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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Path of Blood in the Main Channel of the Dog
Subclavian-Axillary-Brachial-Median- Superficial Palmar Arch-Palmar Common Digital Artery- Palmar Proper Digital Artery
Path of Blood in the Main Channel of the Cat
Subclavian-Axillary-Brachial-Median-Radial- Dorsal Carpal Branch- Proximal Perforating Branch 2- Deep Palmar Arch- Palmar Metacarpal Artery- Palmar Proper Digital Artery
Brachial Plexus is composed of
Thoracic 1 and 2
Cervical 6,7,8
Radiograph Opacities in order of Least Opaque to Most Opaque
1)Air
2)Fat
3)Water/Soft Tissue
4)Bone
5)Metal
Autonomous Zones in Dogs
Radial- Dorsal Side of Paw (digits 2 and 3)
Medial- Cannot test
Ulnar- Abaxial side of 5th digit
Autonomous Zones in Cat
Radial- Dorsal Paw (digits 2 and 3)
Medial- Palmar digits 1-3
Ulnar- Digit 5
Parent Nerve of Cranial Cutaneous antibrachial Nerve
Axillary Nerve- test for on medial proximal half of antebrachium
Parent Nerve of Lateral Cutaneous Antibrachial Nerve
Radial Never- test for Lateral side of brachium transitioning into cranial side of antebrachium and dorsal side of paw
Parent Nerve of Caudal Cutaneous Antibrachial
Ulnar nerve- Test for on caudal portion of antebrachium and abaxial palmar/lateral surface of manus
Parent Nerve of Medial Cutaneous Antibrachial Nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve- test for on median side of carpus and palmar side of manus
What drains to the superficial cervical lymph nodes?
Head, superficial neck, craniodorsal thoracic wall, thoracic limb lateral surface, distal medial thoracic limb
What drains to the Axillary Lymph Nodes?
Medial Proximal thoracic limb
What drains to the Accessory Axillary Lymph Nodes?
lateral thorax wall and cranial mammary glands (it is not always present)
X-rays interact by
Being absorbed or scattered or passing through
X-rays damage cells by
direct damage or the production of free radicals
Roentgen signs- Show me something obvious now lady
s-size
m- margin
s-shape
o-opacity
n-number
l-location
Pro's and Con's of Radiographs
Pro's- inexensive. quick, portable
con's- 2d, dangerous exposure, not great for soft tissue
Ultrasound images are described as
echogenicities- anechoic is black, hypoechoic is dark, hyperechoic is bright
Pro's and Con's of Untrsound
Pro's- safe, portable, good for soft tissue
Con's- bad for bone and gas, expensive, user-dependent
CT images
Use x-ray, described as hypoattenuating or hyperattenuating (white)
Pro's and Con's of CT
Pro's- good for bone, 3D, can reformat for multiplanar imaging
Con's- expensive, immobile patient, radiation exposure, limited availability
MRI
uses bodies own hydrogen atoms. described as hypointense of hyperintense
Pro's and Con's of MRI
Pro's great for CNS and ligaments, no radiation
Con's- bad for bones and gas, immobile patient, expensive, limited availability
Orthogonal Views
take two radiographs at 90 degrees to one another to see whole picture
How are radiographs named
Named from where beam enters to where beam exits
Distance from radiograph is governed by
inverse square law
3 Components of radiation safety
time, distance, shielding
Joints of the thoracic limb
glenohumeral joint
cubital joint
antebrachiocarpal joint
carpal joint
carpometacarpal joint
metacarpophalangeal joint
proximal and distal interphalangeal joint
Sesamoid Bones in thoracic limb
abductor pollicis longus, dorsal sesamoid bones on dorsal surface of manus between metacarpals and proxial phalanges of digits 2-5
proximal sesamoid bones- 2 paired nones on palmar surface between metacarpals and proximal phalanges of digits 2-5
Muscles act on
joints, not bones
Major action is
on most distal joint a muscle crosses
Intrinsic muscles
all attachments on appendicular skeleton
Extrinsic muscles
One attachment on appendicular skeleton and one on axial skeleton
Bones of Brachium
Humerus
Bones of Antebrachium
Radius and Ulna
Bones of Carpus
Carpal bones 1-4, accessory carpal bone, radial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone
Key nerve of forelimb
Radial Nerve- Innervate extensors of the elbow, carpus, and digits, dog cannot bear weight without it
Dorsal Nerves of the manus
the dorsal surface of the paw has only superficial nerves in the dog and cat (dorsal common digital n,)
Palmar Nerves of the manus
has both a superficial and deep set of nerves.

in dogs- ulnar and median nn. anastomose on palmar surface- why can't test for median n.

in cats- do not anastomose so digital nerves are either median n. or ulnar n. and cas test for both.
Common Blood Supply and Innervation of EXTENSORS OF THE SHOULDER JOINT
Blood Supply- Superficial Cervical A.

Innervation- Suprascapular N, Subscapular N., Accessory N.
Common Blood Supply and Innervation of FLEXORS OF THE SHOULDER JOINT
Blood Supply- thoracodorsal, caudal circumflex humeral

Innervation- Axillary Nerve
Common Blood Supply and Innervation of EXTENSORS OF THE ELBOW JOINT
Blood Supply- Deep brachial, collateral ulnar

Innervation- Radial Nerve
Common Blood Supply and Innervation of FLEXORS OF THE ELBOW JOINT
Blood Supply- bicipital, transverse cubital

Innervation- Musculocutaneous
Common Blood Supply and Innervation of EXTENSORS OF THE CARPUS AND DIGITS
Blood Supply- Cranial Interosseus

Innervation- Radial Nerve
Common Blood Supply and Innervation of FLEXORS OF THE CARPUS AND DIGITS
Blood Supply- Deep Antebrachial

Innervation- median and ulnar