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145 Cards in this Set
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Anatomy |
The study of internal and external structures of the human body. Specific structures perform specific functions, therefore, structure determines function. |
Morphology |
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Microscopic anatomy |
The study of body structure that can not be viewed without magnification |
Including cytology and histology (cell and tissues) |
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Gross anatomy |
The study of body structures without the aid of magnification. |
Subclasses-surface anatomy (the study of shapes and markings on the body surface) , regional anatomy ( the study of all structures in a single body region, superficial or deep), systemic anatomy ( the study of all organs with related functions, i.e. study one organ system at a time. |
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Developmental anatomy |
The study of structural changes that occur from conception to physical maturity |
Subclasses embryology ; the study of structural formation and development before birth |
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Comparative anatomy |
The study of the anatomy of different types of animals |
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Pathological anatomy |
The study of structural changes in cells tissues, and organs caused by disease |
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Radiographic anatomy |
The study of internal body structures by using non-invasive imaging techniques, such as x-ray imaging and ultrasound |
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Surgical anatomy |
The study of anatomical landmarks, which are important to surgical procedures |
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Chemical level |
Atoms combine to form small molecules and larger macromolecules. Chemicals comprise the entire body |
Know C,H,O,N for exam 1 and 12+ elements in the body. Know the major classes of compounds, water, carbon, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids. Not all lipids are fats that all fats are lipids. |
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Cellular level |
Cells are comprised of molecule they are the smallest living units in the body cellular organelles are their functional subunits |
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Tissue level |
Similar types of cells, with a common function, combined to form tissue, four primary tissue types comprise all organs of the human body |
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Organ level |
More than one tissue type (often all for tissues) combine to form organs, extremely complex physiological processes occur at this level |
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Organ system level |
Organs that work closely together combined to form an organ system, to accomplish a common purpose, there are 11 organ systems of the human body |
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Human organism |
The highest level of structural organization, this is a combination of all the organ system functioning together to sustain the life of the organism |
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Integumentary system |
Forms the continuous membrane (epidermis and dermis), the external body covering, provides protection and thermoregulation. |
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Skeletal system |
Provides protection and support to the body organs, provides skeletal framework for the muscles to attach, hence, causing movement, stores minerals, blood cell formation occurs within bones |
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Muscular system |
Produces motion, maintain posture by providing support, produces heat |
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Nervous system |
Control center of the body, which direct intermediate responses to stimuli and coordinates the other organ systems, response to internal and external stimuli by activating appropriate muscles and glands |
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Endocrine system |
Comprised of glands, which secrete hormones that regulate processes of the other organ systems. Such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. |
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Cardiovascular system |
Comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood to transport materials within the body. Such as respiratory gases, nutrients and waste |
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Lymphoid system, lymphatic and immune system |
Comprised of the lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organ, lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue, returns leaked fluid to blood, provides defense against pathogens and disease by housing white blood cells that function in immunity |
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Respiratory system |
Comprised of the nasal cavity, fairness, lyrics, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs. Maintains the Bloods constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange occurs at the alveoli. |
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Digestive system |
Comprised of the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal and accessory structures, which together function to process food and absorb nutrients |
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Urinary system |
Comprised of the kidneys, the readers, the urinary bladder, and the uretha. Functions to eliminate excess water, salts, nitrogenous waste from the body, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood |
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Reproductive system |
Comprised of gonads. Testes in the male and ovaries in the female. Accessory organs and external genetalia, overall function is to produce sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring, the female reproductive system supports embryonic development |
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Anatomical position |
The person is standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward, little fingers are medial touching the sides, feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead |
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Axial region |
Consist of the head, neck, and torso |
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Appendicular region |
Consist of the upper and lower limbs or extremities |
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Superior |
Cranial or cephalic. Above the point of reference, toward the head end or upper part of structure or the body |
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Inferior |
Caudal. Below the point of reference, toward the tail end or toward the lower part of the structure or the body |
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Anterior |
Ventral. Toward or at the front of the body, in front of |
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Posterior |
Dorsal. Toward or at the back of the body, behind, the back side. Anterior/dorsal and posterior/ventral are interchangeable and humans only |
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Medial |
Toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side of. The trachea is medial to the arm |
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Lateral |
Away from the midline of the body, toward the sides or on the outer sides. The ears are lateral to the nose |
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Proximal |
Closer to the region of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. The shoulders are proximal to the elbow |
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Distal |
Away from the region of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body truck. The fingers are distal to the wrist |
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Superficial |
External. Closer to or at the body surface. This can a superficial to the heart |
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Deep |
Internal. Further from or away from the body surface, more internal. The lungs are deep to the skin |
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Ipsilateral |
On the same side. The right arm and the right leg |
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Contralateral |
On the opposite side. The right arm and the left leg or contralateral |
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Cephalon |
Cephalic. Area of the head |
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Cervicis |
Cervical. Neck region |
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Thoracis |
Thoracic. Chest region |
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Brachium |
Brachial. Upper arm |
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Antebrachium |
Antebrachial. Forearm |
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Carpus |
Carpal. Wrist |
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Manus |
Manual. Hand |
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Pollicis |
Pollex. Thumb |
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Abdomen |
Abdominal. Abdominal region |
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Umbilicus |
Umbilical. Navel or bellybutton |
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Pelvis |
Pelvic. Pelvis region |
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Pubis |
Pubic. Anterior pelvis and genital region |
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Inguen |
Inguinal. Groin |
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Lumbus |
Lumbar. Lower back |
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Gluteus |
Gluteal. Buttock region |
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Femur |
Femoral, thigh |
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Patella |
Patellar. Kneecap |
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Crus |
Crural. Anterior leg, from knee to ankle |
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Sura |
Sural. Posterior, calf of leg |
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Tarsus |
Tarsal. Ankle |
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Pes |
Pedal. Foot |
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Planta |
Plantar. The bottom of foot, sole |
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Hallucis |
Hallux, great toe or big toe |
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Frontal (coronal) plane |
Lies vertically and divides the body into an anterior portion and a posterior portion |
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Transverse ( horizontal) plane |
Live horizontally and divides the body into a superior portion in and inferior portion. These sections are also called cross sections |
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Sagittal plane |
Lies vertically inside the body into a right portion and a left portion |
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Midsagittal plane |
If the sagittal plane lies exactly in the midline and the portions are equivalent |
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Parasagittal |
All other sagittal planes that are offset from the midline and result in an unequal portions are called parasagittal |
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Dorsal body cavity |
1. Cranial cavity- lies within the skull (cranium), encasing the brain 2. Spinal cavity- lies within the vertebral column, enclosing the spinal cord |
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Ventral body cavity |
Coelom. Provides protection, allows organ movement, and lining prevent friction |
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Thoracic body cavity |
Superior to diaphragm, contains heart, lungs, blood vessels and surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest wall |
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Pleural cavity |
Right and left cavities, which includes the right and left lungs |
1. Parietal pleura - the thin membrane that lines the chest wall of the serous membrane 2. Visceral pleura - the thin membrane that adheres to the lungs the serous membrane 3. Serous fluid fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane |
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Mediastinal cavity or mediastinum |
A central cavity containing a band of organs, which lies between the pleural cavity, contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. Enclosed by the pericardial cavity with the heart |
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Pericardial cavity |
1. Parietal pericardium - the thin membrane that line the pericardial wall of the serous membrane 2. Visceral pericardium - the thin membrane that adheres to the heart surface of the serous membrane 3. Serous fluid - fills the pericardial cavity between the layers of the serous membrane |
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The abdominopelvic cavity |
Lies inferior to the diaphragm and is divided into a superior part in an inferior |
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Abdominal cavity |
Superior part, which contains the liver, stomach, small intestine, spleen, kidneys, other organs. Extends from diaphragm superiorly to superior border of sacrum |
Many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal cavity. |
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Peritoneum |
Serous membrane |
1. Parietal peritoneum - the thin membrane that lines the wall of the serous membrane 2. Visceral peritoneum - the thin membrane that adheres to the abdominopelvic organs of the serous membrane Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and your ureter are retroperitoneal because they are located behind the abdominopelvic cavity |
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pelvic cavity |
The inferior part, which is enclosed by the bony pelvis, contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum |
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The four abdominopelvic quadrants |
Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant left upper quadrant left lower quadrant |
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The nine abdominopelvic regions |
Umbilical region-5 ( the center square) hypogastric region (1-right and 3-left) superior lateral regions epigastric region -2 ( medial and superior to the umbilical region) lumbar region (4-right and 6-left) middle lateral region hypogastric region -8 medial and inferior to the umbilical region inguinal region (7-right and 9-left) inferior lateral region |
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Absorption |
The route through which substances only very small molecules can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions |
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Adaptability |
Long-term responsiveness |
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Adaptation |
The change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an environment |
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Differentiation |
The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type |
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Excretion |
The process of moving metabolic waste products and other useless materials |
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Growth |
Refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due to an increase in the size and/or number of individual cells |
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Metabolism |
The set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life |
Anabolism - refers to the construction of molecules, via metallic pathways, from smaller unit Catabolism - refers to the breakdown of molecules, via metabolic pathways, and two smaller units, consequently releasing energy |
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Reproduction |
The process through which new individual organisms are produced, therefore it is essential to the continuity of life |
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Supine |
The patient is lying down with the face up |
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Prone |
The patient is lying down with the face down |
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Responsiveness |
The ability of an organism to change activity or functioning, based upon the application of a stimulus, also referred to as irritability |
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The cell |
All living organisms are composed of cells, the basic structural and functional unit of life |
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Cell theory |
Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things. New cells are formed and produce from other preexisting cells, via division. Cells are the fundamental units of structure that perform all vital function |
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Two main cell types in the body |
Somatic cells - body cells Sex sells - reproduction cells or germ cells |
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Cell diversity |
The trillions of cells in the human body are made up of 200 different cell types that vary greatly in size, shape and function |
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Cytology |
The study of cell structure and function |
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Light microscopy LM |
Uses light to magnify and view cellular structures up to 2000 times their natural size |
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Electron microscopy EM |
Uses electrons to magnify and review cell ultra structures up to 2 million times their natural size |
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Three main parts of the cell |
1. Plasmalemma ( plasma or cell membrane ) 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus |
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Plasma membrane |
Fluid mosaic model also known as the plasma lemma and the cell membrane. A thin layer of extracellular fluid surrounds a cell. Its outer boundary is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane or the plasmalemma or phospholipid bilayer. The cell membrane model is a bilayer of lipid molecules with protein molecules dispersed within. |
Containing integral proteins embedded in the into the phospholipid bilayer. Peripheral proteins attached to the membrane that can separate from it. Channel allow water and ions to move across the membrane. |
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Gated channel |
Can open and close |
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Microvilli |
Tiny finger like projections of the cell membrane that increase the cell surface area of the cell and are involved in a wide variety of functions including absorption secretion and cellular adhesion |
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Cell membrane function |
Protection from a barrier against substance and forces outside the cell. Structural support. Sensitivity, some membrane proteins act as receptors a component of the seller communications system. Regulation of exchange with the environment, selective permeability, free passage of some not all materials are permitted |
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Diffusion |
Net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, occurs until equilibrium is achieved. Concentration gradient is eliminated |
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Acromial |
Shoulder |
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Olecranon |
Back of elbow |
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Dorsum or dorsal |
Back |
Caudal inferior back and lumbar is lower back |
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Frons |
Forehead |
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Axillary |
Armpit |
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Calcaneus |
Heal |
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Popliteal |
back of the knee |
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cartlidge has what kind of cells |
Chondrocytes |
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Chondrocytes are found where |
Chondrocytes which are mature cartilage cells occupy cavities or pits called lacunae or Lacuna. Chondroblast turn into chondrocytes to produce new cartilage |
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Structures of cartilage |
Gel like matrix called chondroitin sulfate which form complex as a proteoglycans. Cartilage is avascular and not innervated. Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a fibrous perichondrium of dense irregular connective tissue |
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Appositional growth |
From the outside. Immature chondroblasts secrete matrix. This mechanism gradually increases the outer dimensions of the cartilage, hence, growth from the outside. Chondroblast and pericardium undergo repeated cycles of division to produce new cartilage tissue |
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Interstitial growth |
From within. Chondrocytes within the cartridge divide, and their daughter cells secrete new matrix. As daughter cells secrete additional matrix, they separate and consequently expand the cartilage from inside. Neither growth mechanisms occur an adult cartilages. Most cartridges cannot repair themselves after a severe injury |
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Bone function |
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. Red bone marrow makes blood cells. Yellow bone marrow does not - it is a site for fat storage |
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Bone classification |
Long bone - elongated shape like the femur for the metacarpals in the hand. Short brown - roughly to shape like the carpals in the wrist or the patella which is this sesamoid bone, Flat bones then flatten usually somewhat curved shape like the cranial bones of the skull the ribs the sternum and the scapula. Irregular bones - of various shapes and do not fit into previous categories like the vertebrae or the coxae of the hip |
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Compact bone |
External layer. Consist of osteon, lamella, central canal, perforating canal, osteocytes, canaliculi |
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Osteon |
Holes in compact bone. Long, cylindrical structure oriented parallel to the long axis of the bones and to the main compression stresses. Also referred to as weight bearing pillars |
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Lamella |
concentric layer of bone matrix in which all of the collagen fibers run in a single direction |
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Central canal- Haversian canal |
Lined by endosteum, vascularized, innervated |
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Perforating canals - Volkmann canal |
Connect blood and nerve supply of periosteum to that of the central canals and the medullary cavity |
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Osteocytes |
Spider shaped mature bone cells which occupy lacunae |
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Canaliculi |
mode of communication and supplying osteocytes with nutrients |
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Spongy bone or cancellous bone |
Internal structure of the bone honeycomb of tubercular. With open spaces in between which are filled with red and yellow bone marrow. |
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Spongy bone structures |
Each tubercula contains several layers of lamella and osteocytes but no osteons or blood vessels of its own |
Osteocytes are nourished by capillaries located in the sand. Them surrounding the tuberculae |
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Structures of a typical long bone |
Epiphysis, epiphyseal line (growth plate), blood vessels, marrow cavity, skeletal membrane, periosteum, Sharpey's fibers, endosteum |
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Periosteum |
Membrane of connective tissue that covers the entire outer surface of the bone except for the ends of the epiphysis |
Superficial layer of dense irregular connective tissue. Contains osteoblast and osteoclast |
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Endosteum |
The inner membrane of connective tissue that covers the tuberculate of spongy bone and line the medullary cavity. Also contains osteoblast and osteoclast |
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Innervated |
The distribution or supply of nerves |
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Osteocytes |
Mature bone cells that are completely surrounded by hard bone matrix, occupy lacunae |
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Osteoblast |
Immature, bone forming cells, synthesize osteoid via the process of osteogenesis |
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Osteoclast |
Large, multinucleated cells that help dissolve the bony matrix through the process of osteolysis , regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations in the body fluids |
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Osteo progenitor cells |
mesenchymal cells that play a role in the repair of bone fractures |
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Osteoid |
That organic part of matrix before it meneralizes or calcified |
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Ossification |
The formation of bone tissue |
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Calcification |
The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue |
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Extracellular matrix |
Of connective tissue, collagen fibers, ground substance, water and mineral crystal - consist largely of crystals of hydroxyapatite |
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Intramembranous ossification |
Ultimately produces spongy or compact bone. A network of bone tissue woven around capillaries first appears and then remodeled into a flat bone. Begins when osteoblast differentiate within a fibrous connective tissue at an authentication center. Forms membrane bones which occur in flat bones of the skull and clavicles |
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Endochondral ossification |
Starts in late embryonic period to eight weeks. This process forms all other bones equaling endochondral or cartilage bones. Begins with the formation of cartilaginous model. Hyaline cartilage model is gradually replaced by a osseous tissue |
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Anatomy of epiphyseal growth |
The growth plate. The chondrocytes of the growing cartilage in the fetal Ephesus and the postnatal epiphyseal plates are organized into several zones which allow rapid growth. Zone 1 - zone of resting cartilage Zone 2 - zone of proliferating cartilage Zone 3 - zone of hypertrophy Zone 4 - zone of calcification |
Rats prefer houses with cheese |
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bone replacement |
Spongy bone in human skeleton is entirely replace every 3 to 4 years and compact bone every 10 years |
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Bone remodeling |
New bone tissue is continuously deposited and reabsorbs and response to hormonal or mechanical stresses. The hormone PTH. mineral turnover and recycle allowed them to adapt to new stresses. Calcium is the most common mineral in the body and is an important mineral for bone |
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Postnatal growth of endochondral bones |
Endochondral bones lengthen growth through the growth of epiphyseal plate cartilages, which closed in early adulthood. Bones increase and withdrew appositional growth.. Same as bone tissue to its surface, while the end Austin's osteoclasts remove bone from the inner surface of the diaphysis wall |
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