Anatomy One-Liners

Front 1

ANATOMY ONE-LINERS

Front 2

BACK:

Front 3

1.     Exaggerated over-curvature of thoracic area of vertebral column

Back 3

Kyphosis

Front 4

2.     Lateral deviation of vertebral column

Back 4

Scoliosis

Front 5

3.     Major feature of cervical vertebrae

Back 5

Transverse foramina

Front 6

4.     Structure which regionally determines vertebral movement

Back 6

Facet joints

Front 7

5.     Vertebra located at level of iliac crest

Back 7

L4

Front 8

6.     Ligament that connects internal surface of laminae of vertebrae

Back 8

Ligamentum flavum

Front 9

7.     Ligament that checks hyperextension of vertebral column

Back 9

Anterior longitudinal

Front 10

8.     Ligament affected by whiplash injury

Back 10

Anterior longitudinal

Front 11

9.     Ligament which limits skull rotation

Back 11

Alar

Front 12

10.  Defective portion of vertebra with spondylolisthesis in cervical area

Back 12

Pedicle

Front 13

11.  Defective portion of vertebra with spondylolisthesis in lumbar area

Back 13

Pars interarticularis, Lamina

Front 14

12.  Common direction of all superior articular facets of vertebrae

Back 14

Posterior

Front 15

13.  Structure in contact with posterior surface of dens

Back 15

Transverse ligament of atlas (part of cruciate)

Front 16

14.  Most commonly herniated intervertebral disc

Back 16

L4-5

Front 17

15.  Most common nerve compressed with herniated intervertebral disc

Back 17

L5

Front 18

16.  Spinal nerve affected by protrusion of the disc between C5/6

Back 18

C6

Front 19

17.  Spinal nerve affected with herniated disc at L3/L4

Back 19

L4

Front 20

18.  Thoracic intercostal space located deep to triangle of auscultation

Back 20

sixth

Front 21

19.  Vertebral level of lumbar puncture

Back 21

L4

Front 22

20.  Muscles which extend and side-bend the spine

Back 22

Erector spinae

Front 23

21.  Muscles which extend, ROTATE, and side-bend the spine

Back 23

Transversospinae

Front 24

22.  Innervation of suboccipital muscles

Back 24

Suboccipital nerve (Dorsal ramus C1)

Front 25

23.  Roof of suboccipital triangle

Back 25

Semispinalis capitis

Front 26

24.  Floor of suboccipital triangle

Back 26

Posterior arch of atlas; posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Front 27

25.  Major vessel within suboccipital triangle

Back 27

Vertebral artery

Front 28

26.  Synonym for dorsal ramus of C2

Back 28

Greater occipital nerve

Front 29

27.  Inferior extent of dura-arachnoid sac

Back 29

SV2

Front 30

28.  Inferior extent of spinal cord

Back 30

LV2

Front 31

29.  Location of internal vertebral plexus

Back 31

Epidural space

Front 32

UPPER LIMB:

Front 33

30.  Most frequently fractured bone of body

Back 33

Clavicle

Front 34

31.  Most frequently dislocated carpal bone

Back 34

Lunate

Front 35

32.  Most frequently fracture carpal bone

Back 35

Scaphoid

Front 36

33.  Osseous structure palpated deep to “anatomical snuff box”

Back 36

Scaphoid

Front 37

34.  Fracture of distal radius that produces “dinner fork” appearance

Back 37

Colle’s fracture

Front 38

35.  Nerve injured with fracture of surgical neck of humerus

Back 38

Axillary

Front 39

36.  Nerve injured with fracture of shaft of humerus

Back 39

Radial

Front 40

37.  Nerve injured that results in wrist drop

Back 40

Radial

Front 41

38.  Nerve injured with fracture of medial humeral epicondyle

Back 41

Ulnar

Front 42

39.  Muscle that is the chief flexor and chief extensor at shoulder joint

Back 42

Deltoid

Front 43

40.  Muscles innervated by axillary nerve

Back 43

Deltoid and teres minor

Front 44

41.  Muscle that initiates abduction of arm

Back 44

Supraspinatus

Front 45

42.  Most commonly torn tendon of rotator cuff

Back 45

Supraspinatus

Front 46

43.  Two muscles that rotate scapula for full abduction of arm

Back 46

Trapezius and serratus anterior

Front 47

44.  Tendon that courses through shoulder joint

Back 47

Long head of biceps

Front 48

45.  Chief supinator muscle of hand

Back 48

Biceps brachii

Front 49

46.  Primary (major) flexor of the forearm

Back 49

Brachialis

Front 50

47.  Orientation of structures located in the cubital fossa-Lateral to Medial

Back 50

Tendon biceps brachii, brachial a., median n.

Front 51

48.  Injury to what nerve causes winged scapula

Back 51

Long thoracic nerve

Front 52

49.  Spinal levels of axillary nerve

Back 52

C5 and C6

Front 53

50.  Spinal levels of innervation to muscles of the hand

Back 53

C8 and T1

Front 54

51.  Dermatome of thumb

Back 54

C6

Front 55

52.  Nerve to thenar compartment

Back 55

Recurrent branch of Median

Front 56

53.  Innervation of adductor pollicis

Back 56

Ulnar (deep br.)

Front 57

54.  Innervation to all interosseous muscles

Back 57

Ulnar (deep br.)

Front 58

55.  Innervation to nail bed of middle finger

Back 58

Median nerve

Front 59

56.  Innervation to nail bed of ring finger

Back 59

Ulnar and median

Front 60

57.  Region affected by upper trunk injury of brachial plexus (C5-C6)

Back 60

Shoulder

Front 61

58.  Region affected by lower trunk injury of brachial plexus (C8-T1)

Back 61

Intrinsic hand muscles

Front 62

59.  Nerve compressed with carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 62

Median

Front 63

60.  Nerve affected by cubital tunnel syndrome

Back 63

Ulnar

Front 64

61.  Paralysis of which muscles results in total “claw” hand

Back 64

Lumbricals

Front 65

LOWER LIMB:

Front 66

62.  Boundaries of femoral triangle

Back 66

Inguinal ligament, sartorius adductor longus

Front 67

63.  Structure immediately lateral to femoral sheath

Back 67

Femoral nerve

Front 68

64.  Structure immediately medial to femoral artery in femoral sheath

Back 68

Femoral vein

Front 69

65.  Contents of femoral canal

Back 69

Deep inguinal lymph nodes

Front 70

66.  Medial boundary of femoral ring

Back 70

Lacunar ligament

Front 71

67.  Structures that course throughout entire length of adductor canal

Back 71

Femoral artery and vein

Front 72

68.  Structures that course through only portion of adductor canal medialis, descending genicular vessels

Back 72

Saphenous nerve, nerve to vastus

Front 73

69.  Muscle that forms floor of popliteal fossa

Back 73

Popliteus

Front 74

70.  Muscle that is chief flexor at hip joint

Back 74

Iliopsoas

Front 75

71.  Muscle that prevents pelvis from tilting when walking

Back 75

Gluteus medius

Front 76

72.  Nerve affected when pelvis tilts to unsupported side during gait

Back 76

Superior gluteal n.

Front 77

73.  Muscles which extend the thigh and flex the leg

Back 77

Hamstrings

Front 78

74.  Muscle that extends leg

Back 78

Quadriceps femoris

Front 79

75.  Specific muscle that holds patella in place

Back 79

Vastus medialis

Front 80

76.  First portion of quadriceps femoris to atrophy with injury to femoral nerve

Back 80

Vastus medialis

Front 81

77.  Last portion of quadriceps femoris to recover following injury

Back 81

Vastus medialis

Front 82

78.  Muscle that unlocks knee joint

Back 82

Popliteus

Front 83

79.  Muscle affected with “foot slap”

Back 83

Tibialis anterior

Front 84

80.  Major spinal cord level of nerve affected causing foot slap

Back 84

L4

Front 85

81.  Chief invertors of foot

Back 85

Tibialis anterior and posterior

Front 86

82.  Chief evertors of foot

Back 86

Fibularis longus and brevis

Front 87

83.  Ligament that checks backward displacement of femur on tibia

Back 87

Anterior cruciate

Front 88

84.  Ligament laxity with positive valgus maneuver

Back 88

Medial collateral

Front 89

85.  Most commonly injured ankle ligament

Back 89

Anterior talofibular

Front 90

86.  Ligament stretched with “flat foot”

Back 90

Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring)

Front 91

87.  Joints for movements of inversion and eversion

Back 91

Subtalar and transverse Tarsal

Front 92

88.  Major artery to head of femur in adult

Back 92

Medial femoral circumflex

Front 93

89.  Nerve affected with fracture of head and neck of fibula

Back 93

Common fibular

Front 94

90.  Tendon affected with avulsion fracture of 5th metatarsal

Back 94

Fibularis brevis

Front 95

91.  Innervation of adductor magnus

Back 95

Obturator, tibial portion of Sciatic

Front 96

92.  Nerve affected with tarsal tunnel syndrome

Back 96

Tibial

Front 97

93.  Cutaneous innervation to medial side of foot

Back 97

Saphenous (L4)

Front 98

94.  Cutaneous innervation to lateral side of foot

Back 98

Sural (S1)

Front 99

95.  Cutaneous innervation of heel

Back 99

Tibial

Front 100

96.  Cutaneous innervation to dorsal aspect of web between toes 1 and 2

Back 100

Deep fibular

Front 101

97.  Cutaneous innervation of most of dorsum of foot

Back 101

Superficial fibular

Front 102

98.  Major dermatome to big toe

Back 102

L4

Front 103

99.  Dermatome to small toe

Back 103

S1

Front 104

100. Spinal level of patellar reflex

Back 104

L4

Front 105

101. Spinal level of Achilles reflex

Back 105

S1

Front 106

102. Locking of knee when walking suggests

Back 106

Meniscus injury

Front 107

103. Major injury triad with lateral impact to knee anterior cruciate ligament

Back 107

Medial collateral, medial meniscus and

Front 108

THORAX:

Front 109

104. Dermatome around nipple

Back 109

T4

Front 110

105. Vertebral level at inferior angle of scapula

Back 110

TV7

Front 111

106. Structure that lies immediately posterior to manubrium

Back 111

Thymus

Front 112

107. Vertebral level associated with sternal angle

Back 112

Disc between TV4-5

Front 113

108. Rib related to oblique fissure of lung posteriorly

Back 113

2nd

Front 114

109. Rib paralleled by horizontal fissure of right lung

Back 114

4th

Front 115

110. Inferior extent of lung at mid-clavicular line

Back 115

6th rib

Front 116

111. Inferior extent of pleura at mid-clavicular line

Back 116

8th rib

Front 117

112. Inferior extent of lung at mid-axillary line

Back 117

8th rib

Front 118

113. Inferior extent of pleura at mid-axillary line

Back 118

10th rib

Front 119

114. Inferior extent of lung posteriorly

Back 119

10th rib

Front 120

115. Inferior extent of pleura posteriorly

Back 120

12th rib

Front 121

116. Innervation of costal pleura

Back 121

Intercostal nerve

Front 122

117. Innervation of mediastinal pleura

Back 122

Phrenic nerve

Front 123

118. Level where ascending aorta is continuous with arch of aorta

Back 123

TV4-5

Front 124

119. Level where arch of aorta is continuous with descending aorta

Back 124

TV4-5

Front 125

120. Effect of sympathetic nerves on lungs

Back 125

Bronchodilation, Vasoconstriction

Front 126

121. Effect of parasympathetic nerves on lungs

Back 126

Bronchoconstriction, Vasodilation

Front 127

122. Rationale for aspirated small objects to go to right primary bronchus

Back 127

Wider diameter, shorter, more vertical

Front 128

123. Needle location for therapeutic pleural tapping

Back 128

Superior to 12th rib, posteriorly

Front 129

124. Name given to portion of right ventricle prior to beginning of pulmonary trunk

Back 129

conus arteriosum or infundibulum

Front 130

125. Site for auscultation of pulmonary valve

Back 130

Left 2nd interspace

Front 131

126. Site for auscultation of aortic valve

Back 131

Right 2nd interspace

Front 132

127. Site for auscultation of tricuspid valve

Back 132

Xiphisternal joint

Front 133

128. Site for auscultation of mitral valve

Back 133

Left 5th interspace, mid-clavicular line

Front 134

129. Heart chamber with greatest sternocostal projection

Back 134

Right ventricle

Front 135

130. Chamber that forms apex of heart

Back 135

Left ventricle

Front 136

131. Major chamber that forms base of heart

Back 136

Left atrium

Front 137

132. Heart chamber that contains moderator band

Back 137

Right ventricle

Front 138

133. Ridge located between sinus venarum and right ventricle

Back 138

Cristae terminalis at the root of the SVC

Front 139

134. Artery that determines coronary dominance

Back 139

Posterior interventricular

Front 140

135. Usual origin of SA and AV nodal arteries

Back 140

Right coronary artery

Front 141

136. Location of SA node

Back 141

Cristae terminalis

Front 142

137. Major vessel that drains the musculature of the heart

Back 142

Coronary sinus

Front 143

138. Innervation of fibrous pericardium

Back 143

Phrenic nerve (C3-5)

Front 144

139. Most common cause of systolic ejection murmur

Back 144

Aortic stenosis

Front 145

140. Rib associated with sternal angle

Back 145

Second rib

Front 146

141. Location of ductus arteriosus

Back 146

Between left pulmonary artery and aorta

Front 147

142. Nerve potentially injured with repair of patent ductus arteriosus

Back 147

Left recurrent laryngeal Nerve

Front 148

143. Veins that unite to form brachiocephalic

Back 148

Subclavian and internal Jugular

Front 149

144. Veins that unite to form superior vena cava

Back 149

Right and left Brachiocephalic

Front 150

145. Termination of azygos vein

Back 150

Superior vena cava

Front 151

146. Structures that lie to right and left of thoracic duct

Back 151

Azygos veins, aorta (V–D–A)

Front 152

147. Spinal levels of greater splanchnic nerve

Back 152

T5-9

Front 153

148. Spinal levels of lesser splanchnic nerve

Back 153

T10-11

Front 154

149. Spinal levels of least splanchnic nerve

Back 154

T12

Front 155

150. Thoracic structures that can compress the esophagus

Back 155

Left bronchus, aorta and Diaphragm

Front 156

151. Disease often associated with thymoma

Back 156

Myasthenia gravis

Front 157

ABDOMEN:

Front 158

152. Dermatome to umbilical area

Back 158

T10

Front 159

153. Dermatome to suprapubic area

Back 159

L1

Front 160

154. Vertebral level associated with origin of celiac artery

Back 160

T12

Front 161

155. Vertebral level associated with origin of SMA

Back 161

L1

Front 162

156. Vertebral level associated with origin of renal arteries

Back 162

L2

Front 163

157. Vertebral level associated with origin of gonadal arteries

Back 163

L2

Front 164

158. Vertebral level associated with origin of IMA

Back 164

L3

Front 165

159. Vertebral level of umbilicus

Back 165

Disc L3-4

Front 166

160. Vertebral level of aortic bifurcation

Back 166

L4

Front 167

161. Vertebral level for formation of IVC

Back 167

L5

Front 168

162. Spinal levels to muscles of anterior abdominal wall

Back 168

T7 – L1

Front 169

163. Structure that forms superficial inguinal ring

Back 169

Aponeurosis of external oblique

Front 170

164. Structure that forms deep inguinal ring

Back 170

Transversalis fascia

Front 171

165. Structure that forms floor of inguinal canal

Back 171

Inguinal ligament

Front 172

166. Bony attachments of inguinal ligament

Back 172

ASIS and pubic tubercle

Front 173

167. Structures that form conjoint tendon

Back 173

Internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Front 174

168. Abdominal layer continuous with external spermatic fascia

Back 174

External oblique

Front 175

169. Abdominal layer continuous with cremasteric fascia

Back 175

Internal oblique

Front 176

170. Abdominal layer continuous with internal spermatic fascia

Back 176

Transversalis fascia

Front 177

171. Structure that lies between protrusion sites of direct and indirect inguinal hernias

Back 177

Inferior epigastric vessels

Front 178

172. Type of hernia that enters deep inguinal ring

Back 178

Indirect inguinal

Front 179

173. Most common type of hernia

Back 179

Indirect inguinal

Front 180

174. Most common side for indirect inguinal hernia

Back 180

Right

Front 181

175. Type of hernia that protrudes through Hesselbach’s triangle

Back 181

Direct inguinal

Front 182

176. Boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle inferior epigastric artery and vein

Back 182

Inguinal ligament, rectus abdominis,

Front 183

177. Type of hernia that traverses both deep and superficial rings

Back 183

Indirect inguinal

Front 184

178. Condition in which fluid accumulates in processus vaginalis

Back 184

Hydrocele

Front 185

179. Communication between greater and lesser sacs

Back 185

Epiploic foramen

Front 186

180. Superior border of epiploic foramen

Back 186

Caudate lobe of liver

Front 187

181. Inferior border of epiploic foramen

Back 187

Part one of duodenum

Front 188

182. Posterior border of epiploic foramen

Back 188

IVC

Front 189

183. Ligament that contains portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

Back 189

Hepatoduodenal (lesser omentum)

Front 190

184. Structure that limits spread of ascitic fluid superiorly from left paracolic gutter

Back 190

Phrenicocolic ligament

Front 191

185. Structure that limits spread of ascitic fluid inferiorly from right infracolic compartment

Back 191

Root of the mesentery

Front 192

186. Superior extent of right paracolic gutter

Back 192

Hepatorenal recess

Front 193

187. Most inferior portion of peritoneal cavity

Back 193

Rectouterine pouch

Front 194

188. Structures supplied by celiac artery gallbladder, pancreas

Back 194

Stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen,

Front 195

189. Branches of celiac artery

Back 195

Left gastric, common hepatic and splenic

Front 196

190. Blood supply to stomach

Back 196

Right and left gastroepiploics and right, left and short gastric

Front 197

191. Major structures of bed of stomach

Back 197

Pancreas, spleen, left kidney and suprarenal gland, diaphragm

Front 198

192. Ducts that join to form common bile duct

Back 198

Cystic and common hepatic

Front 199

193. Structure that separates right and left lobes of liver

Back 199

Falciform ligament

Front 200

194. Remnant of umbilical vein

Back 200

Round ligament of liver

Front 201

195. Origin of cystic artery

Back 201

Right hepatic artery

Front 202

196. Ribs directly related to spleen

Back 202

Ribs 9-11

Front 203

197. Organs related to spleen

Back 203

Stomach, colon, left kidney, tail of pancreas

Front 204

198. Artery to small intestine

Back 204

SMA

Front 205

199. Organs supplied by both celiac and SMA

Back 205

Duodenum, pancreas

Front 206

200. Organs supplied by both SMA and IMA

Back 206

Transverse colon

Front 207

201. Vessel located posterior to head of pancreas

Back 207

IVC

Front 208

202. Vessel located posterior to neck of pancreas

Back 208

Portal vein

Front 209

203. Veins that unite to form portal vein

Back 209

Splenic and SMV

Front 210

204. Clinically important organs for portacaval anastomoses rectum

Back 210

Esophagus, rectum, liver, spleen

Front 211

205. Two structures that lie posterior to SMA near its origin

Back 211

Left renal vein, duodenum

Front 212

206. Three distinguishing features of the large intestine

Back 212

Tenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendages

Front 213

207. Termination of left gonadal vein

Back 213

Left renal vein

Front 214

208. Termination of right gonadal vein

Back 214

Inferior vena cava

Front 215

209. Location of initial pain of appendicitis

Back 215

Umbilical region

Front 216

210. Motor innervation of diaphragm

Back 216

Phrenic

Front 217

211. Sensory innervation of diaphragm

Back 217

Phrenic + intercostal

Front 218

212. Spinal levels of phrenic nerve

Back 218

C3-5

Front 219

213. Vertebral level that inferior vena cava traverses diaphragm

Back 219

T8

Front 220

214. Vertebral level that esophagus traverses diaphragm

Back 220

T10

Front 221

215. Structures that traverse diaphragm with esophagus

Back 221

Vagal trunks

Front 222

216. Vertebral level that aorta traverses diaphragm

Back 222

T12

Front 223

217. Structure that traverses diaphragm with aorta

Back 223

Thoracic duct

Front 224

218. Structure that traverses diaphragm through crura

Back 224

Greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves

Front 225

PELVIS AND PERINEUM:

Front 226

219. Structure that separates pelvis from perineum

Back 226

Pelvic diaphragm

Front 227

220. Two major components of pelvic diaphragm

Back 227

Levator ani and coccygeus

Front 228

221. Two major components of levator ani

Back 228

Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

Front 229

222. Two muscles which close lateral pelvic wall

Back 229

Obturator internus and piriformis

Front 230

223. Means by which obturator internus exits pelvis

Back 230

Lesser sciatic foramen

Front 231

224. Means by which piriformis exits pelvis

Back 231

Greater sciatic foramen

Front 232

225. Innervation of detrusor

Back 232

Pelvic splanchnics (S2-4)

Front 233

226. Innervation of trigone

Back 233

Sympathetics (Pregang. lesser, least, lumbar splanchnic nn.)T11-L2;

Front 234

227. Innervation of sphincter urethrae

Back 234

Pudendal n. (S 2,3,4)

Front 235

228. Remnants of umbilical arteries

Back 235

Medial umbilical ligaments

Front 236

229. Provides major vasculature to pelvic organs

Back 236

Internal iliac

Front 237

230. Chief artery to rectal mucosa

Back 237

Superior rectal

Front 238

231. Chief artery to rectal muscular wall

Back 238

Middle rectal

Front 239

232. Most common type of pelvic inlet in females

Back 239

Gynecoid

Front 240

233. Two remnants of gubernaculum in females

Back 240

Ovarian and round ligament

Front 241

234. Ligament that contains ovarian vessels

Back 241

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Front 242

235. Cavity into which ova immediately escape the ovary

Back 242

Peritoneal

Front 243

236. Lymphatic drainage for ovary and testes

Back 243

Lumbar nodes (para-aortic)

Front 244

237. Normal position of uterus

Back 244

Anterverted, anteflexed

Front 245

238. Name given to orientation where uterus and vagina intersect at angle of 90 degrees

Back 245

Anteversion

Front 246

239. Name given to orientation where uterine body and cervix intersect at angle of 10-15 degrees

Back 246

Anteflexion

Front 247

240. Chief uterine support

Back 247

Pubococcygeus

Front 248

241. Ligament that contains uterine vessels

Back 248

Lateral cervical

Front 249

242. Structure potentially injured with hysterectomy

Back 249

Ureter

Front 250

243. Relation of ureter to uterine artery

Back 250

Inferior and posterior

Front 251

244. Structure that separates deep and superficial perineal spaces

Back 251

Perineal membrane

Front 252

245. Bony landmarks between anal and UG triangles

Back 252

Ischial tuberosities

Front 253

246. Structure forming lateral wall of ischioanal fossa

Back 253

Fascia of obturator Internus

Front 254

247. Structure that forms the pudendal canal

Back 254

Fascia of obturator Internus

Front 255

248. Structure that separates internal and external hemorrhoids

Back 255

Pectinate line

Front 256

249. Lymphatic drainage for area superior to pectinate line of anal canal

Back 256

Internal iliac, inferior mesenteric nodes

Front 257

250. Lymphatic drainage for area inferior to pectinate line of anal canal

Back 257

Superficial inguinal nodes

Front 258

251. Lymphatic drainage for glans penis

Back 258

Deep inguinal nodes

Front 259

252. Muscle which compresses the bulb of penis

Back 259

Bulbospongiosus

Front 260

253. Muscle which compresses the crus of penis

Back 260

Ischiocavernosus

Front 261

254. Nerves of erection

Back 261

Pelvic splanchnic, nervi erigentes (S 2,3,4)

Front 262

255. Muscles which meet at the perineal body

Back 262

Superficial and deep perineal, bulbospongiosus, external anal sphincter, pubococcygeus

Front 263

256. Major structure of deep perineal space

Back 263

Sphincter urethrae

Front 264

HEAD AND NECK:

Front 265

257. Vertebral level of hyoid bone

Back 265

CV3

Front 266

258. Vertebral level of thyroid cartilage

Back 266

CV4,5

Front 267

259. Vertebral level of cricoid cartilage

Back 267

CV6

Front 268

260. Muscles that are innervated by CN XI

Back 268

Trapezius, SCM

Front 269

261. Structures that course between anterior and middle scalene

Back 269

Brachial plexus, subclavian artery

Front 270

262. Innervation of omohyoid, sternohyoid and sternothyroid

Back 270

Ansa cervicalis (C1-3 ventral rami)

Front 271

263. Innervation of digastric

Back 271

Anterior belly = CN V Posterior belly = CN VII

Front 272

264. Innervation of carotid sinus and carotid body

Back 272

CN IX, CN X

Front 273

265. Major structures to pass through pharyngeal wall superior to superior constrictor

Back 273

Auditory tube, levator veli palatini

Front 274

266. Nerves of pharyngeal plexus

Back 274

CN IX (mucosa), CN X (musculature), Sympathetics (vasomotor)

Front 275

267. Only muscle innervated by CN IX

Back 275

Stylopharyngeus

Front 276

268. Structures that pierce thyrohyoid membrane

Back 276

Internal laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal artery

Front 277

269. Only muscle to abduct vocal cords

Back 277

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Front 278

270. Innervation of cricothyroid

Back 278

External laryngeal nerve

Front 279

271. Innervation of laryngeal muscles exclusive of cricothyroid

Back 279

Recurrent laryngeal

Front 280

272. Muscle that increases tension on vocal cords

Back 280

Cricothyroid

Front 281

273. Sensory nerve to larynx superior to vocal cords

Back 281

Internal laryngeal

Front 282

274. Sensory nerve to larynx inferior to vocal cords

Back 282

Recurrent laryngeal

Front 283

275. Site of aspirated lodged fishbone

Back 283

Piriform recess

Front 284

276. Afferent and efferent limbs of gag reflex

Back 284

CN IX – CN X

Front 285

277. Afferent and efferent limbs of cough reflex

Back 285

CN X – CN X

Front 286

278. Nerve at risk when performing thyroidectomy

Back 286

Lt & Rt recurrent laryngeal nerves

Front 287

279. Nerve injury that causes hoarseness following thyroid surgery

Back 287

Recurrent laryngeal

Front 288

280. Chief structures that traverse internal acoustic meatus

Back 288

CN VII and VIII

Front 289

281. Foramen where CN VII exits skull

Back 289

Stylomastoid foramen

Front 290

282. Major arterial supply to calvaria and supratentorial dura

Back 290

Middle meningeal

Front 291

283. Major cutaneous nerve of face

Back 291

CN V

Front 292

284. Major artery to internal structures of head

Back 292

Maxillary

Front 293

285. Spinal levels of sympathetic fibers to head

Back 293

T1 – 2

Front 294

286. Autonomic ganglia for CN III

Back 294

Ciliary

Front 295

287. Sensory ganglia for CN VII

Back 295

Geniculate

Front 296

288. Autonomic ganglia for CN VII

Back 296

PPG and submandibular

Front 297

289. Autonomic ganglia for CN IX

Back 297

Otic

Front 298

290. Muscle attached to disc of TMJ

Back 298

Lateral pterygoid

Front 299

291. Muscle that retracts mandible

Back 299

Temporalis

Front 300

292. Major nerve to TMJ (pain)

Back 300

Auriculotemporal (V3)

Front 301

293. Specific nerves that elicit secretion from the parotid gland

Back 301

Tympanic branch of CN IX and lesser petrosal

Front 302

294. Branch of CN V that carries parasympathetics to parotid

Back 302

Auriculotemporal (V3)

Front 303

295. Structure that opens into superior meatus of nasal cavity

Back 303

Posterior ethmoid sinus

Front 304

296. Structures that open into middle meatus of nasal cavity

Back 304

Frontal, maxillary, anterior and middle ethmoid sinuses

Front 305

297. Structure that opens into inferior meatus of nasal cavity

Back 305

Nasolacrimal duct

Front 306

298. Major artery to nasal cavity

Back 306

Sphenopalatine

Front 307

299. Most common site of nose bleed

Back 307

Kiesselbach’s plexus

Front 308

300. Innervation of levator veli palatini

Back 308

CN X

Front 309

301. Muscle that opens auditory tube

Back 309

Tensor veli palatini

Front 310

302. Innervation of tensor veli palatini

Back 310

CN V3

Front 311

303. Nerve that provides taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Back 311

Chorda tympani

Front 312

304. Site of cell bodies for nerve that carries taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Back 312

Geniculate ganglion

Front 313

305. Specific nerve that elicits secretion from submandibular gland

Back 313

Chorda tympani

Front 314

306. Branch of CN V that carries parasympathetic to submandibular

Back 314

Lingual

Front 315

307. Nerve injured when tonsilar pillars sag and uvula deviates

Back 315

CN X

Front 316

308. Nerve potentially injured with tonsillectomy

Back 316

CN IX

Front 317

309. Muscle that protrudes tongue

Back 317

Genioglossus

Front 318

310. Nerve injured when deviation of protruded tongue

Back 318

Ipsilateral CN XII

Front 319

311. Specific nerve that stimulates tear production

Back 319

Greater petrosal CN VII

Front 320

312. Sensory nerve to cornea

Back 320

CN V1 (nasociliary)

Front 321

313. Muscle that elevates and abducts eye

Back 321

Inferior oblique

Front 322

314. Muscle that depresses and abducts eye

Back 322

Superior oblique

Front 323

315. Site of preganglionic nerve cells that elicits dilation of pupil

Back 323

Lateral horn, T1 - 2

Front 324

316. Site of postganglionic nerve cells that elicits dilation of pupil

Back 324

Superior cervical ganglion

Front 325

317. Site of preganglionic nerve cells that elicits constriction of pupil

Back 325

Edinger-Westphal

Front 326

318. Site of postganglionic nerve cells that elicits constriction of pupil

Back 326

Ciliary ganglion

Front 327

319. Innervation of external surface of tympanic membrane

Back 327

Auriculotemporal(V3),CN X

Front 328

320. Innervation of internal surface of tympanic membrane

Back 328

CN IX

Front 329

Basic Pharmacokinetics

Front 330

Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value; this is a constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)

Back 330

Half-life (T1/2)

Front 333

Relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration

Back 333

Volume of distribution (VD)

Front 335

Plasma concentration of a drug at a given time

Back 335

Cp

Front 337

The ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration

Back 337

Clearance (CL)

Front 339

The elimination of drug that occurs before it reaches the systemic circulation

Back 339

First pass effect

Front 341

The fraction of administered dose of a drug that reaches systemic circulation

Back 341

Bioavailability (F)

Front 343

When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination

Back 343

Steady state

Front 345

Metabolism

Front 346

This step of metabolism makes a drug more hydrophilic and hence augments elimination

Back 346

Phase I

Front 348

Different steps of Phase I

Back 348

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Front 350

Inducers of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)

Back 350

Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin

Front 352

Inhibitors of CYP450

Back 352

Cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, isoniazid and grapefruit

Front 354

Products of Phase II conjugation

Back 354

Glucuronate, acetic acid, and glutathione sulfate

Front 356

Type of kinetics when a constant percentage of substrate is metabolized per unit time

Back 356

First order kinetics

Front 358

Drug elimination with a constant amount metabolized regardless of drug concentration

Back 358

Zero order kinetics

Front 360

Target plasma concentration times (volume of distribution divided by bioavailability)

Back 360

Loading dose (Cp*(Vd/F))

Front 362

Concentration in the plasma times (clearance divided by bioavailability)

Back 362

Maintenance dose (Cp*(CL/F))

Front 365

Pharmacodynamics

Front 366

Strength of interaction between drug and its receptor

Back 366

Affinity

Front 368

Selectivity of a drug for its receptor

Back 368

Specificity

Front 370

Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biologic effect

Back 370

Potency

Front 372

Ability of drug to produce a biologic effect

Back 372

Efficacy

Front 374

Ability of a drug to produce 100% of the maximum response regardless of the potency

Back 374

Full agonist

Front 376

Ability to produce less than 100% of the response

Back 376

Partial agonist

Front 378

Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system

Back 378

Competitive antagonist

Front 380

Class of drugs with ability to decrease the maximal response to an agonist

Back 380

Noncompetitive antagonist

Front 382

A hormone whose mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors

Back 382

Thyroid and steroid hormones

Front 384

A hormone whose MOA utilizes transmembrane receptors

Back 384

Insulin

Front 386

Class of drugs whose MOA utilizes ligand gated ion channels

Back 386

Benzodiazepines and calcium channel blockers

Front 388

Median effective dose required for an effect in 50% of the population

Back 388

ED50

Front 390

Median toxic dose required for a toxic effect in 50% of the population

Back 390

TD50

Front 392

Dose which is lethal to 50% of the population

Back 392

LD50

Front 394

Window between therapeutic effect and toxic effect

Back 394

Therapeutic index

Front 396

Term for a high margin of safety

Back 396

High therapeutic index

Front 398

Term for a narrow margin of safety

Back 398

Low therapeutic index

Front 400

Antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 401

Antidote used for lead poisoning

Back 401

Dimercaprol, EDTA

Front 403

Antidote used for cyanide poisoning

Back 403

Nitrites

Front 405

Antidote used for anticholinergic poisoning

Back 405

Physostigmine

Front 407

Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning

Back 407

Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)

Front 409

Antidote used for iron salt toxicity

Back 409

Deferoxamine

Front 411

Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity

Back 411

N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

Front 413

Antidote for arsenic, mercury, lead, and gold poisoning

Back 413

Dimercaprol

Front 415

Antidote used in poisonings: copper (Wilson's disease), lead, mercury, and arsenic

Back 415

Penicillamine

Front 417

Antidote used for heparin overdose

Back 417

Protamine

Front 419

Antidote used for warfarin toxicity

Back 419

Vitamin K and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

Front 421

Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase

Back 421

Aminocaproic acid

Front 423

Antidote used for methanol and ethylene glycol

Back 423

Ethanol or fomepizole

Front 425

Antidote used for opioid toxicity

Back 425

Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)

Front 427

Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity

Back 427

Flumazenil

Front 429

Antidote used for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Back 429

Sodium bicarbonate

Front 431

Antidote used for carbon monoxide poisoning

Back 431

100% O2 and hyperbaric O2

Front 433

Antidote used for digitalis toxicity

Back 433

Digibind (also need to d/c digoxin, normalize K+, and lidocaine if pt. Is arrhythmic)

Front 435

Antidote used for beta agonist toxicity (eg. Metaproterenol)

Back 435

Esmolol

Front 437

Antidote for methotrexate toxicity

Back 437

Leucovorin

Front 439

Antidote for beta-blockers and hypoglycemia

Back 439

Glucagon

Front 441

Antidote useful for some drug induced Torsade de pointes

Back 441

Magnesium sulfate

Front 443

Antidote for hyperkalemia

Back 443

sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

Front 445

Antidote for salicylate intoxication

Back 445

Alkalinize urine, dialysis

Front 447

Cancer Chemotherapy

Front 448

Constant proportion of cell population killed rather than a constant number

Back 448

Log-kill hypothesis

Front 450

Treatment with cancer chemotherapy at high doses every 3-4 weeks, too toxic to be used continuously

Back 450

Pulse therapy

Front 452

Toxic effect of anticancer drug can be lessened by rescue agents

Back 452

Rescue therapy

Front 454

Drug used concurrently with toxic anticancer agents to reduce renal precipitation of urates

Back 454

Allopurinol

Front 456

Pyrimidine analog that causes "Thymine-less death" given with leucovorin rescue

Back 456

5-flouracil (5-FU)

Front 458

Drug used in cancer therapy causes Cushing-like symptoms

Back 458

Prednisone

Front 460

Side effect of Mitomycin

Back 460

SEVERE myelosuppression

Front 462

MOA of cisplatin

Back 462

Alkylating agent

Front 464

Common toxicities of cisplatin

Back 464

Nephro and ototoxicity

Front 466

Analog of hypoxanthine, needs HGPRTase for activation

Back 466

6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)

Front 468

Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP

Back 468

Allopurinol

Front 470

May protect against doxorubicin toxicity by scavenging free radicals

Back 470

Dexrazoxane

Front 472

Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis

Back 472

Bleomycin

Front 474

Bleomycin+vinblastine+etoposide+cisplatin produce almost a 100% response when all agents are used for this neoplasm

Back 474

Testicular cancer

Front 478

ABVD regimen used for HD, but appears less likely to cause sterility and secondary malignancies than MOPP

Back 478

Adriamycin (doxorubicin) +bleomycin, vinblastine +dacarbazine

Front 480

Regimen used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 480

CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) plus rituximab

Front 482

Regimen used for breast cancer

Back 482

CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) and tamoxifen if ER+

Front 484

Alkylating agent, vesicant that causes tissue damage with extravasation

Back 484

Mechlorethamine

Front 486

Anticancer drug also used in RA, produces acrolein in urine that leads to hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 486

Cyclophosphamide

Front 488

Prevention of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 488

Hydration and mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA)

Front 490

Microtubule inhibitor that causes peripheral neuropathy, foot drop (eg. ataxia), and "pins and needles" sensation

Back 490

Vincristine

Front 492

Interact with microtubules (but unlike vinca which prevent disassembly of tubules), it stabilizes tubulin and cells remain frozen in metaphase

Back 492

Paclitaxel (taxol)

Front 494

Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, leading to a severe interaction with aminoglycosides

Back 494

Cisplatin

Front 496

Agent similar to cisplatin, less nephrotoxic, but greater myelosuppression

Back 496

Carboplatin

Front 498

Converts asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, denies cancer cells of essential AA (asparagine)

Back 498

L-asparaginase

Front 500

Used for hairy cell leukemia; it stimulates NK cells

Back 500

Interferon alpha

Front 502

Anti-androgen used for prostate cancer

Back 502

Flutamide (Eulexin)

Front 504

Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer

Back 504

Tamoxifen

Front 506

Aromatase inhibitor used in breast cancer

Back 506

Letrozole, anastrozole

Front 508

Newer estrogen receptor antagonist used in advanced breast cancer

Back 508

Toremifene (Fareston)

Front 510

Some cell cycle specific anti-cancer drugs

Back 510

Bleomycin, vinca alkaloids, antimetabolites (eg., 5-FU, 6-MP, methotrexate, etoposide)

Front 512

Some cell cycle non-specific drugs

Back 512

Alkylating agents (eg., mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide), antibiotics (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), cisplatin, nitrosourea

Front 514

Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonists

Back 514

Odansetron, granisetron

Front 516

Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors

Back 516

Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)

Front 518

Produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol

Back 518

Procarbazine

Front 520

Endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 521

Somatostatin (SRIF) analog used for acromegaly, carcinoid, glucagonoma and other GH producing pituitary tumors

Back 521

Octreotide

Front 523

Somatotropin (GH) analog used in GH deficiency (dwarfism)

Back 523

Somatrem

Front 525

GHRH analog used as diagnostic agent

Back 525

Sermorelin

Front 527

GnRH agonist used for infertility or different types of CA depending on pulsatile or steady usage respectively

Back 527

Leuprolide

Front 529

GnRH antagonist with more immediate effects, used for infertility

Back 529

Ganirelix

Front 531

Dopamine (DA) agonist (for Parkinson's disease), used also for hyperprolactinemia

Back 531

Bromocriptine

Front 533

Hormone inhibiting prolactin release

Back 533

Dopamine

Front 535

ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality

Back 535

Cosyntropin

Front 537

Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis

Back 537

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Front 539

SE of OCs

Back 539

Increased thromboembolic events

Front 541

Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs

Front 542

Most widely used thyroid drugs such as Synthroid and Levoxyl contain

Back 542

L-thyroxine (T4)

Front 544

T3 compound less widely used

Back 544

Cytomel

Front 546

Anti-thyroid drugs

Back 546

Thioamides, iodides, radioactive iodine, and ipodate

Front 548

Thioamide agents used in hyperthyroidism

Back 548

Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)

Front 550

Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy

Back 550

PTU

Front 552

PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA

Back 552

Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking iodination of the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin

Front 554

Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism

Back 554

Iodide salts

Front 556

Dose may need to be increased during pregnancy or with Ocs due to increased TBG in plasma

Back 556

Thyroxine

Front 558

Permanently cures thyrotoxicosis, patients will need thyroid replacement therapy thereafter. Contraindicated in pregnancy

Back 558

Radioactive iodine

Front 560

Radio contrast media that inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3

Back 560

Ipodate

Front 562

Block cardiac adverse effects of thyrotoxicosis such as tachycardia, inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3

Back 562

Beta-blockers such as propranolol

Front 564

Vitamins containing iron should NOT be taken simultaneously with levothyroxine because

Back 564

Iron deiodinates thyroxine

Front 566

Thyroxine dose may need to be increased in hypothyroid patient during pregnancy because

Back 566

Estogens increase maternal TBG

Front 568

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagonists

Front 569

3 zones of adrenal cortex and their products

Back 569

Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoid=GC), and reticularis (adrenal androgens)

Front 571

Pneumonic for 3 zones of adrenal cortex

Back 571

GFR

Front 573

Used for Addison's disease, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), inflammation, allergies, and asthma (as a local inhalation)

Back 573

Glucocorticoids

Front 575

Short acting glucocorticoids

Back 575

Cortisone and hydrocortisone (equivalent to cortisol)

Front 577

Intermediate acting glucocorticoids

Back 577

Prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone

Front 579

Long acting glucocorticoids

Back 579

Betamethasone and dexamethasone

Front 581

Mineralocorticoids

Back 581

Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone

Front 583

Some side effects of corticosteroids

Back 583

Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis, stria, thinning of skin

Front 585

Period of time of therapy after which GC therapy will need to be tapered

Back 585

5-7 days

Front 587

Inhibitors of corticosteroids biosynthesis

Front 588

Used for Cushing's syndrome (increased corticosteroid)

Back 588

Dexamethasone suppression test

Front 590

Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis

Back 590

Aminoglutethimide

Front 592

Antifungal agent used for inhibition of all gonadal and adrenal steroids

Back 592

Ketoconazole

Front 594

Antiprogestin used as potent antagonist of GC receptor

Back 594

Mifepristone

Front 596

Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors

Back 596

Spironolactone

Front 598

Common SE of spironolactone

Back 598

Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia

Front 600

Gonadal hormones and inhibitors

Front 601

Slightly increased risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, heart disease (questionable), has beneficial effects on bone loss

Back 601

Estrogen

Front 603

Antiestrogen drugs used for fertility and breast cancer respectively

Back 603

Clomiphene and tamoxifen

Front 605

Common SE of tamoxifen and raloxifene

Back 605

Hot flashes

Front 607

Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and prophylaxis in women with risk factors for breast cancer

Back 607

Raloxifene

Front 609

Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy

Back 609

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Front 611

Estrogen mostly used in oral contraceptives (OC)

Back 611

Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol

Front 613

Anti-progesterone used as abortifacient

Back 613

Mifepristone (RU-486)

Front 615

Constant low dose of estrogen and increasing dose of progestin for 21 days (last 5 days are sugar pills or iron prep)

Back 615

Combination oral contraceptives (OC)

Front 617

Oral contraceptive available in a transdermal patch

Back 617

Ortho-Evra

Front 619

Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase

Back 619

Testosterone

Front 621

5 alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness

Back 621

Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia respectively)

Front 623

Anabolic steroid that has potential for abuse

Back 623

Nandrolone, oxymetholone, and oxandrolone

Front 625

Anti-androgen used for hirsutism in females

Back 625

Cyproterone acetate

Front 627

Drug is used with testosterone for male fertility

Back 627

Leuprolide

Front 629

Pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 630

What do alpha cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 630

Glucagon

Front 632

What do beta cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 632

Insulin

Front 634

Where are beta cells found in the pancreas?

Back 634

Islets of Langerhans

Front 636

What do delta cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 636

Somatostatin

Front 638

Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin abuse

Back 638

C-peptide

Front 640

Exogenous insulin contains

Back 640

Little C-peptide

Front 642

Endogenous insulin contains

Back 642

Normal C-peptide

Front 644

Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action

Back 644

Lispro (Humalog), aspart, glulisine

Front 646

Rapid acting, crystalline zinc insulin used to reverse acute hyperglycemia

Back 646

Regular (Humulin R)

Front 648

Long acting insulin

Back 648

Ultralente (humulin U)

Front 650

Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action

Back 650

Glargine (Lantus), detemir

Front 652

Major SE of insulin

Back 652

Hypoglycemia

Front 654

Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver

Back 654

GLUT 2

Front 656

Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation

Back 656

GLUT 4

Front 658

Examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)

Back 658

Acarbose, miglitol

Front 660

MOA of AGI's

Back 660

Act on intestine, delay digestion and absorption of glucose formed from digestion of starch and disacchrides

Front 662

SE of AGI's

Back 662

Flatulence (do not use beano to tx), diarrhea, abdominal cramps

Front 664

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's

Back 664

Acarbose

Front 666

Amino acid derivative, active as an insulin secretagogue

Back 666

Nateglinide

Front 668

MOA of nateglinide

Back 668

Insulin secretagogue - closes ATP-sensitive K+ channel

Front 670

Biguanide

Back 670

Metformin

Front 672

Drugs available in combination with metformin

Back 672

Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone

Front 674

MOA of metformin

Back 674

Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption; increase insulin sensitivity

Front 676

Vascular effects of metformin

Back 676

Decreased micro and macro vascular disease

Front 678

Most important potential SE of metformin

Back 678

Lactic acidosis

Front 680

Incidence of hyoglycemia with metformin

Back 680

None

Front 682

Meglitinide class of drugs

Back 682

Repaglinide

Front 684

MOA of repaglinide

Back 684

Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea

Front 686

First generation sulfonylurea

Back 686

Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.

Front 688

Second generation sulfonylurea

Back 688

Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.

Front 690

MOA of both generations

Back 690

Insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels

Front 692

Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide

Back 692

Hypoglycemia

Front 694

Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life

Back 694

Chlorpropamide

Front 696

Thiazolidinediones

Back 696

Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)

Front 697

Reason troglitazone was withdrawn from market

Back 697

Hepatic toxicity

Front 699

MOA of thiazolindinediones

Back 699

Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism

Front 701

SE of Thiazolindinediones

Back 701

Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CytP450 3A4 metabolism

Front 703

Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe beta-blocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation

Back 703

Glucagon

Front 705

Drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 706

Available bisphosphonates

Back 706

Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid

Front 708

MOA of Bisphosphonates

Back 708

Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption

Front 710

Only bisphosphonate available IV

Back 710

Etidronate

Front 712

Uses of bisphosphonates

Back 712

Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia from malignancy

Front 714

Major SE of bisphosphonates

Back 714

Chemical esophagitis

Front 716

Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia

Back 716

Etidronate

Front 718

Used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women

Back 718

Estrogen (HRT-Hormone replacement therapy)

Front 720

Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA prophylaxis

Back 720

Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)

Front 722

Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption

Back 722

Calcitonin (salmon prep)

Front 724

Used especially in postmenopausal women, dosage should be 1500 mg

Back 724

Calcium

Front 726

Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption

Back 726

Vitamin D

Front 727

Drugs with important actions on smooth muscle

Front 728

Disease caused by excess ergot alkaloids

Back 728

St. Anthony's Fire

Front 730

Endogenous substances commonly interpreted as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and vasoactive peptides

Back 730

Autocoids

Front 732

Syndrome of hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin usually caused by gastrinoma; it is associated with severe peptic ulceration and diarrhea

Back 732

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Front 734

Drug that causes contraction of the uterus

Back 734

Oxytocin

Front 736

Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3

Back 736

Smooth muscle; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively

Front 738

Prototype antagonist of H1 and H2 receptors

Back 738

Diphenhydramine and cimetridine, respectively

Front 740

1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating

Back 740

Diphendydramine

Front 742

1st generation antihistamine that is least sedating

Back 742

Chlorpheniramine or cyclizine

Front 744

2nd generation antihistamines

Back 744

Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine

Front 746

Generation of antihistamine that has the most CNS effects

Back 746

First generation due to being more lipid-soluble

Front 748

Major indication for H1 receptor antagonist

Back 748

Use in IgE mediated allergic reaction

Front 750

Antihistamine that can be used for anxiety and insomnia and is not addictive

Back 750

hydroxyzine (Atarax)

Front 752

H1 antagonist used in motion sickness

Back 752

Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, and other 1st generation

Front 754

Most common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines

Back 754

Sedation

Front 756

Lethal arrhythmias resulting from concurrent therapy with azole fungals (metabolized by CYP 3A4) and these antihistamines which inhibit the 3A4 iso-enzyme.

Back 756

Terfenadine and astemizole (have been removed from the market)

Front 758

H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs

Back 758

Cimetidine

Front 760

Clinical use for H2 blockers

Back 760

Acid reflux disease, duodenal ulcer and peptic ulcer disease

Front 762

Receptors for serotonin (5HT-1) are located

Back 762

Mostly in the brain, and they mediate synaptic inhibition via increased K+ conductance

Front 764

5HT-1d agonist used for migraine headaches "

Back 764

Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan

Front 766

Triptan available in parenteral and nasal formulation

Back 766

Sumatriptan

Front 768

H1 blocker that is also a serotonin antagonist

Back 768

Cyproheptadine

Front 772

Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding

Back 772

Oxytocin, ergonovine and ergotamine

Front 774

Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor

Back 774

Ketanserin cyproheptadine, and phenoxybenzamine

Front 776

emesis "

Back 776

"Ondansetron, granisetron,

Front 778

5HT-3 antagonist that has been associated with QRS and QTc prolongation and should not be used in patients with heart disease

Back 778

Dolasetron

Front 780

DOC to treat chemo-induced nausea and vomiting

Back 780

Odansetron

Front 782

Drug used in ergot alkaloids overdose, ischemia and gangrene

Back 782

Nitroprusside

Front 784

Reason ergot alkaloids are contraindicated in pregnancy

Back 784

Uterine contractions

Front 786

SE of ergot alkaloids

Back 786

Hallucinations resembling psychosis

Front 788

Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug

Back 788

LSD

Front 790

Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia

Back 790

Bromocriptine

Front 792

Peptide causing increased capillary permeability and edema

Back 792

Bradykinin and histamine

Front 794

Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema

Back 794

Bradykinin

Front 796

Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator)

Back 796

Capsaicin

Front 798

Prostaglandins that cause abortions

Back 798

Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) PGE2, and PGF2alpha

Front 800

Difference between COX 1 and COX 2 "

Back 800

"COX 1 is found throughout

Front 802

Drug that selectively inhibits COX 2

Back 802

Celecoxib and rofecoxib

Front 804

Inhibitor of lipoxygenase

Back 804

Zileuton

Front 806

Major SE of zileuton

Back 806

Liver toxicity

Front 808

Inhibitor of leukotrienes (LTD4) receptors and used in asthma

Back 808

Zafirlukast and montelukast

Front 810

Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis

Back 810

PGE1

Front 812

Approved for use in severe pulmonary HTN

Back 812

PGI2 (epoprostenol)

Front 814

Prostaglandin used in the treatment of impotence

Back 814

Alprostadil

Front 816

Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor

Back 816

Aspirin

Front 818

Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit COX

Back 818

NSAIDS

Front 820

Primary endogenous substrate for Nitric Oxidase Synthase

Back 820

Arginine

Front 822

MOA and effect of nitric oxide

Back 822

Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation

Front 824

Long acting beta 2 agonist used in asthma

Back 824

Salmeterol

Front 826

Muscarinic antagonist used in asthma

Back 826

Ipratropium

Front 828

MOA action of cromolyn

Back 828

Mast cell stabilizer

Front 832

Methylxanthine derivative used as a remedy for intermittent claudication

Back 832

Pentoxifylline

Front 835

MOA of corticosteroids"

Back 835

inhibit phospholipase A2

Front 837

SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy

Back 837

Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively

Front 839

Antimicrobials

Front 840

MOA of quinolones

Back 840

Inhibit DNA gyrase

Front 842

MOA of penicillin

Back 842

Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linkage

Front 844

Drug used for MRSA

Back 844

Vancomycin

Front 846

Vancomycin MOA

Back 846

Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis

Front 848

Type of resistance found with vancomycin

Back 848

Point mutation

Front 850

Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients

Back 850

Rifampin

Front 852

Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it

Back 852

"Scotch tape technique

Front 854

Two toxicities of aminoglycosides

Back 854

nephro and ototoxicity

Front 856

DOC for Legionnaires' disease

Back 856

Erythromycin

Front 858

MOA of sulfonamides

Back 858

Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase

Front 860

Penicillins active against penicillinase secreting bacteria

Back 860

Methicillin, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin

Front 862

Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC for otitis media

Back 862

Amoxicillin

Front 864

Class of antibiotics that have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins

Back 864

Cephalosporins

Front 866

PCN active against pseudomonas

Back 866

Carbenicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin

Front 868

Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome, and prevention

Back 868

"Vancomycin, infusion

Front 870

Drug causes teeth discoloration

Back 870

Tetracycline

Front 871

MOA of tetracycline

Back 871

Decreases protein synthesis by inhibiting 30S ribosome

Front 873

Drug that causes gray baby syndrome and aplastic anemia

Back 873

Chloramphenicol

Front 875

Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis

Back 875

Clindamycin

Front 877

DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis

Back 877

Metronidazole

Front 879

Treatment of resistant pseudomembranous colitis

Back 879

ORAL vancomycin

Front 881

Anemia caused by trimethoprim

Back 881

Megaloblastic anemia

Front 883

Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy

Back 883

Cartilage damage

Front 885

DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas

Back 885

Metronidazole

Front 887

Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE)

Back 887

Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol

Front 889

Metronidazole SE if given with alcohol

Back 889

Disulfiram-like reaction

Front 891

Common side effect of Rifampin

Back 891

Red urine discoloration

Front 893

MOA of nystatin

Back 893

Bind ergosterol in fungal cell membrane

Front 895

Neurotoxicity with isoniazid (INH) prevented by

Back 895

Administration of Vit. B6 (pyridoxine)

Front 897

Toxicity of amphotericin

Back 897

Nephrotoxicity

Front 899

SE seen only in men with administration of ketoconazole

Back 899

Gynecomastia

Front 901

Topical DOC in impetigo

Back 901

Topical mupirocin (Bactroban)

Front 903

DOC for influenza A

Back 903

Amantadine

Front 905

DOC for RSV

Back 905

Ribavirin

Front 907

DOC for CMV retinitis

Back 907

Ganciclovir

Front 909

SE for ganciclovir

Back 909

Neutro, leuko and thrombocytopenia

Front 911

Anti-viral agents associated with Stephen Johnson syndrome

Back 911

Nevirapine, amprenavir

Front 913

HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism

Back 913

Protease inhibitors

Front 915

Antivirals that are teratogens

Back 915

Delavirdine, efavirenz, and ribavirin

Front 917

Antivirals associated with neutropenia

Back 917

Ganciclovir, zidovudine, saquinavir, and interferon

Front 919

HIV med used to reduce transmission during birth

Back 919

AZT (zidovudine)

Front 921

Drug used for African sleeping sickness

Back 921

Suramin

Front 923

Drug used in Chagas disease

Back 923

Nifurtimox

Front 925

Cephalosporins able to cross the BBB

Back 925

Cefuroxime (2nd) generation and ceftazidime (original list said: Cefixime (3rd) generation

Front 927

Drug used for N. gonorrhea in females

Back 927

Ceftriaxone

Front 929

Cephalosporin causes kernicterus in neonates

Back 929

Ceftriaxone or cefuroxime

Front 931

SE of INH

Back 931

Peripheral neuritis and hepatitis

Front 933

Aminoglycoside that is least ototoxic

Back 933

Streptomycin

Front 935

Drug used in exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria

Back 935

Primaquine

Front 937

Oral antibiotic of choice for moderate inflammatory acne

Back 937

Minocycline

Front 939

Drug of choice for leprosy

Back 939

Dapsone, rifampin and clofazimine combination

Front 941

DOC for herpes and its MOA

Back 941

Acyclovir; incorporated into viral DNA and chain termination

Front 943

Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients

Back 943

Sulfonamides

Front 945

MOA of erythromycin

Back 945

Inhibition of protein synthesis at the 50s subunit of ribosome

Front 947

Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis

Back 947

sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim

Front 949

Lactam that can be used in PCN allergic patients

Back 949

Aztreonam

Front 951

SE of imipenem

Back 951

Seizures

Front 953

Anti-viral with a dose limiting toxicity of pancreatitis

Back 953

Didanosine

Front 955

Sedative Hypnotics

Front 956

Common side effect of hypnotic agents

Back 956

Sedation

Front 958

Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used chronically or at high doses

Back 958

Tolerance

Front 960

The most common type of drug interaction of sedative hypnotics with other depressant medications

Back 960

Additive CNS depression

Front 962

Benzodiazepines used to promote sleep

Back 962

Temazpam, trizolam, flurazepam

Front 964

Benzodiazepine used for anxiety

Back 964

Alprazolam

Front 966

Non-benzodiazepine used as an anxiolytic

Back 966

Buspirone

Front 968

Non-benzodiazepine used for sleep

Back 968

Zolpidem

Front 971

Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses

Back 971

REM is decreased

Front 973

Neurologic SE of benzodiazepines

Back 973

Anterograde amnesia

Front 975

Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy

Back 975

Ability to cross the placenta

Front 977

Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines

Back 977

Hepatic

Front 979

Benzodiazepine that undergo extrahepatic conjugation (which are useful in older or hepatically impaired)

Back 979

Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam

Front 981

"

Back 981

increase the FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening

Front 983

Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)

Back 983

Flumazenil

Front 985

Benzodiazepine with useful relaxant effects in skeletal muscle spasticity of central origin

Back 985

Diazepam

Front 987

Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia

Back 987

Clonazepam

Front 989

Benzodiazepines that are the most effective in the treatment of panic disorder

Back 989

Alprazolam and Clonazepam

Front 991

"

Back 991

Midazolam

Front 993

DOC for status epilepticus

Back 993

Diazepam

Front 995

Longer acting benzodiazepines used in the management of withdrawal states of alcohol and other drugs

Back 995

Chlordiazepoxide and Diazepam

Front 997

Agents having active metabolites, long half lives, and a high incidence of adverse effects

Back 997

Diazepam, Flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and clorazepate

Front 998

Barbiturates

Front 999

Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition

Back 999

Acute intermittent porphyria

Front 1001

Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetics property

Back 1001

Liver enzyme INDUCTION

Front 1003

Barbiturates MOA

Back 1003

Increase the DURATION of GABA-mediated chloride ion channels

Front 1005

Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia

Back 1005

Thiopental

Front 1010

Others

Front 1011

Site of action for zaleplon and zolpidem

Back 1011

Benzodiazepine receptor BZ1 (although do not have a benzodiazepine ring structure)

Front 1013

Good hypnotic activity with less CNS SE than most benzodiazepines

Back 1013

Zolpidem, zaleplon

Front 1015

Agent that is a partial agonist for the 5-HT1A receptor

Back 1015

Buspirone

Front 1017

Drug of choice for generalized anxiety disorder, NOT effective in acute anxiety

Back 1017

Buspirone

Front 1019

Alcohols

Front 1020

Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Back 1020

Ethanol

Front 1022

Agent with zero-order kinetics

Back 1022

Ethanol

Front 1024

Rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism

Back 1024

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Front 1026

System that increases in activity with chronic ethanol exposure and may contribute to tolerance

Back 1026

MEOS

Front 1028

Enzyme that metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetate

Back 1028

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Front 1030

Agents that inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase

Back 1030

Disulfiram, metronidazole, certain sulfonylureas and cephalosporins

Front 1032

Agent used in the treatment of alcoholism, if alcohol is consumed concurrently, acetaldehyde builds up and results in nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension

Back 1032

Disulfiram

Front 1034

The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics

Back 1034

Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)

Front 1036

Agent that is teratogen and causes a fetal syndrome

Back 1036

Ethanol

Front 1038

Agent that is the antidote for methanol overdose

Back 1038

Ethanol, fomepizole

Front 1040

Drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in ethylene glycol exposure

Back 1040

Fomepizole

Front 1042

Anti seizure Drugs

Front 1043

Most frequent route of metabolism

Back 1043

Hepatic enzymes

Front 1045

Mechanisms of action for Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine

Back 1045

Sodium channel blockade

Front 1047

MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates

Back 1047

GABA-related targets

Front 1049

MOA for Ethosuximide

Back 1049

Calcium channels

Front 1051

MOA for Valproic acid at high doses

Back 1051

Affect calcium, potassium, and sodium channels

Front 1053

Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures

Back 1053

Valproic acid and Phenytoin

Front 1055

DOC for febrile seizures

Back 1055

Phenobarbital

Front 1057

Drugs of choice for absence seizures

Back 1057

Ethosuximide and valproic acid

Front 1059

Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures

Back 1059

Valproic acid

Front 1061

Drugs of choice for status epilepticus

Back 1061

IV diazepam for short term (acute) treatment; phenytoin for prolonged therapy

Front 1063

Drugs that can be used for infantile spasms

Back 1063

Corticosteroids

Front 1065

Anti-seizure drugs used also for bipolar affective disorder (BAD)

Back 1065

Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin

Front 1067

Anti-seizure drugs used also for Trigeminal neuralgia

Back 1067

Carbamazepine

Front 1069

Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin

Back 1069

Gabapentin

Front 1071

Anti-seizure agent that exhibits non-linear metabolism, highly protein bound, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and stimulates hepatic metabolism

Back 1071

Phenytoin

Front 1073

SE of phenytoin

Back 1073

Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia

Front 1075

Anti-seizure agent that induces formation of liver drug-metabolism enzymes, is teratogen and can cause craniofacial anomalies and spina bifida

Back 1075

Carbamazepine

Front 1077

Agent that inhibits hepatic metabolism, is hepatotoxic and teratogen that can cause neural tube defects and gastrointestinal distress

Back 1077

Valproic acid

Front 1079

Laboratory value required to be monitored for patients on valproic acid

Back 1079

Serum ammonia and LFT's

Front 1081

SE for Lamotrigine

Back 1081

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Front 1083

SE for Felbamate

Back 1083

Aplastic anemia and acute hepatic failure

Front 1085

Anti-seizure medication also used in the prevention of migraines

Back 1085

Valproic acid

Front 1087

Carbamazepine may cause

Back 1087

Agranulocytosis

Front 1089

Anti-seizure drugs used as alternative drugs for mood stabilization

Back 1089

Carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and valproic acid

Front 1091

General Anesthetics

Front 1092

MOA of general anesthetics

Back 1092

Most are thought to act at GABA-A receptor - chloride channel

Front 1094

Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient

Back 1094

Nitrous oxide

Front 1096

Inversely related to potency of anesthetics

Back 1096

Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)

Front 1098

Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents

Back 1098

Halothane and methoxyflurane

Front 1100

Most inhaled anesthetics SE

Back 1100

Decrease arterial blood pressure

Front 1102

Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants

Back 1102

Enflurane and halothane

Front 1104

Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation

Back 1104

Isoflurane

Front 1106

Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis

Back 1106

Halothane

Front 1108

Inhaled anesthetic, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration

Back 1108

Nitrous oxide

Front 1110

Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency

Back 1110

Methoxyflurane

Front 1112

Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia

Back 1112

Nitrous oxide

Front 1114

Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm

Back 1114

Desflurane

Front 1116

DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics

Back 1116

Dantrolene

Front 1118

IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic

Back 1118

Thiopental

Front 1120

Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia

Back 1120

Midazolam

Front 1122

Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose

Back 1122

Flumazenil

Front 1124

This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increases intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery

Back 1124

Ketamine

Front 1126

Opioid associated with respiratory depression, but is used in high risk patients who may not survive full general anesthetia

Back 1126

Fentanyl

Front 1128

State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide

Back 1128

Neuroleptanesthesia

Front 1130

Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension

Back 1130

Propofol

Front 1134

Local Anesthetics

Front 1135

MOA of local anesthetics (LA's)

Back 1135

Block voltage-dependent sodium channels

Front 1137

This may enhance activity of local anesthetics

Back 1137

Hyperkalemia

Front 1139

This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics

Back 1139

Hypercalcemia

Front 1141

Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity

Back 1141

Vasodilation

Front 1143

Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery

Back 1143

Cocaine

Front 1145

Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors

Back 1145

Tetracaine and bupivacaine

Front 1147

These LA's have surface activity

Back 1147

Cocaine and benzocaine

Front 1149

Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics

Back 1149

CNS toxicity

Front 1151

Commonly abused LA which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction

Back 1151

Cocaine

Front 1153

LA causing methemoglobinemia

Back 1153

Prilocaine

Front 1155

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Front 1156

Structurally related to acetylcholine, used to produce muscle paralysis in order to facilitate surgery or artifical ventilation. Full doses lead to respiratory paralysis and require ventilation

Back 1156

Neuromuscular blocking drugs

Front 1158

These drugs strongly potentiate and prolong effect of neuromuscular blockade (NMB)

Back 1158

Inhaled anesthetics, especially isoflurane, aminoglycosides, and antiarrhythmic

Front 1160

These prevent the action of Ach at the skeletal muscle endplate to produce a "surmountable blockade," effect is reversed by cholinesterase inhibitors (ex. neostigmine or pyridostigmine)

Back 1160

Nondepolarizing type antagonists

Front 1162

Agent with long duration of action and is most likely to cause histamine release

Back 1162

Tubocurarine

Front 1164

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle antagonist that has short duration

Back 1164

Mivacurium

Front 1166

Skeletal muscle agent that can block muscarinic receptors

Back 1166

Pancuronium

Front 1168

Skeletal muscle agent that undergoes Hofmann elimination (breaks down spontaneously)

Back 1168

Atracurium

Front 1170

One depolarizing blocker that causes continuous depolarization and results in muscle relaxation and paralysis, causes muscle pain postoperatively and myoglobinuria may occur

Back 1170

Succinylcholine

Front 1172

During Phase I these agents worsen muscle paralysis by succinylcholine, but during phase II they reverse the blockade produced by succinylcholine

Back 1172

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Front 1174

Spasmolytic drugs

Front 1175

Agents acting in the CNS or in the skeletal muscle, used to reduce abnormally elevated tone caused by neurologic or muscle end plate disease

Back 1175

Spasmolytic drugs

Front 1177

Facilitates GABA presynaptic inhibition

Back 1177

Diazepam

Front 1179

GABA agonist in the spinal cord

Back 1179

Baclofen

Front 1181

Similar to clonidine and may cause hypotension

Back 1181

Tizanidine

Front 1183

DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sacroplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle

Back 1183

Dantrolene

Front 1185

Agent used for acute muscle spasm

Back 1185

Cyclobenzaprine

Front 1187

Drugs Used in Parkinsonism & Other Movement Disorders

Front 1188

Irreversible condition resulting from the use of antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog)

Back 1188

Drug induced Parkinsonism

Front 1190

Agent used in drug therapy of Parkinson's instead of Dopamine which has low bioavailability and does not cross the BBB

Back 1190

L-dopa

Front 1192

This is combined with L-dopa, inhibits DOPA decarboxylase (active only peripherally) which allows lower effective doses of L-dopa and allows for fewer SE's (GI distress, postural hypotension, and dyskinesias)

Back 1192

Carbidopa

Front 1194

Clinical response that may fluctuate in tx of Parkinson's dx

Back 1194

"On-off-phenomenon"

Front 1196

Anti-Parkinson's drug which increases intraocular pressure and is contraindicated in closed angle glaucoma

Back 1196

Levodopa

Front 1198

Ergot alkaloid that is a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the brain, used for patients who are refractory or cannot tolerate levodopa, causes erythromelalgia

Back 1198

Bromocriptine

Front 1200

Non ergot agents used as first-line therapy in the initial management of Parkinson's

Back 1200

Pramipexole and ropinirole

Front 1202

Enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission SE's include CNS excitation, acute toxic psychosis and livedo reticularis

Back 1202

Amantadine

Front 1204

Inhibitor of MAO type B which metabolizes dopamine, used adjunct to levodopa or as sole agent in newly diagnosed patients

Back 1204

Selegiline

Front 1206

Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjuncts in Parkinson's dx and cause acute hepatic failure (monitor LFT's)

Back 1206

Entacapone and Tolcapone

Front 1208

Agent decreases the excitatory actions of cholinergic neurons. May improve tremor and rigidity but have LITTLE effect on bradykinesia. Atropine-like side effects

Back 1208

Benztropine

Front 1210

Agent effective in physiologic and essential tremor

Back 1210

Propranolol

Front 1212

Agents used in Huntington's Disease

Back 1212

Tetrabenazine (amine depleting drug), Haloperidol (antipsychotic)

Front 1214

Agents used in Tourette's dx

Back 1214

Haloperidol or pimozide

Front 1216

Chelating agent used in Wilson's disease

Back 1216

Penicillamine

Front 1220

Antipsychotics

Front 1221

Extrapyramidal dysfunction is more common with these agents, which block this subtype of dopamine receptor

Back 1221

Older antipsychotic agents, D2 receptors

Front 1223

MOA of neuroleptics

Back 1223

Dopamine blockade

Front 1225

Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine

Back 1225

Hyperprolactinemia, menorrhea, galactorrhea, confusion, mood changes, decreased sexual interest, and weight gain

Front 1227

Antipsychotics that reduce positive symptoms only

Back 1227

Older antipsychotics

Front 1229

Newer atypical antipsychotics that also improve some of the negative symptoms and help acute agitation

Back 1229

Olanzapine, aripiprazole, and sertindole

Front 1231

Antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia

Back 1231

Risperidone

Front 1233

Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels

Back 1233

Risperidone

Front 1235

Newer atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, known to cause weight gain, and adversely affect diabetes

Back 1235

Olanzapine

Front 1237

Agent more frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects that can be treated with benzodiazepine, diphenhydramine or muscarinic blocker

Back 1237

Haloperidol

Front 1239

Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Back 1239

Dantrolene

Front 1241

Agents may exacerbate tardive dyskinesias (may be irreversible and there is no treatment)

Back 1241

Muscarinic blockers

Front 1243

Antipsychotic having the strongest autonomic effects

Back 1243

Thioridazine

Front 1245

Antipsychotic having the weakest autonomic effects

Back 1245

Haloperidol

Front 1249

Only phenothiazine not exerting antiemetic effects, can cause visual impairment due to retinal deposits, and high doses have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias

Back 1249

Thioridazine

Front 1251

Agent having no effect on D2 receptors, blocks D4, reserved for resistant schizophrenia, and can cause fatal agranulocytosis

Back 1251

Clozapine

Front 1253

Anti-psychotic not shown to cause tardive dyskinesia

Back 1253

Clozapine

Front 1255

Anti-psychotics available in depot preparation

Back 1255

Fluphenazine and haloperidol

Front 1257

Reduced seizure threshold

Back 1257

Low-potency typical antipsychotics and clozapine

Front 1259

Orthostatic hypotension and QT prolongation

Back 1259

Low potency and risperidone

Front 1261

Increased risk of developing cataracts

Back 1261

Quetiapine

Front 1263

Lithium

Front 1264

Major route of elimination for Lithium

Back 1264

Kidneys

Front 1266

Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop

Back 1266

Lithium toxicity

Front 1268

Drug increases the renal clearance hence decreases levels of lithium

Back 1268

Theophylline

Front 1270

Lithium is associated with this congenital defect

Back 1270

Cardiac anomalies and is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation

Front 1272

DOC for bipolar affective disorder

Back 1272

Lithium

Front 1274

Concern using lithium

Back 1274

Low therapeutic index

Front 1276

SE of lithium

Back 1276

Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus

Front 1278

Antidepressants

Front 1279

Example of three antidepressants that are indicated for obsessive compulsive disorder

Back 1279

Clomipramine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine

Front 1280

Neurotransmitters affected by the action of antidepressants

Back 1280

Norepinephrine and serotonin

Front 1282

Usual time needed for full effect of antidepressant therapy

Back 1282

2 to 3 weeks

Front 1284

Population group especially sensitive to side effects of antidepressants

Back 1284

Elderly patients

Front 1286

All antidepressants have roughly the same efficacy in treating depression, agents are chosen based on these criterion

Back 1286

Side-effect profile and prior pt response

Front 1288

Well-tolerated and are first-line antidepressants

Back 1288

SSRI's, bupropion, and venlafaxine

Front 1290

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

Front 1291

Most useful in patients with significant anxiety, phobic features, hypochondriasis, and resistant depression

Back 1291

Monamine oxidase inhibitors

Front 1293

Condition will result from in combination of MAOI with tyramine containing foods (ex. wine, cheese, and pickled meats)

Back 1293

Hypertensive crisis

Front 1295

MAOI should not be administered with SSRI's or potent TCA's due to development of this condition

Back 1295

Serotonin syndrome

Front 1297

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Front 1298

Sedation is a common side effect of these drugs, they lower seizure threshold, uses include BAD, acute panic attacks, phobias, enuresis, and chronic pain and their overdose can be deadly

Back 1298

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Front 1300

Three C's associated with TCA toxicity

Back 1300

Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac problems (arrhythmias and wide QRS)

Front 1302

Agents having higher sedation and antimuscarinic effects than other TCA's

Back 1302

Tertiary amines

Front 1304

TCA used in chronic pain, a hypnotic, and has marked antimuscarinic effects

Back 1304

Amitriptyline

Front 1306

TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and ADD

Back 1306

Imipramine

Front 1308

TCA with greatest sedation of this group, and marked antimuscarinic effects, used for sleep

Back 1308

Doxepin

Front 1310

TCA used in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), most significant of TCA's for risk of seizure, weight gain, and neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms

Back 1310

Clomipramine

Front 1312

Secondary amines that have less sedation and more excitation effect

Back 1312

Nortriptyline, Desipramine

Front 1314

Side effects seen with tricyclic antidepressants

Back 1314

Muscarinic blockade (dry mouth, constipation); weak alpha-1 block (orthostatic hypotension); weak hisamine block (sedation)

Front 1316

Heterocyclics

Front 1317

Antidepressant associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Back 1317

Amoxapine

Front 1319

Antidepressant associated with seizures and cardiotoxicity

Back 1319

Maprotiline

Front 1321

Antidepressant having stimulant effects similar to SSRI's and can increase blood pressure

Back 1321

Venlafaxine

Front 1323

Antidepressant inhibiting norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake

Back 1323

Venlafaxine

Front 1325

Antidepressant also used for sleep that causes priapism

Back 1325

Trazodone

Front 1327

Antidepressant which is inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes and may be associated with hepatic failure

Back 1327

Nefazodone

Front 1329

Heterocyclic antidepressants least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures

Back 1329

Bupropion

Front 1331

Antidepressant with MOA as alpha 2 antagonist, has effects on both 5-HT and NE, blocks histamine receptors, and is sedating

Back 1331

Mirtazapine

Front 1333

SE of mirtazapine

Back 1333

Liver toxicity, increased serum cholesterol

Front 1335

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Front 1336

Except for these agents all SSRI have significant inhibition of CytP450 enzymes

Back 1336

Citalopram and its metabolite escitalopram

Front 1338

Side effects frequently seen with SSRIs

Back 1338

CNS stimulation; GI upset

Front 1340

Antidepressants with no effect on BP, no sedation

Back 1340

SSRIs

Front 1342

SSRI with long T1/2 and can be administered once weekly for maintenance, not acute tx

Back 1342

Fluoxetine

Front 1344

SSRI indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Back 1344

Fluoxetine (Sarafem)

Front 1346

Some of SSRIs' therapeutic effects beside depression

Back 1346

Panic attacks, social phobias, bulimia nervosa, and PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), OCD

Front 1347

SSRI less likely to cause a withdrawal syndrome

Back 1347

Fluoxetine

Front 1349

Opioid Analgesics & Antagonists

Front 1350

Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons

Back 1350

Ascending pathways

Front 1352

Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release

Back 1352

Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors

Front 1354

Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization

Back 1354

Postsynaptic Mu receptors

Front 1356

Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except

Back 1356

Miosis and constipation

Front 1358

All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction

Back 1358

Meperidine

Front 1360

SE of these drugs include dependence, withdrawal syndrome, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, increased ureteral and bladder tone, and reduction in uterine tone

Back 1360

Opioid Analgesics

Front 1362

Strong opioid agonists

Back 1362

Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl

Front 1364

Opioids used in anesthesia

Back 1364

Morphine and fentanyl

Front 1366

Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states

Back 1366

Methadone

Front 1368

Opioid available trans-dermally

Back 1368

Fentanyl

Front 1370

Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema

Back 1370

Morphine

Front 1372

Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome

Back 1372

Meperidine

Front 1374

Moderate opioid agonists

Back 1374

Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone

Front 1376

Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures

Back 1376

Propoxyphene

Front 1378

Partial agonist or mixed antagonists

Front 1379

Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal

Back 1379

Buprenorphine

Front 1381

Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA

Back 1381

Naloxone

Front 1383

Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs

Back 1383

Naltrexone

Front 1385

These agents are used as antitussive

Back 1385

Dextromethorphan, Codeine

Front 1387

These agents are used as antidiarrheal

Back 1387

Diphenoxylate, Loperamide

Front 1391

Drugs of Abuse

Front 1392

Inhalant anesthetics

Back 1392

NO, chloroform, and diethyl ether

Front 1394

Toxic to the liver, kidney, lungs, bone marrow, peripheral nerves, and cause brain damage in animals, sudden death has occurred following inhalation

Back 1394

Fluorocarbons and Industrial solvents

Front 1396

Cause dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, and flushing

Back 1396

Organic nitrites

Front 1398

Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression

Back 1398

Steroids

Front 1400

Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include

Back 1400

Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses

Front 1402

Opioid Analgesics

Front 1403

Most commonly abused in health care professionals

Back 1403

Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl

Front 1405

This route is associated with rapid tolerance and psychologic dependence

Back 1405

IV administration

Front 1407

Leads to respiratory depression progressing to coma and death

Back 1407

Overdose of opioids

Front 1409

Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome

Back 1409

Abstinence syndrome

Front 1411

Treatment for opioid addiction

Back 1411

Methadone, followed by slow dose reduction

Front 1413

This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms to a recovering addict

Back 1413

Naloxone

Front 1415

Sedative-Hypnotics

Front 1416

Sedative-Hypnotics action

Back 1416

Reduce inhibition, suppress anxiety, and produce relaxation

Front 1418

Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents

Back 1418

CNS depressants

Front 1420

Common mechanism by which overdose result in death

Back 1420

Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers

Front 1422

"Date rape drug"

Back 1422

Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)

Front 1424

The most important sign of withdrawal syndrome

Back 1424

Excessive CNS stimulation (seizures)

Front 1426

Treatment of withdrawal syndrome involves

Back 1426

Long-acting sedative-hypnotic or a gradual reduction of dose, clonidine or propranolol

Front 1428

These agents are CNS depressants

Back 1428

Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines

Front 1430

Stimulants

Front 1431

Withdrawal from this drug causes lethargy, irritability, and headache

Back 1431

Caffeine

Front 1433

W/D from this drug causes anxiety and mental discomfort

Back 1433

Nicotine

Front 1435

Treatments available for nicotine addiction

Back 1435

Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion

Front 1437

Chronic high dose abuse of nicotine leads to

Back 1437

Psychotic state, overdose causes agitation, restlessness, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, and seizures

Front 1439

Tolerance is marked and abstinence syndrome occurs

Back 1439

Amphetamines

Front 1441

Amphetamine agents

Back 1441

Dextroamphetamines and methamphetamine

Front 1443

These agents are congeners of Amphetamine

Back 1443

DOM, STP, MDA, and MDMA "ecstasy"

Front 1445

Overdoses of this agent with powerful vasoconstrictive action may result in fatalities from arrhythmias, seizures, respiratory depression, or severe HTN (MI and stroke)

Back 1445

Cocaine "super-speed"

Front 1447

Hallucinogens

Front 1448

Most dangerous of the currently popular hallucinogenic drugs, OD leads to nystagmus, marked hypertension, and seizures, presence of both horizontal and vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic

Back 1448

PCP

Front 1450

Removal of PCP may be aided

Back 1450

Urinary acidification and activated charcoal or continual nasogastric suction

Front 1452

THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur

Back 1452

Marijuana

Front 1454

Cholinoreceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs

Front 1455

Direct-Acting Cholinomimetic Agonists

Front 1456

Muscarinic agonists or parasympathomimetic

Front 1458

This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention

Back 1458

Bethanechol

Front 1460

Only direct acting agent that is very lipid soluble and used in glaucoma

Back 1460

Pilocarpine

Front 1462

This agent used to treat dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome

Back 1462

Cevimeline

Front 1464

Indirect-Acting ACh Agonist, alcohol, short DOA and used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

Back 1464

Edrophonium

Front 1466

Carbamate with intermediate action, used for+A1170 postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention

Back 1466

Neostigmine

Front 1468

Treatment of atropine overdose and glaucoma (because lipid soluable). Enters the CNS rapidly and has a stimulant effect, which may lead to convulsions

Back 1468

Physostigmine

Front 1470

Treatment of myasthenia gravis

Back 1470

Pyridostigmine

Front 1473

Organophosphates

Front 1474

Antiglaucoma organophosphate

Back 1474

Echothiophate

Front 1476

Associated with an increased incidence of cataracts in patients treated for glaucoma

Back 1476

Long acting cholinesterase inhibitors

Front 1478

Scabicide organophosphate

Back 1478

Malathion

Front 1480

Organophosphate anthelmintic agent with long DOA

Back 1480

Metrifonate

Front 1482

Toxicity of organophosphate:

Back 1482

DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)

Front 1484

The most frequent cause of acute deaths in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity

Back 1484

Respiratory failure

Front 1486

The most toxic organophosphate

Back 1486

Parathion

Front 1488

Treatment of choice for organophosphate overdose

Back 1488

Atropine

Front 1490

This agent regenerates active cholinesterase and is a chemical antagonist used to treat organophosphate exposure

Back 1490

Pralidoxime

Front 1492

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 1493

Prototypical drug is atropine

Back 1493

Nonselective Muscarinic Antagonists

Front 1495

Treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS

Back 1495

Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl

Front 1497

Treatment of motion sickness

Back 1497

Scopolamine, meclizine

Front 1499

Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia

Back 1499

Atropine, homatropine,C1208 tropicamide

Front 1501

Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD

Back 1501

Ipratropium

Front 1503

Reduce transient hyper GI motility

Back 1503

Dicyclomine, methscopolamine

Front 1505

Cystitis, postoperative bladder spasms, or incontinence

Back 1505

Oxybutynin, dicyclomine

Front 1507

Toxicity of anticholinergics

Back 1507

block SLUD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation

Front 1509

Another pneumonic for anticholinergic toxicity

Back 1509

"dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, blind as a bat"

Front 1511

Atropine fever is the most dangerous effect and can be lethal in this population group

Back 1511

Infants

Front 1513

Contraindications to use of atropine

Back 1513

Infants, closed angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy

Front 1515

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 1518

Limiting adverse effect of ganglion blockade that patients usually are unable to tolerate

Back 1518

Severe hypertension

Front 1520

Reversal of blockade by neuromuscular blockers

Back 1520

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Front 1522

Tubocurarine is the prototype, pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium are newer short acting agent, produce competitive block at end plate nicotinic receptor, causing flaccid paralysis

Back 1522

Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers

Front 1524

Only member of depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, causes fasciculation during induction and muscle pain after use; has short duration of action

Back 1524

Succinylcholine

Front 1526

Chemical antagonists that bind to the inhibitor of ACh Estrace and displace the enzyme (if aging has not occurred)

Back 1526

Cholinesterase regenerators, pralidoxime

Front 1528

Used to treat patients exposed to insecticides such as parathion

Back 1528

Pralidoxime, atropine

Front 1530

Sympathomimetics

Front 1531

Pneumonic for beta receptors

Back 1531

You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)

Front 1533

This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock

Back 1533

Epinephrine

Front 1535

Phenylisopropylamines that are used legitimately and abused for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and weight reduction

Back 1535

Amphetamines

Front 1537

Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia

Back 1537

Phenylephrine

Front 1541

Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma by acting to

Back 1541

Reduce aqueous secretion

Front 1543

Short acting Beta 2 agonists that is drug of choice in treatment of acute asthma but not recommended for prophylaxis

Back 1543

Albuterol

Front 1545

Longer acting Beta 2 agonist is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma

Back 1545

Salmeterol

Front 1547

These agents increase cardiac output and may be beneficial in treatment of acute heart failure and some types of shock

Back 1547

Beta1 agonists

Front 1549

These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestants, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion

Back 1549

Alpha1 agonists

Front 1551

Shock due to septicemia or myocardial infarction is made worse by

Back 1551

Increasing afterload and tissue perfusion declines

Front 1553

Epinephrine is often mixed with a local anesthetic to

Back 1553

Reduce the loss from area of injection

Front 1555

Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with

Back 1555

Midodrine

Front 1557

Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus

Back 1557

Terbutaline

Front 1559

Sympathetic agent which stimulates heart rate and can dilate vessels in skeletal muscle at low doses

Back 1559

Epinephrine

Front 1561

Mast cells to reduce release of hisamine and inflammatory mediators

Back 1561

Epinephrine

Front 1563

Agent used in shock because it dilates coronary arteries and increases renal blood flow

Back 1563

Dopamine

Front 1565

Agent which stimulates cardiac contractile force more than rate with little effect on total peripheral resistance

Back 1565

Dobutamine

Front 1567

Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis

Back 1567

Ephedrine

Front 1569

Alpha 1 agonist toxicity

Back 1569

Hypertension

Front 1571

Beta 1 agonist toxicity

Back 1571

Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias

Front 1573

Beta 2 agonist toxicity

Back 1573

Skeletal muscle tremor, tachycardia

Front 1575

The selective agents loose their selectivity at

Back 1575

high doses

Front 1577

Adrenoceptor Blocker

Front 1578

Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, long acting and irreversible, and used to treat pheochromocytoma. Blocks 5-HT, so occasionaly used for carcinoid tumor. Blocks H1 and used in mastocytosis

Back 1578

Phenoxybenzamine

Front 1580

Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, short acting and reversible, used for rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal, and Raynaud's phenomena

Back 1580

Phentolamine

Front 1582

Selective Alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension

Back 1582

Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin

Front 1584

Selective Alpha-1A blocker, used for BPH, but with little effect on HTN

Back 1584

Tamsulosin

Front 1586

Selective Alpha 2 blocker used for impotence (controversial effectiveness)

Back 1586

Yohimbine

Front 1589

Beta-Blocking Drugs

Front 1590

SelectiveB1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating patients even though they have asthma

Back 1590

Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol

Front 1592

Combined alpha and beta blocking agents that may have application in treatment of CHF

Back 1592

Labetalol and carvedilol

Front 1595

Beta blockers partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) cause some bronchodilation and may have an advantage in treating patients with asthma

Back 1595

Pindolol and acebutolol

Front 1597

This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (a property which decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma

Back 1597

Timolol

Front 1599

This parenteral beta blocker is a short acting (minutes)

Back 1599

Esmolol

Front 1601

This beta blocker is the longest acting

Back 1601

Nadolol

Front 1603

These beta blockers are less lipid soluble

Back 1603

Acebutolol and atenolol

Front 1605

This beta blocker is highly lipid soluble and may account for side effects such as nightmares

Back 1605

Propranolol

Front 1607

Clinical uses of these agents include treatment of HTN, angina, arrhythmias, chronic CHF, and selected post MI patients

Back 1607

Beta blockers

Front 1609

Toxicity of these agents include bradycardia, AV blockade, exacerbation of acute CHF; signs of hypoglycemia may be masked (tachycardia, tremor, and anxiety)

Back 1609

Beta blockers

Front 1611

Glaucoma (all agents topical except for diuretics)

Front 1612

Cholinomimetics that increase outflow, open trabecular meshwork, and cause ciliary muscle contraction

Back 1612

Pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine

Front 1614

Nonselective alpha agonists that increases outflow, probably via the uveoscleral veins

Back 1614

Epinephrine, dipivefrin

Front 1616

Selective alpha agonists that decreases aqueous secretion

Back 1616

Apraclonidine, brimonidine

Front 1618

These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion

Back 1618

Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective)

Front 1620

This diuretic decreases aqueous secretion due to lack of HCO3- ion. Causes drowsiness and paresthesias, alkalinization of the urine may precipitate calcium salts, hypokalemia, acidosis

Back 1620

Acetazolamide

Front 1622

This agent cause increased aqueous outflow

Back 1622

Prostaglandin PGF2a

Front 1625

Antihypertensive Agents

Front 1626

Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Back 1626

ACE inhibitors

Front 1628

Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are

Back 1628

ACE inhibitors

Front 1630

SE of ACE inhibitors

Back 1630

Dry cough, hyperkalemia

Front 1632

ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in

Back 1632

pregnancy and with K+

Front 1634

Losartan and valsartan block

Back 1634

Angiotensin receptor

Front 1636

Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause

Back 1636

Dry cough

Front 1638

Agents that block L-type calcium channel

Back 1638

Calcium channel blockers

Front 1640

CCB contraindicated in CHF

Back 1640

Verapamil

Front 1642

CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation

Back 1642

Nifedipine

Front 1644

SE of CCB

Back 1644

Constipation, edema, and headache

Front 1646

Agents that reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand

Back 1646

Beta-blockers

Front 1648

B-blockers that are more cardioselective

Back 1648

Beta-1 selective blockers

Front 1650

Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers

Back 1650

Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol

Front 1652

Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in

Back 1652

Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) and peripheral vascular disease

Front 1654

Non-selective Beta-blocker also used for migraine prophylaxis

Back 1654

Propranolol

Front 1656

SE of beta blockers

Back 1656

Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)

Front 1658

Alpha 1selective blockers

Back 1658

Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)

Front 1660

Non-selective Alpha1blockers use to treat pheochromocytoma

Back 1660

Phenoxybenzamine

Front 1662

For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal

Back 1662

Phentolamine

Front 1664

A1a-selective blocker with no effects on HTN used for BPH

Back 1664

Tamsulosin (Flomax)

Front 1666

SE of alpha blockers

Back 1666

Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia

Front 1668

Presynaptic Alpha 2 agonist used in HTN, and acts centrally

Back 1668

Clonidine, and methyldopa

Front 1670

SE of methyldopa

Back 1670

Positive Comb's test, depression

Front 1672

Methyldopa is contraindicated in

Back 1672

Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects

Front 1674

SE of clonidine

Back 1674

Rebound HTN, sedation, dry mouth

Front 1678

Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle

Back 1678

Hydralazine

Front 1680

SE of hydralazine

Back 1680

Lupus-like syndrome

Front 1682

Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels

Back 1682

Minoxidil

Front 1684

SE of minoxidil

Back 1684

Hypertrichosis

Front 1686

IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis

Back 1686

Nitroprusside

Front 1688

Nitroprusside vasodilates

Back 1688

Arteries and veins

Front 1690

Toxicity caused by nitroprusside and treatment

Back 1690

Cyanide toxicity treated with sodium thiosulfate

Front 1692

Diuretics

Front 1693

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Back 1693

Acetazolamide

Front 1695

Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma

Back 1695

Acetazolamide

Front 1697

SE of acetazolamide

Back 1697

Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment

Front 1699

MOA of loop diuretics

Back 1699

inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport

Front 1701

Site of action of loop diuretics

Back 1701

Thick ascending limb

Front 1703

SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics

Back 1703

Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity

Front 1705

Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate adverse effect

Back 1705

Ototoxicity

Front 1707

Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain

Back 1707

Calcium

Front 1709

MOA of thiazide diuretics

Back 1709

Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport

Front 1711

Site of action of thiazide diuretics

Back 1711

Work at early distal convoluted tubule

Front 1713

Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics

Back 1713

Sulfonamides

Front 1715

SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics

Back 1715

Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia

Front 1717

Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit

Back 1717

Na+/K+ exchange

Front 1719

Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism

Back 1719

Spironolactone

Front 1721

SE of spironolactone

Back 1721

Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence

Front 1723

Osmotic diuretic used to treat increased intracranial pressure

Back 1723

Mannitol

Front 1725

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) agonist and antagonist

Front 1726

ADH agonist used for pituitary diabetes insipidus

Back 1726

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Front 1728

Used for SIADH

Back 1728

Demeclocycline

Front 1730

SE of demeclocycline

Back 1730

Bone marrow and teeth discoloration for children under 8 years of age

Front 1731

Antiarrhythmic agents

Front 1732

MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics

Back 1732

Sodium channel blockers

Front 1734

SE of procainamide

Back 1734

Lupus-like syndrome

Front 1736

Limiting side effect of Quinidine

Back 1736

Prolongs QT interval

Front 1738

Other side effects of Quinidine

Back 1738

Thrombocytopenic purpura, and CINCHONISM

Front 1740

Major drug interaction with Quinidine

Back 1740

Increases concentration of Digoxin

Front 1742

DOC for management of acute ventricular arrhythmias

Back 1742

Amiodarone

Front 1744

DOC for digoxin induced arrhythmias

Back 1744

Phenytoin

Front 1746

SE of phenytoin

Back 1746

Gingival hyperplasia

Front 1748

Class of anti-arrhythmics that has a pro-arrhythmic effect (CAST trial), therefore are used as last line agents

Back 1748

Class IC (flecainide, propafenone, moricizine)

Front 1750

Class II antiarrhythmics are

Back 1750

B-blockers

Front 1752

Antiarrhythmic that exhibits Class II and III properties

Back 1752

Sotalol

Front 1754

Side effect of sotalol

Back 1754

prolongs QT and PR interval

Front 1756

Used intravenously for acute arrhythmias during surgery

Back 1756

Esmolol

Front 1758

Anti-arrhythmics that decrease mortality

Back 1758

B-blockers

Front 1760

MOA of class III antiarrhythmics

Back 1760

Potassium channel blockers

Front 1762

Class III antiarrhythmic that exhibits properties of all 4 classes

Back 1762

Amiodarone

Front 1764

Specific pharmacokinetic characteristic of amiodarone

Back 1764

Prolonged half-life, up to six weeks

Front 1766

Antiarrhythmic effective in most types of arrhythmia

Back 1766

Amiodarone

Front 1768

SE of Amiodarone

Back 1768

Cardiac dysfunction, photosensitivity, skin (blue smurf syndrome), Pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid and corneal deposits

Front 1770

MOA of class IV antiarrhythmics

Back 1770

Calcium channel blockers

Front 1772

Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to

Back 1772

Torsades de pointes

Front 1774

Agent to treat torsades de pointes

Back 1774

Magnesium sulfate

Front 1776

Drug used supraventricular arrhythmias

Back 1776

Digoxin

Front 1778

DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)

Back 1778

Adenosine

Front 1780

Adenosine's MOA

Back 1780

Activattion on an inward K+ current and inhibition of Ca++ current resulting in marked hyperpolarization

Front 1782

Anti-arrhythmic with 15 second duration of action

Back 1782

Adenosine

Front 1784

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 1785

MOA of sildenafil (Viagra)

Back 1785

Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP

Front 1787

Drugs used in the management of angina

Back 1787

Aspirin, Nitrates, CCB, and Beta blockers

Front 1789

Aspirin reduces mortality in unstable angina by

Back 1789

Platelet aggregation inhibition

Front 1791

MOA of nitrates

Back 1791

Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles

Front 1793

Nitrate used for acute anginal attacks

Back 1793

Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets

Front 1795

Nitrate used to prevent further attacks

Back 1795

Oral and transdermal forms of nitroglycerin

Front 1797

Nitrate free intervals are needed due to

Back 1797

Tolerance

Front 1799

SE of nitrates

Back 1799

Postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, hot flashes, and throbbing headache due to meningeal artery dilation

Front 1801

CCB are DOC for

Back 1801

Prinzmetal's angina

Front 1803

Beta blockers are used for which type of anginal attack

Back 1803

Classic

Front 1805

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 1806

MOA of Cardiac glycosides (eg. digoxin)

Back 1806

Indirectly increase intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility by inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase

Front 1808

Digoxin is used in

Back 1808

Atrial fibrillation and CHF

Front 1810

Digoxin toxicity can be precipitated by

Back 1810

Hypokalemia

Front 1812

Antidote for digoxin toxicity

Back 1812

Digibind

Front 1814

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that increase mortality and have been found to have NO beneficial effects

Back 1814

Amrinone and milrinone

Front 1816

SE of amrinone

Back 1816

Thrombocytopenia

Front 1818

Beta 1 agonists used in acute CHF

Back 1818

Dobutamine and dopamine

Front 1820

Diuretics work in CHF by

Back 1820

Reducing preload

Front 1822

Beta blockers work in CHF by

Back 1822

Reducing progression of heart failure (never use in acute heart failure)

Front 1823

Peptide drug used to treat CHF

Back 1823

Nesiritide (BNP)

Front 1825

"

Back 1825

Increasing sodium excretion and decreases arterial and venous tone

Front 1827

SE of nesiritide

Back 1827

Excessive hypotension and kidney failure

Front 1830

Agent used in CHF that is a selective alpha and nonselective beta blocker

Back 1830

Carvedilol

Front 1832

Agent used in acutely decompensated CHF resembling natriuretic peptide

Back 1832

Nesiritide (Natrecor)

Front 1834

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 1835

Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant

Back 1835

Warfarin (PT)

Front 1837

Warfarin is contraindicated in

Back 1837

Pregnancy

Front 1839

Anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy

Back 1839

Heparin

Front 1841

Heparin (PTT) increases activity of

Back 1841

Antithrombin 3

Front 1843

Route of administration of warfarin

Back 1843

Oral

Front 1845

Routes of administration of heparin

Back 1845

IV and IM (only LMW)

Front 1847

SE of both warfarin and heparin

Back 1847

Bleeding

Front 1849

SE of heparin

Back 1849

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Front 1851

Alternative anticoagulant used if HIT develops

Back 1851

Lepirudin

Front 1853

Antidote to reverse actions of warfarin

Back 1853

Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma

Front 1855

Antidote to reverse actions of heparin

Back 1855

Protamine sulfate

Front 1858

MOA of aspirin

Back 1858

Irreversibly blocking cyclooxygenase

Front 1860

Agent used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI

Back 1860

Aspirin, metoprolol

Front 1862

SE of Aspirin

Back 1862

GI bleeding

Front 1864

Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin

Back 1864

Ticlopidine

Front 1866

SE for ticlopidine

Back 1866

Neutropenia and agranulocytosis

Front 1868

Effective in preventing TIA's

Back 1868

Clopidogrel and ticlopidine

Front 1870

Prevents thrombosis in patients with artificial heart valve

Back 1870

Dipyridamole

Front 1872

Block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking

Back 1872

Abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide

Front 1874

MOA of thrombolytics

Back 1874

Degradation of fibrin clots and are administered IV

Front 1876

Thrombolytics are used for

Back 1876

Pulmonary embolism and DVT

Front 1878

Thrombolytic that can cause allergic reaction

Back 1878

Streptokinase

Front 1880

Thrombolytic used for acute MI and ischemic (non hemorrhagic) CVA

Back 1880

Tissue plasmin activator

Front 1882

SE of tPA

Back 1882

Cerebral hemorrhage

Front 1884

Antidote for thrombolytics

Back 1884

Aminocaproic acid

Front 1886

Agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 1887

Agent to treat hypochromic microcytic anemias

Back 1887

Ferrous sulfate

Front 1889

Chelating agent used in acute iron toxicity

Back 1889

Deferoxamine

Front 1891

Agent for pernicious anemia

Back 1891

Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)

Front 1893

Agent used for neurological deficits in megaloblastic anemia

Back 1893

Vitamin B12

Front 1895

Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy

Back 1895

Folic acid

Front 1897

Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure

Back 1897

Erythropoietin

Front 1899

Agent used neutropenia especially after chemotherapy

Back 1899

G-CSF (filgrastim) and GM-CSF (sargramostim)

Front 1901

Treatment of patients with prior episodes of thrombocytopenia after a cycle of cancer chemotherapy

Back 1901

Interleukin 11 (oprelvekin)

Front 1903

Antihyperlipidemics

Front 1904

Drugs decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol

Back 1904

Bile acid-binding resins

Front 1906

Cholestyramine and colestipol are

Back 1906

Bile acid-binding resins

Front 1908

Major nutritional side effect of bile acid-binding resins

Back 1908

Impair absorption of fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)

Front 1911

MOA of lovastatin (STATIN)

Back 1911

inhibits HMG COA reductase

Front 1913

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are contraindicated in

Back 1913

Pregnancy

Front 1915

MOA of drug or foods (grapefruit juice) that increase statin effect

Back 1915

Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4

Front 1917

SE of HMG COA reductase inhibitors

Back 1917

Rhabdomyolysis and Hepatotoxicity

Front 1919

Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS

Back 1919

LFT's

Front 1921

Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis

Back 1921

Niacin

Front 1923

SE of niacin

Back 1923

Cutaneous flush

Front 1925

Cutaneous flush and be reduced by pretreatment with

Back 1925

Aspirin

Front 1927

Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of

Back 1927

Lipoprotein lipase

Front 1929

Most common SE of fibrates

Back 1929

Nausea

Front 1931

Fibrates are contraindicated in

Back 1931

Pregnancy

Front 1933

Concurrent use of fibrates and statins increases risk of

Back 1933

Rhabdomyolysis

Front 1935

New class of drugs that works by inhibiting absorption of intestinal cholesterol and can be given concurrently with the Statins

Back 1935

Ezetimibe (Zetia)

Front 1937

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 1938

MOA of NSAIDS

Back 1938

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)

Front 1940

Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS

Back 1940

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase

Front 1942

Four main actions of NSAIDS

Back 1942

Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity

Front 1944

Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus

Back 1944

Indomethacin

Front 1946

Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection

Back 1946

Potential for development of Reye's syndrome

Front 1948

SE of salicylates

Back 1948

Tinnitus, GI bleeding

Front 1950

NSAID also available as an ophthalmic preparation

Back 1950

Diclofenac, ketoralac

Front 1952

NSAID available orally, IM and ophthalmically

Back 1952

Ketoralac

Front 1954

NSAID that is used for acute condition, such as pre-op anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) of use due to nephrotoxicity

Back 1954

Ketoralac

Front 1956

Newer NSAID that selectively inhibits COX-2

Back 1956

Celecoxib

Front 1958

COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of

Back 1958

Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding

Front 1960

COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with

Back 1960

Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease

Front 1962

Acetaminophen only has

Back 1962

Antipyretic and analgesic activity

Front 1964

SE of acetaminophen

Back 1964

Hepatotoxicity

Front 1966

Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity

Back 1966

N-acetylcysteine

Front 1968

Drugs-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Agents (DMARDS)

Front 1969

DMARDs are slow acting drugs for

Back 1969

Rheumatic disease

Front 1971

Initial DMARD of choice for patients with RA

Back 1971

Methotrexate

Front 1973

Drug ofter used in combination with TNF - alpha inhitors for RA

Back 1973

Methotrexate

Front 1975

Causes bone marrow suppression

Back 1975

Methotrexate

Front 1977

SE of penicillamine

Back 1977

Aplastic anemia and renal toxicity

Front 1979

Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes

Back 1979

Hydroxychloroquine

Front 1981

Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 1981

Hydroxychloroquine

Front 1983

SE of hydroxychloroquine

Back 1983

Retinal destruction and dermatitis

Front 1985

MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)

Back 1985

Inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis, decreased T cell proliferation and decreased antibody production by B cells

Front 1987

Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)

Back 1987

Adalimumab, infliximab and etanercept

Front 1989

Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis

Back 1989

Sulfasalazine

Front 1991

Anti-rheumatic agent also used for Chron's disease

Back 1991

Infliximab

Front 1993

Drugs used in Gout

Front 1994

NSAID used in gout

Back 1994

Indomethacin

Front 1997

NSAID contraindicated in gout

Back 1997

Aspirin

Front 2001

MOA of colchicine (used in acute gout)

Back 2001

Selective inhibitor of microtubule assembly

Front 2003

SE of colchicine

Back 2003

Kidney and liver toxicity, diarrhea

Front 2005

Agent used to treat chronic gout by increasing uric acid secretion and excretion

Back 2005

Probenecid and sulfinpyrazone

Front 2007

Allopurinol treats chronic gout by decreasing uric acid production by inhibiting

Back 2007

Xanthine oxidase

Front 2015

Insulins

Front 2016

Rapid acting insulins that do not self-aggregate

Back 2016

lispro insulin, aspart insulin, glulisine insulin

Front 2018

Peakless ling acting insulin

Back 2018

Insulin glargine

Front 2024

Cardiac drugs

Front 2026

DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; has high efficacy and short duration of action

Back 2026

Adenosine