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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the Nervous System (List 3) |
1. Sensory Input: receptors detect stimuli
2. Integration: processes input and decides what needs to be done
3. Motor Output: activates effector organs to respond |
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What are effector organs? (2 types) |
1. Muscles
2. Glands |
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What kinds of cells make up nervous tissues? (3 types) |
1. Neurons
2. Neuroglial Cells
3. Blood vessels and connective tissue (focus more on 1 & 2)+
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What is a neuron? |
A neuron is a specialized nerve cell that conducts messages. They are IRRITABLE and EXCITABLE. |
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What is a neuroglial cell? |
A neuroglial cell is a specialized nerve cell that produces MYELIN, supports NEURONS, communicates between cells, maintains IONIC ENVIRONMENT, etc. |
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What are the two main categories of the nervous system? |
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Which categories of the nervous system are classified into more specific divisions? |
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Autonomic Nervous System |
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What is included under the Central Nervous System? |
Brain and Spinal Cord |
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What is included under the Peripheral Nerve System? (general) |
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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What are the three further classifications of the Peripheral Nervous System? |
1. Sensory Division
2. Motor Division |
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What is the function of the Sensory Division of the Peripheral Nervous System? |
The sensory division of the PNS brings in information about sensations. |
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What is the function of the Motor Division of the Peripheral Nervous System? |
The motor division of the PNS sends messages |
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What are the two divisions of the Motor Division of the PNS? |
1. Somatic (Voluntary)
2. Autonomic (Involuntary) |
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Is the Somatic division (under the motor division of the PNS) Voluntary or Involuntary? |
Voluntary |
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Is the Autonomic Nervous System (under the motor division of the PNS) Voluntary or Involuntary? |
Involuntary |
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What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System? |
The Autonomic Nervous System maintains homeostasis of visceral activities WITHOUT conscious effort. |
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The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two further categories. What are they? |
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic |
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What phrase is associated with the Sympathetic Nervous System? |
"FIGHT OR FLIGHT" |
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What phrase is associated with the Parasympathetic Nervous System? |
"REST & DIGEST" |
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What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System? |
"FIGHT OR FLIGHT"
It operates under conditions of stress or emergency. |
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What is the function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System? |
"REST & DIGEST"
It operates under normal conditions. |
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What is the cell body of a neuron called? |
Soma |
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What is the function of a soma? (Neuron) |
The soma contains the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell (mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, nissl bodies, neurofibrils) |
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What are neurofibrils? (Neuron) |
Neurofibrils are fine cytoskeleton threads that extend into the AXON and help maintain shape.
They may also be involved in regulation of AXON SIZE. |
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What are dendrites? (Neuron) |
Dendrites are the receptive region of a neuron and send graded signals to the cell body/soma. |
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What is the axon? (Neuron) |
The axon is like a string that comes out of the soma. It transmits the action potential or impulse and ends in an AXON TERMINAL. |
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What is the axon hillock? (Neuron) |
The axon hillock is the trigger zone, where the action potential is generated. |
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What is another name for an axon terminal? (Neuron) |
Synaptic bulbs |
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What are the axon terminals? |
The axon terminals are the ends of axons, which contain synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters for release into the synapse. |
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What is the Myelin sheath? |
The myelin sheath is a fatty membrane that insulates axons, speeds up conduction of impulse. |
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What is the neurilemma? |
The neurilemma surrounds the myelin sheath, parts of Schwann cells that have cytoplasm and nucleus. |
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What are nodes of Ranvier? |
They are narrow gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon, where action potential "jumps" and is much faster. |
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What are Schwann cells? |
They form the neurilemmal sheath and myelin on a single nerve fiber. |
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Where are Schwann cells found? |
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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What is an astrocyte? (Neuroglial) |
Star-shaped cells between NEURONS and BLOOD VESSELS. |
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What is the function of an astrocyte? (Neuroglial) |
And astrocyte provides nourishment and maintains ion balance in the Central Nervous System (CNS). |
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Where are astrocytes found? (Neuroglial) |
Central Nervous System (PNS) |
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What is the difference between an oligodendrocyte and an astrocyte? (Neuroglial) |
The oligodendrocyte is smaller and has fewer processes than astrocytes. |
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What is the function of an oligodendrocyte? (Neuroglial) |
1 cell forms the myelin on many axons in the CNS. |
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Where are oligodendrocytes found? |
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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What is an ependymal cell? |
Cilliated cells that line the brain ventricles |
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What do the ependymal cells do? How? (Neuroglial) |
They create, secrete, and reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
They beat their cilia to help circulate CSF in the CNS. |
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Where are ependymal cells found? (Neuroglial) |
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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What is a microglial cell? (Neuroglial) |
It is a cell that supports neurons and operate in immune defense in the CNS. |
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Where are microglial cells found? (Neuroglial) |
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Where do microglial cells originate? |
Bone Marrow |
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What is the connection between microglial cells and brain trauma? |
Microglial cells are the cause of inflammation in brain trauma. |
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What is a Nissl body? |
A Nissl body is made of rough endoplasmic reticulum and are the site of protein synthesis. |
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Where are Nissl bodies found? |
Inside the soma/cell body. |
