Anatomy &physiolgy Nervous System

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Chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood. Slow communication.

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Endocrine System

Front 2

electrical and chemical signals. It transmit messages from cell to cell. Fast communication

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Nervous system

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Afferent. they receive external stimuli and transmit messages to spinal cord and brain.

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Sense organs

Front 4

Processes information, determine appropriate response and issue commands to effectors (muscles and glands)

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Brain & Spinal Cord

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Musicle and gland cells, carry out response

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Effectors

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Central Nervous System is made up of

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Brain and Spinal cord. Enclosed by cranium and vertebral column

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Peripheral nervous system is comprised of:

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all other nerves and ganglia of nervous system

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Nerve fibers bundles wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

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nerves

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knot-like swelling in nerve composed of many neuron cell bodies

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Ganglion

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Transmit sensory signals from various receptors to the CNS

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Function of Sensory Division of PNS

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Form receptors in skin, muscles, bones and joints.

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Sensory Division of PNS Somatic Sensory

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Form receptors in viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities (heart, lungs, stomach.

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Sensory Division of PNS Visceral Sensory Division

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The 3 Ways Nerves of the PNS are classified:

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1. How they are connected to the CNS
2. Direction of Nerve Progagation
3. The effectors they target

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Directs the contraction of Skeletal muscles

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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

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Controls the activities of organs, glands, and various involuntary muscles such as cardiac and smooth muscle.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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Name the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system:

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1. Sympathetic Nervous System
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Consists of myelinated axons of neurons in the CNS

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White Matter

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Consists of unmyelinated portions of neurons (cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals), unmyelinated neurons, and neuroglia in the CNS.

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Gray Matter

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Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

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Nuclei

Front 20

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS (not the basal ganglia, which are more appropriately called basal nuclei)

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Ganglia

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Fluid-filled cavities in the brain that form during early development. These tissues divide to become various components of the brain.

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Vesicles

Front 22

Interconnected cavities in the mature brain that originate from fluid-filled vesicles. Circulating fluid in these cavities provide nourishment for nervous tissue.

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Ventricles

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The circulating fluid in the ventricles that provide nourishment for nervous tissue is called:

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Cerebrospinal fluid

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Large tracts that emerge from certain regions of the brain. Their large size gives the appearance of supporting the structure from which they emerge. _____ means "little foot"

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Peduncles

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Transmits signals from CNS to muscles and and gland cells(effectors)

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Motor (Efferent) Neurons

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Transmits signals from skin and other sensory organs in the body TO central nervous system.

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Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

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Process, store, retrieve info and determine response to stimuli. Interconnect sensory pathways and motor pathways of CNS. Solely in CNS.

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interneurons (association) neurons

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Primary site for receiving signals from other neurons. The more of these a neuron has, the more information it can receive and incorporate into its decision making.

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Dendrites

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Provide exquisitely precise pathways for the reception and processing of neural information. Resemble bare branches of a tree in winter.

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Dendrites

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Nerve fiber that originates from the axon hillock.It's cylindrical and unbranched (except at distal end). Specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals to points remote from Soma.

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Axon

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Cytoplasm of axon is called:

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Axoplasm

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Plasma membrane of axon is called:

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Axolemma

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T or F, A neuron never has more than one axon?

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T

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The control center of the neuron

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Soma

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Swelling at distal end of axon, that forms a junction (synapse) with next cell.

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Synaptic Knob (terminal button)

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Insulating layer around axon nerve fiber

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Myelin Sheath

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The myelin sheath is formed by ____________ in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

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Oligodendrocytes