Anatomy & Physiology 1 - Lesson 1

Front 1

Define the terms Anatomy & Physiology

Back 1

Anatomy is the science of body structure;
Physiology is the study of body function.

Front 2

Discuss the six levels of organisation in the human body.

Back 2

Chemical: atoms combine to form molecules;
Cellular: atoms and molecules associate to form cells;
Tissue: cells associate to form specific functions;
Organ: tissues organised into organs;
Organ System: group of tissues and organs that together have a specific function ie skeletal system;
Organism: group of organ systems functioning in a coordinated and precise way.

Front 3

Briefly discuss an organ system and name all eleven.

Back 3

An organ system is a group of tissues and organs that have a specific function ie

Skeletal; Muscular; Cardiovascular; Nervous; Endocrine; Lymphatic; Integumentary; Respiratory; Reproductive; Digestive; Urinary

Front 4

Briefly describe the Integumentary, Skeletal & Muscular systems. (ISM)

Back 4

Integumentary: skin and structures (hair, nails...)
Skeletal: bones and cartilage;
Muscular: enables movement.

Front 5

Briefly describe the Nervous, Endocrine & Cardiovascular systems. (NEC)

Back 5

Nervous: brain, spinal cord, sense organs, nerves. regulates other systems;
Endocrine: glands & tissues that release hormones (chemical messengers);
Cardiovascular: includes heart and blood vessels.

Front 6

Briefly describe the Digestive, Respiratory & Lymphatic systems. (DRooL)

Back 6

Digestive: digestive tract and glands for secretion of digestive juices into tract;
Respiratory: Lungs and air passageways;
Lymphatic: vessels, lymph nodes, other lymph structures. Defends body against disease.

Front 7

Briefly describe the Urinary and Reproductive systems.

Back 7

Urinary: main excretory. Kidneys remove waste and excess materials from blood and produce urine.
Reproductive: gonads and associated structures.

Front 8

Discuss the four important groups of organic compounds in the human body.

Back 8

CARBOHYDRATES: sugars and starches. used as fuel molecules. store energy.
LIPIDS: fats, compounds that store energy. phospholipids, components of cell membranes. male and female sex hormones are important lipids known as steroids.
PROTEINS: large complex molecules, subunits called amino acids.
NUCLEIC ACID: large complex compounds. contain hereditary information in DNA & RNA.

Front 9

Briefly discuss homeostasis.

Back 9

Homeostasis is the body working to maintain an appropriate internal environment within a steady state. The body must maintain a balanced concentration of nutrients, oxygens and various other chemical compounds.

Front 10

Discuss what happens when a stressor disrupts homeostasis.

Back 10

A stressor causes stress to the body and interrupts homeostasis ie eating too much sugar will raise the blood sugar above the homeostatic level. This stress activates a mechanism that will bring levels back to normal.

Front 11

How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback in a homeostatic mechanism?

Back 11

Positive feedback intensifies the change as in labour by pushing the head against the cervix causing uterus to contract. Negative feedback response counteracts the change ie high temperature will use negative feedback to bring condition back to normal.

Front 12

Discuss the implications of a homeostatic imbalance.

Back 12

When homeostatic mechanisms are unable to manage stress, the stress may lead to a malfunction which can cause disease or even death.

Front 13

Describe the anatomical position of the human body.

Back 13

Standing erect, eyes looking forward, arms at the sides, palms and toes directed forward.

Front 14

Differ between proximal and distal and use these terms to locate the heart in relation to the brain.

Back 14

Proximal: closer to the body;
Distal: further from the body.

The heart is proximal to the brain.
The brain is distal to the heart.

Front 15

Differ between superior (cranial) and inferior and use these terms to locate the heart in relation to the stomach.

Back 15

Superior: top of the head;
Inferior: soles of the feet.

The heart is superior to the stomach.
The stomach is inferior to the heart.

Front 16

Differ between anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) and use these terms to locate the vertebral column in relation to the stomach.

Back 16

Anterior: front;
Posterior: back.

The vertebral column is posterior to the stomach.
The stomach is anterior to the vertebral column.

Front 17

Differ between medial and lateral and use these terms to locate the navel in relation to the hip bone.

Back 17

Medial: closer to midline;
Lateral: towards one side of body.

The navel is medial to the hip-bone.
The hip-bone is lateral to the navel.

Front 18

Distinguish between sagittal, transverse and frontal planes.

Back 18

Sagittal: right and left parts;
Transverse: superior and inferior parts;
Frontal: anterior and posterior parts.

Front 19

Briefly discuss the two main body cavities.

Back 19

Dorsal cavity: contains cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral canal (spine);
Ventral cavity: contains thoracic cavity and abdomino-pelvic cavity;
Separated by diaphragm;

Front 20

Briefly discuss the divisions of the thoracic cavity.

Back 20

Pleural Cavities: lungs;
Mediastinum: heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, parts of eosophagus and trachea.

Front 21

Briefly discuss the divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Back 21

Abdominal cavity: stomach, sml intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, ureters.
Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, parts of lge intestine, female reproductive organs.

Front 22

Name the regions and quadrants.

Back 22

Right upper; left upper; right lower; left lower quadrants.