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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acid
ASS-id |
Substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions; substance with a pH of less than 7.0
acid-sour |
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
ah-DEN-o-sen try-FOS-fate |
chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells
(blend of adenine and ribose) tri-three phosph-phosphorus ate-oxygen |
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Amino Acid
ah-MEE-no ASS-id |
type of chemical unit from which proteins are built
amino-NH2 acid-sour |
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Anabolism
ah-NAB-o-lizem |
cells making complex molecules (for example, hormones) form simpler compounds (for example, amino acids) opposite of catabolism
anabol-build up ism-action |
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Atom
AT-om |
smallest particle of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element; particles that combine to form molecules (chemical building blocks)
atom- indivsible |
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Base
BAYS |
substance that ionizes in water to decrease the number of hydrogen ions; also known as alkaline
bas-foundation |
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Buffer
BUFF-er |
compound that combines with an acid or with a base to form a weaker acid or base, thereby lessening the change in hydrogen ion concentration that would occur without the buffer; often operates as buffer pairs
buffe-cushion er-agent |
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Carbohydrate
kar-bo-HYE-drate |
organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in certain specific proportions; for example, sugars, starches, and cellulose
carbo-carbon hydr-hydrogen ate-oxygen |
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Catobolism
kah-TAB-o-lizem |
breakdown of food compounds or cytoplasmic constituents into simpler compounds; opposite of anabolism
cata-against bol-to throw ism-condition |
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Compound
KOM-pownd |
a chemical combination of two or more elements
compound-put together |
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Covalent Bond
ko-VAYL-ent bond |
chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons
co-with valen-power bond-band |
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Decomposition Reaction
dee-KAHM-poh-sih-shun ree-AK-shun |
chemical reaction that breaks down a substance into two or more simpler substances
de-opposite of compo-to assemble tion-process re-again action-action |
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Dehydration Synthesis
dee-hye-DRAY-shun SIN-the-sis |
anabolic process by which molecules are joined to form larger molecules
de-from hydrat-water tion-process synthesis-putting together |
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Denature
de-NAYT-shur |
to alter the shape of a protein by a change in pH, heat, or some other manner to change its chemical properties
de-romove nature-nature |
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Electrolyte
e-LEK-tro-lite |
substance that dissociates into ions in solution, rendering the solution capable of conducting an electric current
electro-electricity lyt-loosening |
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Element
EL-em-ent |
substance composed of only one type of atom that cannot be broken into simpler constituents by chemical means
element-first principle |
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Energy Level
|
limited region surrounding the nucleus of an atom at a certain distance containing electrons; also called a shell
en-in erg-work y-state |
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Exchange Reaction
|
chemical reaction that breaks down a compound and then synthesizes a new compound by switching portions of the molecules; for example, AB+CD>AD+BC
ex-from change-to change re-again action-action |
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Functional Group
FUNK-shun-al groop |
small cluster of atoms in an organic molecule that gives the molecule particular functional characteristics such as certain chemical binding properties; often represented generically by the letter R
func-tion-to perform al-relating to |
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Functional Protein
FUNK-shun-al PRO-teen |
category of proteins that affect the functional operations of a a cell; contrast to structural protein
funtion-to perform al-relating to prote-primary in-substance |
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High-Energy Bond
|
chemical bond that requires an input of energy to form and when broken can result in the transfer of useful energy to cellular processes, as in ATP
en-in erg-work y-state bond-band |
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Hydrolysis
hye-DROL-i-sis |
chemical process in which a compound is split by addition of H*and OH- portions of a water molecule
hydro-water lysis-loosening |
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Ion
EYE-on |
electrically charged atom or group of atoms
ion-to go |
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Ionic Bond
|
electrocovalent bond; bond formed by transferring of electrons from one atom to another
ion-to go bond-band |
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Isotope
EYE-so-tope |
atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights
iso-equal tope-place |
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Lipid
LIP-id |
class of organic compounds that includes fats, oils, and related substances
lip-fat ed-form |
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Metabolism
me-TAB-o-lizem |
complex, intertwining set of chemical processes by which life is made possible for a living organism
metabol-change ism-condition |
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Molecule
MOL-eh-kyool |
formed when two or more atoms join
mole-mass cul-small |
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Nonpolar
non-PO-lar |
describes a covalent chemical bond (or covelently bonded molecule) in which there is equal sharing of electrons and therfore no distinct areas of electrical charge
non-not pol-pole ar-relating to |
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Nucleic Acid
noo-KLAY-ik ASS-id |
any of the high-molecular-weight organic compounds compsed of nucleotides, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group
nucle- nut kernel ic-relating to acid-sour |
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Nucleotide
NOO-klee-oh-tide |
monomer made up of three types of chemical groups (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base) that can act alone or to make up a polymer (nucleic acid)
nucleo-nut or kernel ide-chemical |
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Octet Rule
ok-TET rool |
general principle in chemistry whereby atoms usually form bonds in ways that will provide each atom with an outer shell of eight electrons
octet-group of eight |
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Peptide Bond
PEP-tyde bond |
bond that forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another
pept-digest ide-chemical |
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pH
pee AYCH |
units by which acid and base concentrations (relative H+ ion concentrations) are measured; scale ranges from O (extremely acidic; high H+ concentration) to 14 (extremely basic, or alkaline; low H+ concentration)
p-potenz power h-hydrogen |
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Phospholipid
fos-fo-LIP-id |
phosphate containing fat molecule; and important constituent of cell membranes
phospho-phosphorus lip-fat id-form |
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acidosis
ass-i-DOE-sis |
condition in which there is and excessive proportion of acid in the blood and thus an abnormally low blood pH; opposite of alkalosis
acid-sour osis-condition |
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Prostaglandin
pross-tah-GLAN-din |
any of a group of naturally occurring lipid-based substances that act in a hormone-like way to affect many body functions, including vasodilation, uterine smooth muscle contraction, and the inflammatory response
pro-before stat-set or place (prostate) gland-acorn in-substance |
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Protein
PRO-teen |
large molecules formed by linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds; one of the basic building blocks of the body
prote-primary in-substance |
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Radioactivity
ray-dee-o-ak-TIV-it-ee |
the ongoing process of emitting subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation
radio-send out rays |
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Radioisotope
ray-dee-oh-EYE-so-tope |
an isotope that is unstable and undergoes nuclear breakdown
radio-send out rays iso-equal tope-place |
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Reversible Reaction
ree-VER-si-bl ree-AK-shun |
when the products of a chemical raction change back to the original reactants; generally, an equilibrium of products and reactants exists
re-again vers-turn ible-able to re-again action-action |
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Steroid
STAYR-oid |
any of a class of lipids related to serols and forming numerous reproductive and adrenal homones
ster-sterol oid-like |
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Structural Protein
STRUK-cher-al PRO-teen |
any of a category of proteins with the primary function of forming structures of the cell or tissue, contrast with functional protein
structura-arrangement al-relating to prote-primary in-substance |
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Synthesis
SIN-the-sis |
combination, as in the combination of molecules to from a larger molecule
synthes-put together is-process of |
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Triglyceride
try-GLISS-er-yde |
lipid that is synthesized from fatty acids and glycerol or from excess glucose or amino acids; stored mainly in adipose tissue cells
tri-three glycer-sweet ide-chemical |
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hypercapnia
hye-per-KAP-nee-ah |
excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
hyper-above capn-vapor (CO2) ia-condition |
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Radiation Sickness
ray-dee-AY-shun SIK-ness |
a condition caused by ionizing radiation that can be mild to servere, or even fatal, depending on the level of radiation exposure and the length of time exposed; exposure at lower doses of radiation can result in headache, nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, and diarrhea; exposure to low doses for a longer period of time or a single high-level exposure may cause sterility, damage to fetal development, cancer (including lueukemia), cataracts, hair loss, and skin damage
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Toxin
TOK-sin |
poison, chemical that can cause sickness or damage in the body
toxin-poison |