Anatomy Of Upper Respiratory Tract (Urt)

Front 1

6 Functions of the respiratory system

Back 1

1. Gas exchange
2. Communication (vocal)
3. Sensory (olfaction/smell)
4. Filtration/clearing of pathogens
5. Humidification of air + equation (making equal) of temperature
6. 2 divisions: Conduction and respiratory

Front 2

Differentiate between the functions and anatomical area of the conducting division and respiratory division.

Back 2

CONDUCTING DIVISION
1. Low resistance pathway for airflow
2. Defense
3. Warms and moistens air
4. Articulation and resonance
(Nostrils to bronchioles)

RESPIRATORY DIVISION
Sites of O2 and CO2 exchange with the blood.
(Respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts) = 10% gas exchange
(Alveoli) = 90%

Front 3

What are pneumatic bones?
What are they for?

Back 3

Hollow, air-filled bones.
Functions:
- Lightening skull
- Vocal resonance
- Warming & humidification

Front 4

Name 5 pneumatic bones on the skull.

Back 4

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Mastoid air cells in temporal bone

Front 5

What do nasal turbinates/conchae do?

Back 5

Help create turbulence, which raises contact between air and mucosa, to warm and humidify air.

Front 6

What arteries supply the nasal cavity?

Back 6

Ophthalmic (eye-related), maxillary, and facil arteries.

Front 7

Name the 3 divisions of the pharynx, from top to bottom.

Back 7

Nasopharynx (nose level)
Oropharynx (month level)
Laryngopharynx (larynx level)

Front 8

Define the boundaries of the Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx.

Back 8

N: Base of skull to soft palate.
O: Uvula to hyoid bone.
L: Hyoid to esophagus.

Front 9

What does the epiglottis do?

Back 9

Covers the windpipe (trachea) when swallowing.

Front 10

Clinically defined, what structures do the upper respiratory system consist of?

Back 10

Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal air sinuses (frontal, maxillary, etc)
Pharynx
Larynx

Front 11

Clinically defined, what structures do the lower respiratory system consist of?

Back 11

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Front 12

What does the nasal mucosa do?

Back 12

Warms and humidifies, and filters the air.

Front 13

What is a choanae?

Back 13

Internal nare (nostril) - a posterior nasal aperture (opening)

Front 14

Where does the olfactory mucosae lie?

Back 14

On the roof of the nasal cavity.

Front 15

Where does the pharynx extend from and to?

Back 15

Base of skull to C6.

Front 16

List 4 functions of the respiratory epithelia.

Back 16

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation (neuroepithelium)
Sites of specialised secretions (glandular epithelium)

Front 17

What are the apical (exposed) surface and basal surface exposed to, respectively?

Back 17

Air, and a thin basement membrane.

Front 18

What are parts of the pharynx and
epiglottis are lined by?
What do these cells offer?

Back 18

Stratified columnar
epithelium. Offers specialised
protection.

Front 19

What are the surface of mouth and
throat lined by?
What do these cells offer?

Back 19

Stratified squamous epithelium.
Offers protection from physical and chemical attack.

Front 20

What are the ear's 6 hearing functions, and 2 balance/equilibrium functions?

Back 20

Hearing:
• collects
• conducts
• modifies
• amplifies
• analyses
• converts

Equilibrium
• “static”
• “dynamic”

Front 21

What are 3 functions of the external ear?

Back 21

• Collection of sound waves.
• Location of sound (the auricle
"casts a sound shadow" that aids
in location of the source of the
sound).
• Slight amplification of the sound
waves due to the size and shape
of the external acoustic meatus.

Front 22

What are 3 functions of the middle ear?

Back 22

•Conductionof vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the membrane of the oval window.
•Modificationof the vibrations of membrane to movements of bones.
•Amplificationof the vibrations mainly because of the size difference between the tympanic membrane and oval window.

Front 23

Bony labyrinth:
What are the fluid-filling structures, used to determine the , Y, and Z-axes, called?

Back 23

Semi-lunar canals.

Front 24

Membraneous labyrinth:
What are the 2 types of ducts called?

Back 24

Semi-lunar ducts and cochlear duct.

Front 25

Bony labyrinth:
Names the 4 structures.

Back 25

Semi-lunar canals.
Vestibule (entrance).
Cochlea (snail thing)
Fenestra Vestibuli
Fenestra Cochleae

Front 26

What's the Fenestra Vestibuli for?

Back 26

Place where sound waves enter the cochlea, via vibrations from the tympanic membrane -> Malleus -> Incus -> Stapes.

Front 27

What's the Fenestra Cochleae for?

Back 27

Place where sound waves leave the cochlea.

Front 28

Which nerve innervates in internal auditory meatus?
What are its roles?

Back 28

Cranial Nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear nerve)
Sensory nerve.
Equilibrium (vestibular nerve) and hearing (cochlear nerve).

Front 29

What are 4 functions of the external ear?

Back 29

•Conduction of the vibrations.
•Analysis of the vibrations because different parts of the spiral organ are related to different frequencies of vibration.
•Conversion of mechanical vibrations to electrical impulses.
•Equilibrium; both "static" and "dynamic".

Front 30

What are the 3 names of the tube connecting the upper pharynx to the middle ear?
Which one matters?

Back 30

•Auditory tube***
•Pharyngotympanic tube
•Eustachian tube

Front 31

What is the core component of the cochlea?
Why is it important?

Back 31

Organ of Corti - sensory organ for hearing.

Front 32

What do the oval window and round window correspond to, respectively?

Back 32

Fenestra Vestibuli, and Fenestra Cochleae.

Front 33

What structures contain perilymph, and what contain endolymph?

Back 33

Perilymph: Fenestra Vestibuli, and Fenestra Cochleae.

Endolymph: Organ of Corti

Front 34

Semicircular Canals (osseous) contain Semicircular Cucts (membraneous), which contain Cupla Ampullae, which contain Crista Ampullaris, which detects what?

Back 34

Dynamic equilibrium: Rotational/angular motion.

Front 35

Vestibule (osseous) containing Utricle and Saccule (membraneous), which contain Maculae, which detects what?

Back 35

Static equilibrium: Gravity and linear acceleration.

Front 36

Name the structures.

Back 36

Front 37

Name the sinuses.

Back 37