory, speech, and sense of smell

Back 13

Temporal lobe

Front 14

Primary motor area

Back 14

Frontal lobe

Front 15

Involved in personality characteristcs and movement

Back 15

Frontal lobe

Front 16

Anterior to the central fissure- located in only one cerebral hemisphere(left)

Back 16

Precentral Gyrus

Front 17

Contains Broca's areas and speech areas

Back 17

Precentral Gyrus

Front 18

At base- controls ability to speak

Back 18

Broca's Area

Front 19

At the junction of the temporal, parietal and occiptal lobes

Back 19

Speech Area

Front 20

Allows one to understand words and to make the connections between them

Back 20

Speech Area

Front 21

Found in the outermost gray matter of the cerebrum

Back 21

Cell bodies

Front 22

Deeper cerebral hemisphere tissue- is composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex

Back 22

Cerebral White Matter

Front 23

Large fiber tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres

Back 23

Corpus Collosum

Front 24

Arches above the structures of the brain stem and allows the cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another

Back 24

Corpus Collosum

Front 25

Islands of gray matter burried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres

Back 25

Basal Nuclei

Front 26

Help regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to the skeletal muscles

Back 26

Neurons

Front 27

Send neurons to the skeletal muscles

Back 27

Primary motor cortex

Front 28

Unable to walk normally or carry out other voluntary movements in a normal way if you have problems with this

Back 28

Basal Nuclei

Front 29

Genetic disease in which individual is unable to control muscles and exhibits abrupt, jerky and almost continous movements

Back 29

Huntingtons Chorea Disease

Front 30

Neurotransmitter

Back 30

Dopamine

Front 31

People have trouble initiating movement or getting their muscles going

Back 31

Parkinsons Disease

Front 32

Interbrain, sits on top of the brain stem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

Back 32

Diencephalon

Front 33

Major Structures of the Diencephalon

Back 33

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

Front 34

Enscloses third ventricle, relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex- pleasant or unpleasant sensation

Back 34

Thalamus

Front 35

Regulates states of sleep wakefullness

Back 35

Thalamus

Front 36

Damage can lead to a coma

Back 36

Thalamus

Front 37

Makes up the floor of the diencephalon

Back 37

Hypothalamus

Front 38

Produces hormones important to the ANS

Back 38

Hypothalamus

Front 39

Regulates body temperature, water balance and metabolism

Back 39

ANS(Autonomic Nervous System)

Front 40

Important in the lymbic system

Back 40

Hypothalamus

Front 41

Controls thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure centers and circadian rhythms

Back 41

Lymbic System

Front 42

Regualtes the pituitary gland

Back 42

Hypothalamus

Front 43

Hangs from the anterior floor of the hypothalamus by a slender stock

Back 43

Pituitary Gland

Front 44

Function in growth, blood pressure, pregnancy, childbirth, and water regulation in body

Back 44

Pituitary Gland

Front 45

Forms the roof of the third ventricle

Back 45

Epithalamus

Front 46

Important parts of the epithalamus

Back 46

Pineal body, Coroid plexus

Front 47

Also called the pineal gland us a small endocrine gland, which produces melatonin

Back 47

Pineal Body

Front 48

A hormone that may weakly modulate wake/sleep patterns

Back 48

Melatonin

Front 49

Forms the cerebrospinal fluid

Back 49

Coroid Plexus

Front 50

Structures of the Brain Stem

Back 50

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblangata

Front 51

Provides a pathway for ascending and descending tracts

Back 51

Brain Stem

Front 52

These nuclei form the cranial nerves and control vital activities such as breathing and blood pressure

Back 52

Gray Matter Areas

Front 53

Extends the entire length of brain stem and is diffuse mass of gray matter

Back 53

Reticular Formation

Front 54

Contains the cerebral aqueduct

Back 54

Midbrain

Front 55

A tiny canal that travels through the midbrain and connects the third ventricle of the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle below

Back 55

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 56

Composed of primarily two bulging fiber tracts called cerebral peduncles

Back 56

Midbrain

Front 57

Convey ascending and descending impulses(little feet of the cerebrum)

Back 57

Cerebral Peduncles

Front 58

These bulging nuclei are reflex centers involved with vision and hearing and are found dorsally within the midbrain

Back 58

Corporal Quadrigemina

Front 59

Rounded structure that protrudes just below the midbrain

Back 59

Pons

Front 60

Means "bridge" this area is mostly fiber tracts

Back 60

Pons

Front 61

Has important nuclei in the control of breathing

Back 61

Pons

Front 62

Most inferior part of the brain stem

Back 62

Medulla Oblongata

Front 63

Merges into the spinal cord below without any obvious change in structure

Back 63

Medulla Oblongata

Front 64

Important fiber tract area, contains many nuclei that regulate vital visceral activities

Back 64

Medulla Oblongata

Front 65

Controlls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

Back 65

Medulla Oblongata

Front 66

Protects dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

Back 66

Cerebellum

Front 67

Has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface

Back 67

Cerebellum

Front 68

Has outer cortex made up of gray matter and an inner region of white matter

Back 68

Cerebellum

Front 69

Controls balance and equillibrium

Back 69

Cerebellum

Front 70

Damage produces movement that become clumsy and disorganized

Back 70

Cerebellum

Front 71

Protection of the CNS

Back 71

Meninges, CSF, and blood brain barrier

Front 72

Outermost layer

Back 72

Dura Mater

Front 73

3 layers of the meninges

Back 73

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater

Front 74

Middle meningeal layer, looks like a cobweb

Back 74

Arachnoid mater

Front 75

Threadlike extensions filled with CSF

Back 75

Subarachnoid space

Front 76

Projections that protrude through the dura mater

Back 76

Arachnoid gilli

Front 77

Very delicate, clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, following every fold

Back 77

Pia Mater

Front 78

Inflammation of the meninges, serios threat because bacterial or viral may spread into the nervous tissue of the CNS

Back 78

Meningitis

Front 79

Continually formed from blood by choroid plexus which are clusters of capillaries hanging from the roof in each of the brain ventricles

Back 79

CSF

Front 80

Forms watery cushion to protect fragile nervous tissue form blows and other trauma

Back 80

CSF

Front 81

Major Solutes

Back 81

Glucose, Proteins, Sodium Chloroid

Front 82

Pressure on the brain

Back 82

Hydrcephalius

Front 83

Seperates neurons from blood borne substances

Back 83

Blood Brain Barrier

Front 84

Composed of least permeable capillaries

Back 84

Blood Brain Barrier

Front 85

Slight brain injury

Back 85

Concussion

Front 86

Result of tissue destruction, may cause coma

Back 86

Contusion

Front 87

Swelling of the brain due to inflammatory response injury, death could result

Back 87

Cerebral Edema

Front 88

3rd leading cause of death in the U.S

Back 88

Strokes

Front 89

Degenerative Brain Diseases

Back 89

Strokes

Front 90

Occur when blood circulation to brain areas are blocked and vital brain tissue dies

Back 90

Strokes

Front 91

Loss of power to speak

Back 91

Aphasias

Front 92

Personality Changes

Back 92

CVA

Front 93

Temporary brain ischemia or restrictions of blood flow can last 5 to 50 minutes

Back 93

TIA(Transient Ischemic Attacks)

Front 94

Memory loss, become irritable, moody and confused

Back 94

Alzheimers Disease

Front 95

Partially reverse brain shriveling snd improve memory

Back 95

Nerve Growth Factor

Front 96

Approximately 17 inches long, enclosed in vertebral coloumn, continuation of the brainstem

Back 96

Spinal Cord

Front 97

Provides a two way conduction pathway to and from the brain and it is a major reflex center

Back 97

Spinal Cord

Front 98

Cushioned and protected by the meninges

Back 98

Spinal Cord

Front 99

A small amount of CSF us withdrawn by a needle inserted between the l3 and l4 vertebrae into the subarachnoid space

Back 99

Lumbar Puncture or Spinal Tap

Front 100

31 pairs of spinal nerves

Back 100

Spinal Cord

Front 101

Collection of nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral canal, looks like a horse tail

Back 101

Cauda Equina

Front 102

Looks like a butterfly or letter H in cross section

Back 102

Gray Matter

Front 103

Surrounds the central canal of the cord which contains the CSF

Back 103

Spinal Roots

Front 104

Posterior projections

Back 104

Dorsal

Front 105

Anterior projections

Back 105

Ventral horns

Front 106

Composes of myelinated fiber tracts

Back 106

White matter

Front 107

3 Regions of white matter

Back 107

Posterior, Lateral, Anterior

Front 108

Tracts conducting sensory impulses to the brain

Back 108

Sensory or Affarent tracts

Front 109

Spinal cord is cut crosswise or crushed

Back 109

Spastic Paralysis

Front 110

Involuntary Movements

Back 110

Damage to the Spinal Cord

Front 111

If injury occurs high in the cord it may affects all 4 limbs

Back 111

Quadriplegic

Front 112

If injury is lower- only lower 2 limbs

Back 112

Paraplegic