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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Def. Anatomy
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Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
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Def. Physiology
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Study of how the body and its parts work or function.
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Gross anatomy is large structures and can be seen with (2 words)
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Human eye
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Microscopic anatomy cannot be seen with naked eye and can only be viewed under ________.
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Microscope
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Levels of organization from smallest to largest
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Chemical
Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organismal |
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Purpose of integumentary system (4)
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1. Forms external body covering
2. Protects deeper tissue from injury 3. Helps regulate body temp 4. Location of cutaneous nerve receptors |
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Purpose of skeletal system (4)
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1. Protects and supports body organs
2. Provides muscle attachment for movement 3. Site of blood cell formation 4. Stores minerals |
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Purpose of muscular system (3)
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1. Produces movement
2. Maintains posture 3. Produces heat |
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Purpose of nervous system (3)
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1. Fast-acting control system
2. Responds to internal and external change 3. Activates muscles and glands |
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Purpose of endocrine system (1)
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Secretes regulatory hormones for growth, reproduction and metabolism
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Purpose of cardiovascular system (1)
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Transports material sin body via blood pumped by heart (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes)
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Purpose of lymphatic system (3)
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1. Returns fluids to blood vessels
2. Cleanses the blood 3. Involved in immunity |
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Purpose of respiratory system (2)
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1. Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
2. Removes carbon dioxide |
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Purpose of digestive system (3)
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1. Breaks down food
2. Allows for nutrient absorption into the blood 2. Eliminates indigestible materials as feces |
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Purpose of urinary system (3)
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1. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
2. Maintains acid-base balance 3. Regulates water and electrolytes |
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Purpose of reproductive system (3)
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1. Produces offspring
2. Testes produce sperm and male hormone 3. Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones |
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List the organ systems we learn: (11)
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Integumentary
Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive |
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Necessary Life Functions are... (8)
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1. Metabolism
2. Excretion 3. Maintains boundaries 4. Movement 5. Responsiveness 6. Digestion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth |
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Def. Metabolism
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chemical reactions within the body
-breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones -builds larger molecules from smaller ones -produces energy -regulated by hormones |
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Def. Homeostasis
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maintenance of a stable internal environment
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What is homeostasis necessary for?
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Normal body functioning and to sustain life
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Four most common elements in the body
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CHON
(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen) |
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Def. Elements
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Fundamental units of matter
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Def. Atoms
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Building blocks of elements
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What are the three subatomic particles?
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Protons
Neutrons Electrons |
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Where are protons and neutrons located?
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Nucleus
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Where are electrons?
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Orbiting the nucleus
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In a NEUTRAL atom, the number of protons equals the number of _________
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Electrons
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Which of the 3 subatomic particles carry the least weight?
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Electrons
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Protons have _________ charge.
Neutrons have __ charge. Electrons have _______ charge. |
Positive
No Negative |
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First ring of electrons can only hold ____.
Every ring after the first can hold ____. |
2
8 (octet) |
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What is the goal of an atom
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Have a full energy level in the valence shell
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Where are electrons most strongly attached?
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Closest to the nucleus
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Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the ________ _________.
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Valence shell
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Do full valence shells form bonds?
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NO
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Which group of elements on the periodic table do not participate in bond-making?
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Noble-gases
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Def. Ionic bonds
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Transfer of electrons that allow atoms to become stable
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Def. Ions
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Form from the loss or gain of electrons
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Anions are ________ due to _______ of electrons
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negative
gain |
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Cations are __________ due to ______ of electrons
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positive
loss |
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Def. Covalent bonds
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Atoms becomes stable through stared electrons
(electrons are shared in pairs) |
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Single covalent bonds share ______ ______ of electrons.
Double covalent bonds share ______ _______ of electrons. |
One pair
Two pairs |
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Elements that tend to bond covalently are? (3)
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Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
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Which type of bond are either non polar or polar?
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Covalent
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Def. Nonpolar
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Electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule
Electrically neutral molecule |
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Def. Polar
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Electrons are not shared equally between the atoms of the molecule
Have a positive and negative side (or POLE) |
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Example of non polar molecule
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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Example of polar molecule
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Water (H20)
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Def. Hydrogen bonds
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Weak chemical bonds in which hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of polar molecule
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Main difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds
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Organic have carbon
Inorganic lack carbon |
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3 parts of Organic compounds
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1. Contain carbon
2. Most are covalently bonded 3. Includes carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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3 parts of Inorganic compounds
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1. Lack carbon
2. Tend to be simpler compounds 3. Includes water, salts, and some acids and bases |
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Important inorganic compounds
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WATER
-Most abundant in body SALTS |
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As an inorganic compound what vital properties does WATER have? (4)
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1. High heat capacity
2. Polarity/solvent properties 3. Chemical reactivity 4. Cushioning |
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As an inorganic compound what does salt do in the body?
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1. Vital to many body functions
2. Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents 3. Important in muscular and nervous systems 4. Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water |
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Def. pH
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Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions
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pH scale
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Below 7- Acidic
7- Neutral Above 7- Basic |
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What is blood's pH?
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7.35 (more basic)
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Acids have more ____
Bases have more ____ |
H
OH |
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Main function of carbohydrates
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Energy
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Classification of carbohydrates
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(By Size)
Monosaccharides- simple sugars Disaccharides- two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides- long branching chains of linked simple sugars |
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Examples of:
1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides |
1. Glucose, fructose
2. Sucrose 3. Cellulose |
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Def. Polymer
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chain of simple molecules
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Def. Lipids
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Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Insoluble in water Next best energy source that also provides cushioning and insulation |
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What are carbs made of
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Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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Proteins made of ...? (5)
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Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
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Proteins built from ______ _______.
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Amino acids
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Purpose of proteins
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Provide for construction materials for body tissues
Play a vital role in cell function Act as enzymes, hormones and antibodies |
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Purpose of enzymes (3)
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1. Act as biological catalysts
2. Increase rate of chemical reactions (decrease activation energy) 3. Bind to substrates at an active site |
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Two types of nucleic acids
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DNA
RNA |
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What are nucleic acids made of?
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Pentose (5 carbon) sugar
Phosphate group Nitrogenous base |
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What are bases for DNA....RNA?
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DNA- Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
RNA- Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil |
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DNA is _____-stranded
RNA is ______-stranded |
double
single |
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DNA stands for?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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Def. DNA
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genetic material found within cell's nucleus, provides instructions for every protein in the body
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ATP stands for?
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Adenosine triphosphate
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Def. ATP
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Composed of a nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups, chemical energy used by all cells
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Def. Cell
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building blocks of life
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Def. Tissues
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groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
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What are cells' three main regions?
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Nucleus
Cytoplasm Plasma membrane |
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Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells
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Eukaryotic:
animal, plants, fungus more complex membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotic: bacteria small simple don't have membrane, bound organelles |
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Nucleus is....
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control center of the cell that contains genetic material
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Three regions of nucleus
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1. Nuclear envelope
2. Consists of a double membrane 3. Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell |
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Function of nuclear envelope
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barrier of the nucleus that consists of a double membrane AND contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
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Function of plasma membrane
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Barrier for cell contents that is semi-permeable
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Plasma membrane made of...
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Double phospholipid layer (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail)
Contains proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins |
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3 Types of Membrane junction
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Tight junction
Desmosomes Gap junction |
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Tight junction are...
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impermeable junction that bind cells together into leakproof sheets
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Desmosomes are...
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anchoring junctions that prevents cells from being pulled apart (compare to the like of a button)
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Gap junctions are...
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ones that allow communication between cells; often protein the acts as channel
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Def. Cytoplasm
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Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
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Where does most cellular activities occur?
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Cytoplasm
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Three major elements of cytoplasm
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Cytosol
Organelles Inclusions |
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Mitochondria are...
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Powerhouse of cell that carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food AND provides ATP for cellular energy
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Ribosomes are...
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Made of protein and RNA, sites of protein synthesis
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Where are ribosomes found?
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Free in cytoplasm AND as part of Rough ER
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ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is...
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Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
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Two types of ER are...
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Rough ER
Smooth ER |
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Smooth ER functions in...
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Lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
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Rough ER is...
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Studded with ribosomes AND synthesizes proteins
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What does Golgi apparatus do?
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Modifies and packages proteins
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What different types of packages does Golgi produce?
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Secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, lysosomes
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Lysosomes ....
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Contain enzymes produced by ribosomes
Packaged by Golgi apparatus Digest worn-out or non usable materials within the cell |
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Which organ would have lots of lysosomes?
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Liver
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What are peroxisomes?
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Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and break down free radicals
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Def. Cytoskeleton
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Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm AND provides cell with an internal framework (anchors down organelles)
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Three types of elements in cytoskeleton (smallest to largest)
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Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments Microtubules |
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Cellular projection are _____ ____ in all cells
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NOT FOUND
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3 Types of cellular projections
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Cilia
Flagella Microvilli |
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Cilia...
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move materials across the cell surface AND located in the respiratory system to move mucus
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Flagella...
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propel the cell
(only sperm in human body) |
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Microvilli...
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tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption
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Def. Selective permeability OR Semi-permeability
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Plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
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Def. Membrane transport
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Movement of substances into and out of the cell
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Two basic methods of transport
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Passive and active
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Passive processes require no _____
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energy
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In active processes, cells must provide ____
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ATP
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What are two passive processes?
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Simple and facilitated diffusion
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Simple diffusion is...
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an unassisted process where solutes of lipid-soluble materials/small enough to pass through membrane pores
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Facilitated diffusion...
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Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances |
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Two common forms of active transport
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Solute pumping
Vesicular transport |
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Solute pumping/active transport...
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ATP energies protein carriers called solute pumps that transport amino acids, some sugars, and ions
Most cases, working against concentration gradient |
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Vesicular transport includes __________ and ____________
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Exocytosis and endocytosis
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Exocytosis...
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moves materials out of cell in a membranous vesicle that combines with plasma membrane and is emptied to outside
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Endocytosis...
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extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle
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Two types of endocytosis and what they are...
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Phagocytosis- cell eating/solid
Pinocytosis- cell drinking/liquid |
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What are a cell's two major periods?
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Interphase and mitosis
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Interphase is where...
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a cell spends most of its life in which:
1. cell grows and carries on metabolic processes 2. replicates DNA near end of phase |
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Def. Mitosis
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Division of nucleus that results in formation of two daughter NUCLEI
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Def. Cytokinesis
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Division of cytoplasm that begins at end of anaphase that results in the formation of two daughter CELLS
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Stages of mitosis
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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What happens during PROPHASE
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DNA appears as double-stranded chromosomes and nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears
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What happens during METAPHASE
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Chromosomes are aligned in the center of cell
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What happens during ANAPHASE
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Chromosomes are pulled apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell
Cell being to elongate Cytokinesis begins at end |
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What happens during TELOPHASE
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Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin
Nuclear envelope reforms 2 new cells formed |
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Cytokinesis begins during _____ ________ ad completes during ________
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late anaphase, telophase
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4 Types of Tissues
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Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue |
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Epithelial tissue located where?
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Body coverings
Body linings Glandular tissue |
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Functions of epithelial tissues
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Protection
Absorption Filtration Secretion |
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Characteristics of epithelium (5)
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1. Cells close together and form sheets
2. Apical surface is free surface 3. Lower surface rests on basement membrane 4. Avascular (no direct blood supply) 5. Regenerate easily if well nourished |
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Turnover of skin cells is ____ ______.
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40 days
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Classify epithelia by...
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Number of cell layers (simple, stratified, pseudo stratified ) AND shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
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Location: membranes that lines body cavities and lungs and capillaries
Function: diffusion, filtration, secretion in membranes |
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
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Location: glands and their ducts, walls of kidney tubules, covers ovaries
Function: secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells |
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SIMPLE COLUMNAR
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Location: lines digestive tract
Function: secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells OFTEN INCLUDES mucus-producing goblet cells |
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PSEUDO STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
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Location: respiratory tract, where it is ciliated
Function: absorption or secretion |
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STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL and STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
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Rare in human body, found mainly in ducts of large glands
Functions in protection |
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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
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Location: top of skin
Function: Protection |
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Transition epithelium...
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Composed of modified stratified squamous
Function in stretching and ability to return to normal shapes Location: lines organs of urinary system |
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Glandular Epithelium (gland)
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one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
secretions contain protein molecules in a water-based fluid |
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Two major gland types
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Endocrine and exocrine
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Endocrine gland...
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Ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels,
All secretions are hormones |
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Exocrine gland...
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Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface,
include sweat and oil glands |
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Connective tissue is
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found everywhere in body and includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
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Connective tissue functions...
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Binds body tissue together
Supports the body Provides protection |
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Characteristics of connective tissue
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Variation in blood supply (some are well vascularized others are not)
Extracellular matrix (non-living materials that surround living cells |
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Three types of fiber in extra cellular matrix
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COLLAGEN (strong and thick)
ELASTIC (stretch) RETICULAR (thin, wispy, and bind) |
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3 Types of Cartilage
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Hyaline
Elastic Fibrocartilage |
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Most common type of cartilage...
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hyaline
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HYALINE Cartilage...
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Composed of collagen fibers and rubbery matrix
Located in larynx and entire fetal skeleton before birth Functions are more flexible skeletal element than bone |
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ELASTIC Cartilage...
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Provides elasticity
Located in external ear |
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FIBROCARTILAGE...
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Highly compressible
Located between vertebrae and forms cushion-like discs |
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Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
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Main element is collagen
Located: tendons, ligaments, dermis |
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Tendons...
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attach skeletal muscle to bone
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Ligaments...
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attach bones to bone at joints
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Types of loose connective tissue types
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Areolar tissue
Reticular connective tissue |
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Areolar tissue....
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most widely distributed connective tissue; like cobwebs; functions as packing tissue; contains all fiber types; can soak up excess fluid
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Reticular connective tissue...
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Delicate network of interwoven fibers
Located: forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes spleen, bone marrow |
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BLOOD...
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blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma, fibers are visible during clotting,
functions as the transport vehicle for materials, only liquid connective tissue |
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Three types of muscle tissue
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Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
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Skeletal muscle...
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Voluntary control
Produces gross body movements or facial expressions Characteristics: striated, multinucleate, long cylindrical cells |
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Cardiac muscle...
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Under involuntary control
Found ONLY in heart Function is to pump blood Characteristic: striated, one nucleus per cell, cells attached to other cells at intercalated disks |
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Smooth muscle...
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under involuntary control
Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus and blood vessels Characteristics: no visible striations, one nucleus per cell, spindle shaped cells |
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Nervous tissue...
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Composed of neurons and nerve support cells
Function: send impulses to other areas of body (irritability and conductivity) Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons |
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Skins is _______ Membrane
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cutaneous
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Functions of skin (4)
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PROTECTS DEEPER TISSUES FROM
1. Mechanical damage (bumps) 2. Chemical damage (acids and bases) 3. Bacterial damage 4. Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) 5. Thermal damage (heat or cold) AIDS IN BODY HEAT LOSS AS CONTROLLED BY NERVOUS SYSTEM AIDS IN EXCRETION OF UREA AND URIC ACID SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D 6. Desiccation (drying out) |
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Three main layers of skin
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Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
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Epidermis...
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outer layer, dead cells, stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized (hardened by keratin) to prevent water loss,
avascular, most cells are keratinocytes |
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Dermis...
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dense connective tissue
3/5 of skin lot of collagen structures of skin are located here |
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Subcutaneous tissue
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not technically part of sin, anchors skin to underlying organs, composed mostly of adipose tissue
loose connective tissue |
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Layers of epidermis (5) from deepest to most superficial
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1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum 3 Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) 5. Stratum corneum |
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Stratum basale
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Lies next to dermis
Cells undergoing mitosis actively Daughter cells pushed up |
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Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
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cells from strata basale moving up (for the most part still alive)
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Stratum lucidum
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Formed from dead cells of deeper strata
Occurs ONLY in thick, hairless skin of plasm of hands and soles of feet |
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Pigment (melanin) is produced by ______
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melanocytes
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Melanocytes are mostly in the ______ ____.
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stratum basale
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Color of melanin is ____ to _____ to____
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yellow, brown black
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Carotene=
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orange-y pigment
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Hemoglobin=
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reddish hue
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Amount of melanin produced depends upon ...
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genetics and exposure to sunlight
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Two layers of dermis...
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Papillary layer (upper)
Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) |
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Papillary layer of dermis...
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Dermal papillae that contain capillary loops and house pain receptors and touch receptors
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Reticular layer of dermis...
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Blood vessels (increase in size as going down)
Sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands Deep pressure receptors |
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DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE...
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE... |
Tendon/ligament
Dermis |
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Overall dermis structure
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Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis (collagen give toughness and elastic provides stretch)
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Vasodilation
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dilation of arteries
sending blood back to skin |
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Vasoconstriction
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constriction of arteries
keep core warm |
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Cutaneous glands are all ______ glands
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exocrine (sebaceous and sudoriferous)
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Skin appendages
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cutaneous glands, hair, hair follicles, nails
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Sebaceous glands (also called holocrine glands)
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Produce oil
Lubricant for skin Prevents brittle hair Kills bacteria Most have ducts that empty into hair follies; other open directly onto skin surface Glands are activated at puberty |
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Sudoriferous glands
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Produce sweat
Widely distributed glands |
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Two types of sudoriferous glands...
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Eccrine and Apocrine
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Eccrine (normal)...
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Open via duct to pore on skin surface
more numerous Produce clear sweat temperature regulation |
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Apocrine...
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Ducts empty into hair follicles
Begin to function at puberty (caused by hormones) Release sweat that also contain fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color) Found where there is hair |
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Sweat and its function
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Composition; mostly walter, salts, vitamin C, some metabolic waste, fatty acids and proteins
Function: helps dissipate excess heat, excretes waste products, acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth Odor is associated with bacteria |
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Hair is...
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Produced by epidermal cells in hair follicle
Consists of hard keratinized epithetiail cells Melancytes provide pigment for hair Hair grows in matrix of hair bulb in stratum basale |
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Arrector pili muscle
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smooth muscle
involuntary pulls hair upright when cold or frightened |
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Nails are...
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scale-like modification soy the epidermis
heavily keratinized lack of pigment makes them colorless |
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Def. Burns
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tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
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Associated dangers with burns
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become more susceptible to infection
dehydration electrolyte imbalance circulatory shock |
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Degrees of burns
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1st- epidermal damage (heal in few days)
2nd- dermal damage (blistering occurs) 3rd- integument damage |
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Cancer is...
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abnormal cell mass
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Two types of cancer
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Benign (does not spread/encapsulated)
Malignant (metastasized to other parts of body) |
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Most common type of cancer is?
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Skin cancer
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Types of skin cancer
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Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma |
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Basal cell carcinoma...
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Most common
Least malignant Arises from stratum basal Usually found in elderly |
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Squamous cell carcinoma...
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metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
early removal allows a good change for cure believed to be sun induced arises from stratum spinosum |
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Malignant melanoma...
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most deadly
cancer of melanocytes metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels detection uses ABCD rule |
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ABCD rule...
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Asymmetry
Border Color Diameter |
