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324 Cards in this Set

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Anatomy

The study of structures and relationship among structures

Physiology

Study of the functions of body parts

Levels of biological organization

Adom, molecule, cell tissue organ, organ system, organism

Metabolisms

Some total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Anabolism

Building of complex molecules from simpler ones

Ana is a architect

Catabolism

Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

Cat tears things down

Responsiveness

Ability to respond to changes in the internal and external environment

Stimuli

Any physical or chemical change in the environment that elicits a response

Movement

Motion of organelles cells, Organ and body

growth

Increase in the number or size of cells and organisms

Development

Changes that take place during the life of organism

Cell differentiation

Change that a cell undergoes from and in unspecialize to specialized

asexual

Only one parent involved (mitosis)

Sexual

To parent cells are involved


(Meosis)

Egg and sperm

Homeostasis

And condition of equilibrium or balance in the body's internal environment

When disrupted disses can occur

What happens if you cannot maintain homeostasis?

Disease this disorder and even death occurs

Which is more common a negative or positive feedback loop?

Negative

What is an anatomical body position for humans.

Standardized method of imaging the body that allows precise and constant anatomical reference.


standing feet together


Facing observer


arms to the side


Palms facing forward

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Neck

Trunk

From chest to pelvis

Thoracic

Chest

Tummy

Abdominal

Abdomin

Pelvis

Pelvis

Upper limbs

Arms

Lower limbs

Legs

Pedal

Foot

Medial

Lateral away from midline of body

Superior

Proximal

Distal

Inferior

Frontal plane

Transverse plane

Midsagittal plane

After the first shell how many electrons can be held on each shell

8

Valence electrons

an electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell (valence shell) of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with another atom.

Ion

An atom that has lost or gained an electron

Molecule

Two or more atoms sharing electrons

Compound

A substance that can be broken down in to 2 or more elements

Ionic bond

Involves the transfer of electrons

Cation

Positively charged particles

Anion

Negatively charged particles

Covalent bond

Sharing of electrons between atoms in which valence shells of both Atoms our filled

Hydrogen bond

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Synthesis - anabolism

Combination of 2 or more atoms to form larger atoms (joining amino acid to make protein)

Endergonic

(of a biochemical reaction) requiring energy.

Exchange reaction

Part synthesis part decomposition maintenance of acid/base balance

Decomposition reaction

Catabolism


Breaking down digestion


Braking of protein in to amino acid.

Exergonic

(of a biochemical reaction) liberating energy.

Reversible reaction

Products may revert back to reactants

Inorganic compound

A compound that does not contain hydrocarbon groups.

What is the most abundant substance in all living things

Water

What is the universal solvent

Water

Hydrophilic

"Water loving" substance that readily interact with water

Hydrophobic

"Water fearing" substances that do not interact with water

Hydrolysis

chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by reacting with water.

Dehydration synthesis

is the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water.

Specific heat

The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher than any other common substance.

Heat of vaporation

the amount of energy needed to change one gram of a liquid substance to a gas at constant temperature. (540 cal/g at 100 °C, water's boiling point.)

what is an acid? and what is its pH level?

A substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen cation and anion.(they also really is a high concentration of h+)


Greater than 7

Base

A substance that dissociates in solution yielding hydroxide anions and cations (release a high concentration of OH-)


Less than 7

Mass

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Weight

Force of gravity acting on mass

After the first shell how many electrons can be held on each shell

8

Valence electrons

an electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell (valence shell) of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with another atom.

Ion

An atom that has lost or gained an electron

Molecule

Two or more atoms sharing electrons

Compound

A substance that can be broken down in to 2 or more elements

Ionic bond

Involves the transfer of electrons

Cation

Positively charged particles

Anion

Negatively charged particles

Covalent bond

Sharing of electrons between atoms in which valence shells of both Atoms our filled

Hydrogen bond

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Synthesis - anabolism

Combination of 2 or more atoms to form larger atoms (joining amino acid to make protein)

Endergonic

(of a biochemical reaction) requiring energy.

Exchange reaction

Part synthesis part decomposition maintenance of acid/base balance

Decomposition reaction

Catabolism


Breaking down digestion


Braking of protein in to amino acid.

Exergonic

(of a biochemical reaction) liberating energy.

Reversible reaction

Products may revert back to reactants

Inorganic compound

A compound that does not contain hydrocarbon groups.

What is the most abundant substance in all living things

Water

What is the universal solvent

Water

Hydrophilic

"Water loving" substance that readily interact with water

Hydrophobic

"Water fearing" substances that do not interact with water

Hydrolysis

chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by reacting with water.

Dehydration synthesis

is the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water.

Specific heat

The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher than any other common substance.

Heat of vaporation

the amount of energy needed to change one gram of a liquid substance to a gas at constant temperature. (540 cal/g at 100 °C, water's boiling point.)

what is an acid? and what is its pH level?

A substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen cation and anion.(they also really is a high concentration of h+)


Greater than 7

Base

A substance that dissociates in solution yielding hydroxide anions and cations (release a high concentration of OH-)


Less than 7

What is the normal pH range for plants and animals

7.2-7.4

Mass

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Weight

Force of gravity acting on mass

Buffer

Help regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acid or base is.

Salts

Dissociates into anions and cations when dissolved in water

Where in the body or salts important?

Teeth and bones


Lymph blood and interstitial fluid

Where in the body or salts important?

Teeth and bones


Lymph blood and interstitial fluid

What elements do all organic compounds contain?

Carbon

Do carbons dissolve easily in water? Are they a good source of energy?

No they don't dissolve easily in water.


Yes they are a good source of energy

Carbohydrates contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen what is the function of carbohydrates?

They provide energy.A bodies main source of fuel

Monosaccharides are also know as ________, and are the basic building blocks of ______.

Simple sugars.


Complex carbs.

Where would you find glucose, fructose, and galactose?

Blood sugar


Fruit sugar


Component of milk sugar

Do carbons dissolve easily in water? Are they a good source of energy?

No they don't dissolve easily in water.


Yes they are a good source of energy

Monosaccharides are also know as ________, and are the basic building blocks of ______.

Simple sugars.


Complex carbs.

Where would you find glucose, fructose, and galactose?

Blood sugar


Fruit sugar


Component of milk sugar

Disaccharides are composed of ______?

2 monosaccharides

Do carbons dissolve easily in water? Are they a good source of energy?

No they don't dissolve easily in water.


Yes they are a good source of energy

Carbohydrates contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen what is the function of carbohydrates?

They provide energy.A bodies main source of fuel

Monosaccharides are also know as ________, and are the basic building blocks of ______.

Simple sugars.


Complex carbs.

Where would you find glucose, fructose, and galactose?

Blood sugar


Fruit sugar


Component of milk sugar

Maltose is compose of what 2 monosaccharides?

Glucose+glucose

Sucrose is composed of what 2 disaccharides?

Glucose and frutose

Lactose is made of what 2 disaccharides?

Glucose +galactose

Starch: chief energy storage for___? Example?

Plants


Potatoes, rice and corn

Glycogen: chief energy storage for ________?


Examples?

Animals.


Stored mainly in liver and muscle tissue.

Where do you find maltose, surprise and lactose?

Malt sugar


Table sugar


Milk sugar

Can animals digest cellulose easily?

No

Are non polar soluble in water

No

Can animals digest cellulose easily?

No

What is the function of lipids?

Long term energy storage

Starch: chief energy storage for___? Example?

Plants


Potatoes, rice and corn

Glycogen: chief energy storage for ________?


Examples?

Animals.


Stored mainly in liver and muscle tissue.

Can animals digest cellulose easily?

No

Are non polar soluble in water

No

What is the function of lipids?

Long term energy storage

What contains Carbon , Hydrogen and few Oxygen

Lipids

Saturated fatty acids only contains single ______ _____?

Covalent bonds

Saturated fatty acid is saturated with____?

Max number of hydrogen atom

Where do you find phospholipids?

Cell membranes

Cholesterol

Structural component of plasma membranes

Bile salts

Break large that's into smaller ones

Steroid hormones

Regulate metabolic and reproductive process

Vitamin D

Regulation of calcium levels bone growth and repair

Carotenes

Need for vision

Vitamin E

Promote healing and scarring

Vitamin K

Blood clotting

What six functions to proteins have?

Structural components


growth and repair


hormones and chemical


Enzymes


messengers defense


transport


movement

What four elements are proteins composed of?

Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

Where are saturated fatty acid found?

Animal products


Lard, butter

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What sort of bond binds together amino acids?

Condensation

What are the four shapes proteins can make? (Know what they all look like)

Primary structure


Secondary structure


Tertiary structure


Quaternary structure

What two things can cause the 3D structure of a protein to change?

Heat


Change in pH level

Denaturation

Proteins unfolds due to breaking of hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions

What bonds are broken during denaturation?

Hydrogen

what is a enzyme and what do they do?

Catalyst in a living cell.


Lower the amount of energy required for a reaction to take place

What do nucleic acids do?

Transmit hereditary information and determines what proteins the cell makes

What are the names of the two types of nucleic acids.

DNA


RNA

What is DNA?

Comprises the genes and all information for synthesizing proteins

What health complications can arise from overconsumption of saturated fatty acid?

Clogged arteries and atherosclerosis

What is RNA?

Uses that information from DNA to synthesize the proteins

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triposphate

What is ATP primary function?

Primary energy molecule in all cells

Cytology

the branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.

What does the cell theory state?

all living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; and new cells arise from existing cells

What are the three parts a cell can be subdivided into?

Plasma


Cytoplasm


Nucleus

Are plasma membrane's flexible or solid?

Flexible

Are Unsaturated fatty acid packed closely together?

No

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Serves as a barrier between the outside and inside of the cell

Amaphipathic

Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

In a phospholipid bilayer how do the phospholipid arrange them selfs? are they stuck in one spot?

The hydrophobic tails associate with one another, forming the interior of the membrane. The polar heads contact the fluid inside and outside of the cell. They move easily.

5% of the plasma membrane are made of glycolipids what are they?

are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond.

What role does cholesteryl play in the plasma membrane?

Stabilizes the membrane and produces membrane fluidity

Integral protein

(Also called transmembrane) permanently attached to the biological membrane. connected through both sides

Peripheral protein

Only attached to one side or another. proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated

The lipid bilayer is always permanentable to what?

Small, non-polar, uncharged molecules

How do you macromolecules pass through the plasma membrane?

Bulk transport

Passive processes

No energy required


simple diffusion


facilicated defusion


Osmosis

Monounsaturated fatty acids has ___ double bond?

One

Active processes

Requires use of ATP to move molecules in and out of the cell.


Active transport


Vesicular transport

Which direction does active processes send chemicals in regards to the concentration gradient?

Low to high

Which direction does passive processes send chemicals in regards to the concentration gradient?

High to low

Simple diffusion

Random movement of molecules from the area of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a cell's membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

Channel mediate facilitated diffusion

Protien goes through the gate opens lets the protein out and then the gate closes

Carrier mediate facilitated diffusion

The ion attaches the transporter opens and the ion comes out the other side

What are some examples of molecules that pass through facilitated diffusion?

K+ (potassium)


Glucose


Amino acid

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Isotonic solution

The concentration of salutes is equal both inside and outside the cell

Polyunsaturated fatty acid has _____ double

Many

Hypotonic solution

The concentration of salutes inside the cell are higher than outside the cell

Hypertonic solution

The concentration of salutes ore higher outside the cell than inside the cell

Lysis

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution the cell will swell and burst

Crenation

If the cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will shrivel up

Active transport

Requires the use of energy ATP to move molecules in and out of the cell

Sodium - potassium pump

The pump is the protein complex of the ions pass-through

What powers a sodium potassium pump?

ATP

Exocytosis

Removal of waste products or necessary secreted products from the cell

Endocytosis

Cell eating or cell drinking

Are unsaturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temp?

Liquid

Is monounsaturated fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acid better for your health?

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

What is TRIGLYCERIDES composition?

Composed of glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids

What are PHOSPHOLIPIDS composed of? And are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Phosphate group -hydrophilic


2 fatty acid tails- hydrophobic


1 glycerol - hydrophilic


Organelles

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Why do smokers and nicotine users cough so much?

There cilia is paralyzed.

What are some similarities between cilia flagella.

They are structurally identical

What's the difference between attached and free ribosomes?

Attached synthesize proteins for export out the cell and free synthesize proteins for use inside the cells

What organic material do ribosomes contain?

nRNA and protiens

What is a endoplasmic reticulum? (E.R)

forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures

Function of smooth E.R?

Detoxifies chemicals including alcohol pesticides and carcinogens. Liver

Function of rough E.R?

Stores and modifies newly synthesized proteins and prepares proteins for export out of cell

What is Golgi apparatus?

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

What's the function of the Golgi apparatus?

It has been likened to the cell's post office. A major function is the modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion.

Lysosomes

Breaks down and recycles worn out cell parts

What makes up the composition of cytosol?

Water

What do lysosomes contain?

Hydrolytic enzymes.

Peroxisomes

Similar in structure and shape to lysosomes but smaller & contain enzymes that use oxygen to break down proteins and fatty acids

Proteasomes

Barrel shaped and destroy unneeded, damaged or faulty protiens by cutting in to smaller peptides

What's the nick name of mitochondria?

Power house of cells

What's the functions of the folds and cristae of mitochondria?

Increase surface area

Function of mitochondria?

to produce the energy currency of the cell

Function of the nucleus?

Contains the cells genes

Nuclear envelope

Lipid bilayer which surrounds the genetic material.

What leaves the nucleus and doesn't leave the nucleus?

DNA never leaves


RNA leaves

Nucleuolus

a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.

Cytoskeleton

a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.

Chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

How are chromosomes wounded in to its X shape?

DNA swirled up tightly

Centrosome

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division. Middle piece in chromosomes

Process of gene expression?

Blue print for protien


DNA to RNA


RNA TO protein

The order for mitosis?

Prophase


Metaphase


Anaphase


telophase

Prophase

Chromosomes appear

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase

Chromosomes split apart

Telophase

New nuclear membrane forms.

Cytokinesis

Fully splitting of cell

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

three kinds of protein filaments: Actin filaments (also called microfilaments) Intermediate filaments and. Microtubules.

What is the cytoskeleton function?

It forms a framework for the movement of organelles around the cytoplasm

What are the centrosome / centrioles composed of?

Protiens

What is the role of centrosome and centrioles?

organization and nucleation of microtubules in animal cells and also regulate the cell cycle during cellular division

What are cilia?

Extension of cytoplasma

What are flagella?

Extension of cytoskeleton

Where do you find cilia?

Humans respiratory tract.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that function together to carry out specialized activities

Tissue

A group of similar cells that function together to carry out specialized activities

Histology

The study of tissues

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Adheres firmly to connective tissue via the basement cell

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Adheres firmly to connective tissue via the basement cell

Composition of epithelial tissue

Closely packed cells


Little matrix

What is the function of epithelium tissue ?

Covers the body surfaces


The lion body cavities


forms glands

What's the classification of epithelial tissue? (Layers)

Simple - single layer


Stratified - stacked


Pseudostratified

What's the classification of epithelial tissue? (Layers)

Simple - single layer


Stratified - stacked


Pseudostratified

What's the classification of epithelial tissue? (Shapes)


Squamous


Cuboidal


Columnar


Transitional

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the composition of connective tissue?

Mostly fibroblasts

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the composition of connective tissue?

Mostly fibroblasts

What is the function of connective tissue

Binds and supports


Separate structures


Stores reserve energy

What is the function of muscular tissue?

Provides motion


maintains posture


generates heat

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the composition of connective tissue?

Mostly fibroblasts

What is the function of connective tissue

Binds and supports


Separate structures


Stores reserve energy

What is the function of muscular tissue?

Provides motion


maintains posture


generates heat

What's the classification of cardiac muscle?

Heart


Strained involuntary


Intercalated disc

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the composition of connective tissue?

Mostly fibroblasts

What is the function of connective tissue

Binds and supports


Separate structures


Stores reserve energy

What is the function of muscular tissue?

Provides motion


maintains posture


generates heat

What's the classification of cardiac muscle?

Heart


Strained involuntary


Intercalated disc

What is the classification of smooth muscle

Walls of hallow structured


Nonstriated


Involentary

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the composition of connective tissue?

Mostly fibroblasts

What is the function of connective tissue

Binds and supports


Separate structures


Stores reserve energy

What is the function of muscular tissue?

Provides motion


maintains posture


generates heat

What's the classification of cardiac muscle?

Heart


Strained involuntary


Intercalated disc

What is the classification of smooth muscle

Walls of hallow structured


Nonstriated


Involentary

What is the classification of skeletal muscle

Attached to bone


Striated


Long cylindrical


Voluntary controlled

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the composition of connective tissue?

Mostly fibroblasts

What is the function of connective tissue

Binds and supports


Separate structures


Stores reserve energy

What is the function of muscular tissue?

Provides motion


maintains posture


generates heat

What's the classification of cardiac muscle?

Heart


Strained involuntary


Intercalated disc

What is the classification of smooth muscle

Walls of hallow structured


Nonstriated


Involentary

What is the classification of skeletal muscle

Attached to bone


Striated


Long cylindrical


Voluntary controlled

Neurons

structural and functional units of the nervous system

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the composition of connective tissue?

Mostly fibroblasts

What is the function of connective tissue

Binds and supports


Separate structures


Stores reserve energy

What is the function of muscular tissue?

Provides motion


maintains posture


generates heat

What's the classification of cardiac muscle?

Heart


Strained involuntary


Intercalated disc

What is the classification of smooth muscle

Walls of hallow structured


Nonstriated


Involentary

What is the classification of skeletal muscle

Attached to bone


Striated


Long cylindrical


Voluntary controlled

Neurons

structural and functional units of the nervous system

Neuroglia

Protects and supports neurons

What is the Characteristics of connective tissue?

Lots of matrix


Few cells


do not occur on free surfaces


High vascularized and has a nerve supply

What is the composition of connective tissue?

Mostly fibroblasts

What is the function of connective tissue

Binds and supports


Separate structures


Stores reserve energy

What is the function of muscular tissue?

Provides motion


maintains posture


generates heat

What's the classification of cardiac muscle?

Heart


Strained involuntary


Intercalated disc

What is the classification of smooth muscle

Walls of hallow structured


Nonstriated


Involentary

What is the classification of skeletal muscle

Attached to bone


Striated


Long cylindrical


Voluntary controlled

Neurons

structural and functional units of the nervous system

Neuroglia

Protects and supports neurons

When does Mitosis of nervous tissue occurred?

In embryos

Mucous membranes

Line digestive respiratory and urinary system and reproductive

Mucous membranes

Line digestive respiratory and urinary system and reproductive

What is the function of mucous membrane

Barrier to keep microbes out


Lubricate food


Traps particles in respiratory track


secretes digestive enzymes

Mucous membranes

Line digestive respiratory and urinary system and reproductive

What is the function of mucous membrane

Barrier to keep microbes out


Lubricate food


Traps particles in respiratory track


secretes digestive enzymes

What sort of tissue does mucous membrane contain

Epithelial and connective

Mucous membranes

Line digestive respiratory and urinary system and reproductive

What is the function of mucous membrane

Barrier to keep microbes out


Lubricate food


Traps particles in respiratory track


secretes digestive enzymes

What sort of tissue does mucous membrane contain

Epithelial and connective

What are serous membrane?

Line cavities that do not open to the exterior and covers organs that lie in those cavities

Mucous membranes

Line digestive respiratory and urinary system and reproductive

What is the function of mucous membrane

Barrier to keep microbes out


Lubricate food


Traps particles in respiratory track


secretes digestive enzymes

What sort of tissue does mucous membrane contain

Epithelial and connective

What are serous membrane?

Line cavities that do not open to the exterior and covers organs that lie in those cavities

What is the composition of serous membrane?

Parietal layer


Visceral layer

What is the Serous membrane function?

Secretes a lubricating fluid called serous fluid allows organs to Glide past one another

What are some examples of serous membrane?

Pleura- lines thoroughly cavity and lungs


Pericardium- surrounds heart


Peritoneum -Lines the abdominal cavity and organs

What are some examples of serous membrane?

Pleura- lines thoroughly cavity and lungs


Pericardium- surrounds heart


Peritoneum -Lines the abdominal cavity and organs

what makes up the composition of synovial membrane?

Areolar connective tissue


Elastic fibers


Fats

What are some examples of serous membrane?

Pleura- lines thoroughly cavity and lungs


Pericardium- surrounds heart


Peritoneum -Lines the abdominal cavity and organs

what makes up the composition of synovial membrane?

Areolar connective tissue


Elastic fibers


Fats

Function of synovial membrane?

Lubricates and nourishes cartilages.

What are some examples of serous membrane?

Pleura- lines thoroughly cavity and lungs


Pericardium- surrounds heart


Peritoneum -Lines the abdominal cavity and organs

what makes up the composition of synovial membrane?

Areolar connective tissue


Elastic fibers


Fats

Function of synovial membrane?

Lubricates and nourishes cartilages.

Bursae

Cushioning sacs between tendons