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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The space between the parietal and visceral pericardium is normally filled with...
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Pericardial fluid in the space known as the pericardial cavity. Pericardial fluid helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac.
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The layer of the heart wall responsible for pumping blood is the...
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Myocardium. It is composed of cardiac muscle cells.
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Which part of the heart forms the Base?
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The Left and Right Ventricles. The adult heart is shaped like a blunt cone and is approximately the size of a closed fist. The larger; flat part, at the opposite end of the rounded point of the cone (apex), is the base.
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Which part of the heart forms the Apex?
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The Left and Right Atria. The adult heart is shaped like a blunt cone and is approximately the size of a closed fist. The blunt, rounded point of the cone is (at the top) is the apex.
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Name the 3 layers of the heart wall.
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The epicardium, the myocardium and the endocardium.
From the outside in: The Epicardium: outer layer Forms the outer surface of the heart Consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue and fat The Myocardium: middle layer Composed of cardiac muscle cells The Endocardium: inner layer Consists of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue Allows blood to move easily through the heart |
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What 2 connections are found at the intercalated discs.
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Desmosomes and Gap Junctions. Gap junctions allow action potentials to pass from one cardiac muscle cell to the next. Desmosomes are mechanical links that bind cells together.
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Blood flows from the Superior Vena Cava to the...
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Right Atrium. SVC carries Deoxygenated Blood from the body.
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The fossa ovalis is the remnant of the….and it served to…..and it is found on the….
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The fossa ovalis is the remnant of the foramen ovale and it served to bypass the lungs in fetuses, and it is found on the right side of the interatrial septum.
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The myocardium is made of ….
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Cardiac muscle cells, and is responsible for contractions of the heart chambers.
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Blood flows from the four pulmonary veins into …
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The left atrium. The four pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
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The bicuspid (mitral) valve is located between the …
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Left atrium and left ventricle. It prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
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There are Semilunar valves between…and …
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The right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary semilunar valve) and the left ventricle and the ascending aorta (aortic semilunar valve).
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Blood flows into the coronary arteries from the…
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Ascending Aorta. The aorta supplies oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the coronary circulations system (supplies heart), to the rest of the body.
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The function of the chordea tendinae is…
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To do three things…to relax; as to free the margin of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves, and to get tense; as to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria. And to prevent the prolapsed of valves.
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The role of the papillary muscles is to….
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Pull on the chordea tendinae. The papillary muscles are found only in the ventricles.
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All deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circulation flows into the…
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Right atrium. Systemic circulation refers to the job of the left side of the heart that pumps blood to the entire body and back to the right side of the heart.
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Know the flow of blood through the heart.
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Systemic and Pulmonary circulation: The right side of the heart pumps blood through vessels to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through pulmonary circulation. The left side of the heart pumps blood through vessels to the tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart through the systemic circulation.
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The cusps of the AV valves are anchored to the papillary muscles by the...
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Chordae Tendinae
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The left ventricle myocardium is thicker than the right ventricle because…
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A greater thickness of myocardium allows for a greater generation of pumping pressure. The left ventricle has to generate enough force to cause blood to flow throughout the entire body, while the right ventricle does not have to generate as much force because it is only pumping blood through the lungs.
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The function of the Intercalated Discs is to…
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Allow all of the cardiac muscles in the heart to act in syncitium (act in unison).
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Do cardiac muscle cells have a smaller reserve of calcium inside the cell than skeletal?
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Yes!
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Describe the 4 Steps in the Conduction Pathway of the heart, and describe where each focus is located.
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Step 1: Action potentials originate in the Sinoatrial (SA) node and travel across the wall of the atrium by way of the internodal pathways to the Atrioventricular (AV) node.
Step 2: Action potentials pass through the AV node along the AV bundle, which extends from the AV node through the fibrous skeleton into the interventricular septum. Step 3: The AV bundle divides into right and left bundle branches, and action potentials descend to the apex of each ventricle along the bundle branches. Step 4: Action potentials are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls. |
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The initiation of the heartbeat is via the…
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The sinoatrial node commonly referred to as the pacemaker. It is leaky to Na+ ions. Default value is 100 BPM
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The cranial nerve that slows the HR is the…
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The Vagus cranial nerve #10
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A heartbeat is normally initiated during…
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The depolarization phase when the voltage gated Na+ channels open
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On an ECG, the P wave represents…
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Results from depolarization of the atrial myocardium and the beginning of the P wave precedes the onset of atrial contraction.
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The SA node is located in the….near the…
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The SA Node is located in the right atrium near the superior vena cava.
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Why do cardiac muscle cells remain depolarized longer than skeletal muscle cells?
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Because the Ca2+ channels remain open.
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The force of contraction of cardiac muscle cells is primarily influenced by...
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Calcium; Ca2+ ions
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Opening of voltage gated K+ channels allows for …
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Final repolarization phase. Repolarization precedes cardiac muscle relaxation.
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On an ECG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the…
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QRS complex. The QRS results from depolarization of the ventricles and the beginning of the QRS complex precedes ventricular contraction.
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The time the ventricles are depolarized is represented by…
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ST wave within the QT time interval
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Give an example of an ectopic focus…
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The AV node could take over for the SA if the SA node were to fail.
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The first and second heart sounds are created by the …and the …which causes the second heart sound.
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The first and second heart sounds are created by the closing of the AV valves and the closing of the semilunar valves.
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Define the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart…
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Starling’s law states that as the resting length of the cardiac muscle fibers increases, the force of contraction they produce increases.
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What is the blood supply to the cardiac muscle itself? Where do these vessels come from?
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The coronary circulation system supplies blood directly to the heart. The two coronary arteries originate from the base of the aorta, just above the aortic semilunar valves.
There is a right and left coronary artery. The left artery supplies the left atrium; most of the left ventricle and part of the right ventricle with blood. The right artery supplies the right atrium; most of the right ventricle and part of the left ventricle with blood. |
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Name the 2 important branches from the each coronary artery.
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For the left coronary artery it would be the Anterior Interventricular Artery and the circumflex artery. For the right artery it would be the Posterior Interventricular Artery and the right marginal artery.
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The AV valves close when…
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Ventricular ejection is occurring. They close to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria.
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The AV valves open when…
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The Atria contract to force the remaining 20% of blood into the ventricles. The majority of the ventricles volume is filled up by way of passive drainage from the atria.
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Know the main branches of the coronary arteries and the associated veins that travel with them…
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For the left coronary artery it would be the Anterior Interventricular Artery and the circumflex artery. The left side is also where the great cardiac vein is located
For the right artery it would be the Posterior Interventricular Artery and the right marginal artery. The right side is also where the small cardiac vein is located. |
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Know what all the waves represent on an EKG or ECG readout.
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There are three waves: given in order from beginning to end.
P wave: results from the depolarization of the atrial myocardium, and the beginning of the P wave precedes the onset of atrial contraction. QRS complex: the QRS results from the depolarization of the ventricles, and the beginning of the QRS complex precedes ventricular contraction. Repolarization of the atria cannot be seen because it occurs during the QRS complex. T wave: represents repolarization of the ventricles, and the beginning of the T wave precedes ventricular relaxation. |
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Where in the brain is HR regulated?
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The cardioregulatory center is located in the medulla oblongata
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What is an MI?
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MI stands for Myocardial Infarction, more commonly known as a heart attack.
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List all veins dumping into the atria and what kind of blood it is (deoxygenated vs. oxygenated)
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There are three structures that dump deoxygenated blood into the right atrium:
Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Coronary Sinus There are four veins that dump oxygenated blood into the left atrium: Pulmonary veins |
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What does the skeleton of the heart consist of and what is its function?
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The heart's skeleton consists of a plate of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles.
This connective tissue plate forms fibrous rings around the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and provides support for them. The fibrous connective tissue plate also provides a rigid site for attachment of the cardiac muscles and serves as electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles. |
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Identify the Coronary Sinus (and its tributaries)
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Coronary sinus is a large vein located within the coronary sulcus on the posterior aspect of the heart. It branches off into the small cardiac vein on the right and the great cardiac vein on the left.
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Identify the Coronary Groove and the two structures inside it.
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Inside the coronary groove is the anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus.
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Define Afterload
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Afterload: refers to the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood.
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Define Preload:
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Preload: is the degree to which ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole.
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Define Systole:
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Systole: references the maximum value of aortic pressure as the ventricles contract.
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Know what all the waves represent on an EKG or ECG readout.
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There are three waves: given in order from beginning to end.
P wave: results from the depolarization of the atrial myocardium, and the beginning of the P wave precedes the onset of atrial contraction. QRS complex: the QRS results from the depolarization of the ventricles, and the beginning of the QRS complex precedes ventricular contraction. Repolarization of the atria cannot be seen because it occurs during the QRS complex. T wave: represents repolarization of the ventricles, and the beginning of the T wave precedes ventricular relaxation. |
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Where in the brain is HR regulated?
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The cardioregulatory center is located in the medulla oblongata
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What is an MI?
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MI stands for Myocardial Infarction, more commonly known as a heart attack.
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List all veins dumping into the atria and what kind of blood it is (deoxygenated vs. oxygenated)
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There are three structures that dump deoxygenated blood into the right atrium:
Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Coronary Sinus There are four veins that dump oxygenated blood into the left atrium: Pulmonary veins |
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What does the skeleton of the heart consist of and what is its function?
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The heart's skeleton consists of a plate of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles.
This connective tissue plate forms fibrous rings around the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and provides support for them. The fibrous connective tissue plate also provides a rigid site for attachment of the cardiac muscles and serves as electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles. |
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Identify the Coronary Sinus (and its tributaries)
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Coronary sinus is a large vein located within the coronary sulcus on the posterior aspect of the heart. It branches off into the small cardiac vein on the right and the great cardiac vein on the left.
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Identify the Coronary Groove and the two structures inside it.
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Inside the coronary groove is the anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus.
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Define Afterload
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Afterload: refers to the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood.
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Define Preload:
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Preload: is the degree to which ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole.
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Define Systole:
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Systole: contraction; systolic pressure - references the maximum value of aortic pressure as the ventricles contract.
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Define Diastole
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Diastole: relaxation; diastolic pressure references the value of aortic pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.
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Define End Diastolic Volume (EDV).
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End Diastolic Volume: refers to the previous ventricular diastole, when the ventricles were filled with blood.
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Define Start Systolic Volume (ESV).
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End Systolic Volume: refers to the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle
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Define Stroke Volume:
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Stroke Volume: is the volume of blood pumped during each heartbeat (cardiac cycle).
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Define Heart Rate:
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Heart Rate: is the number of times the heart goes through one cardiac cycle per minute.
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Define Cardiac Output and state its formula.
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Cardiac Output: is measured in mL/min and is equal to the heart rate times stroke volume. CO = HR * SV
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What are Trabeculae Carneae and where are they located?
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Trabeculae carnea: are modified ridges and columns of cardiac muscle found on the interior walls of the ventricles
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What are Pectinate Muscles and where are they located?
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Pectinate Muscles: are modified ridges and columns of cardiac muscle found on the interior wall of the atria.
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What are Papillary Muscles, where are they located, and what are they connected to?
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Papillary Muscles: are cone shaped muscular pillars located in the ventricles and are attached to the cusps of the AV valves by way of the chordate tendineae.
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