Anatomy & Physiology 2006 Sem1 Ch1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The science of body structures and the relationships between them.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The science of body functions – how the body works.

Front 3

Dissection

Back 3

The careful cutting apart of body structures.

Front 4

Histology

Back 4

Study of microscopic structure of tissues.

Front 5

Levels of Structural Organisation

Back 5

1) Chemical, 2) Cellular, 3) Tissue, 4) Organ, 5) System, 6) Organismal.

Front 6

Systems of the Human Body

Back 6

1) Integumentary, 2) Skeletal, 3) Muscular, 4) Nervous, 5) Endocrine, 6) Lymphatic, 7) Cardiovascular, 8) Respiratory, 9) Digestive, 10) Urinary, 11) Reproductive.

Front 7

Non-invasive Diagnostic Techniques

Back 7

1) Palpation, 2) Auscultation, 3) Percussion.

Front 8

Basic Life Processes

Back 8

1) Metabolism - sum of all chemical processes, 2) Responsiveness – the ability to detect and respond to stimuli, 3) Movement – body, organs and cells, 4) Growth – an increase in body size, 5) Differentiation – able to change/specialise, 6) Reproduction – from single cells to new life.

Front 9

Homeostasis

Back 9

The human body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions within physiological limits.

Front 10

Feedback System

Back 10

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, re-evaluated and so on.

Front 11

Three Basic Components of a Feedback System

Back 11

1) Receptor – structure that monitors change and sends input to a control centre, 2) Control Centre – structure (eg-brain) that sets the range of values within parameters needed to maintain a controlled condition as well as evaluate input and generate output when required, 3) Effector – structure that receives output and produces response or effect that changes controlled condition.

Front 12

Negative Feedback System

Back 12

Reverses a change in a controlled condition.

Front 13

Positive Feedback System

Back 13

Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.

Front 14

Anatomical Position

Back 14

Person is oriented in an erect standing position, eyes and head facing forward, feet forward and perpendicular to the body and arms close to the sides and palms of the hands facing forward with fingers extended. Lying face down – Prone and lying face up – Supine.

Front 15

Regional Names

Back 15

Head (Cephalic), Neck (Cervical), Trunk, Upper Limb, Lower Limb.

Front 16

Directional Terms

Back 16

Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Intermediate, Ipsilateral, Contralateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep.

Front 17

Planes

Back 17

Sagittal (or median), Para Sagittal, Frontal (or Coronal), Transverse (Cross sectional or Horizontal, Oblique.

Front 18

Body Cavities

Back 18

Cranial, Vertebral, Thoracic – Pleural – Pericardial – Mediastium, Abdominopelvic – Abdominal – Pelvic.

Front 19

Cavity Regions and Quadrants

Back 19

Right upper quadrant, Left upper quadrant, Right lower quadrant, Left lower quadrant. Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac, Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumber, Right Inguinal (Iliac), Hypogastric, Left Inguinal (Iliac).

Front 20

Medical Imaging

Back 20

Radiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography, Radionuclide Scanning, Endoscopy.