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333 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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splenius origin
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The spinous processes of T3 – T5.
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Splenius insertion
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Nuchal crest, mastoid process, wing of atlas, and the transverse processes of C3 – C5.
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splenius action
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Elevate the head and neck.
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splenius innervation
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Dorsal branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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semispinalis capitis origin
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Dorsoscapular ligament, the transverse processes of T1 – T7, articular processes of the cervical vertebrae.
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semispinalis capitis insertion
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Occipital bone.
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semispinalis capitis action
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Main extensor of the head and neck.
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semispinalis capitis innervation
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Dorsal branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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longus colli origin
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(thoracic part) Ventral aspect of the bodies of T1 – T6.
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longus colli thoracic part insertion
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Bodies and transverse processes of C6 and C7.
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longus colli origin
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(cervical part) Transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae.
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longus colli cervical part insertion
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Bodies of the cervical vertebrae and the ventral tubercle of the atlas.
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longus colli action
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(both parts) Flex the neck.
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longus colli innervation
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Ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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sternocephalicus origin
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Manubrium.
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sternocephalicus insertion
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Ramus of the mandible (note this is a different insertion than the sternocephalicus of the dog).
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sternocephalicus action
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Together they flex the head and neck. Separately they bend the head and neck to the side of the contracting muscle.
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sternocephalicus innervation
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Ventral branch of accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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Sternothyroideus origin
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Manubrium.
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Sternothyroideus insertion
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Thyroid cartilage of larynx.
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Sternothyroideus action
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Draw larynx and tongue caudally.
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Sternothyroideus innervation
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Ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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Sternohyoideus origin
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Manubrium.
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Sternohyoideus insertion
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Basihyoid.
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Sternohyoideus action
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Draw larynx and tongue caudally.
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Sternohyoideus innervation
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Ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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Omohyoideus origin
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Subscapular fascia close to the shoulder joint.
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Omohyoideus insertion
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Basihyoid.
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Omohyoideus action
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Retract hyoid bone and root of tongue.
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Omohyoideus innervation
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Ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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cutaneous colli origin
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Manubrium.
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cutaneous colli insertion
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Radiates from its origin and thins out as it inserts on a wide area of superficial cervical fascia on the sides of the neck.
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cutaneous colli action
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Twitches the skin on the sides of the neck dislodging insects and other irritants.
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cutaneous colli innervation
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Ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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cutaneous trunci origin and insertion
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The fibers of this muscle have a general longitudinal orientation along the lateral aspect of the trunk. It typically adheres to the skin and is usually reflected along with it. A thin tendon from this muscle passes cranially with the pectoral muscles to the lesser tubercle of the humerus (see Fig. 6-3/15 in Hackett and Sack) and blends with the tendon of the latissimus dorsi. Caudally it forms a skin covered fold (fold of flank) and ends on the fascia above the stifle.
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cutaneous trunci action
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Allows the horse to quiver the skin of the trunk vigorously to dislodge insects and other irritants.
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cutaneous trunci innervation
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Lateral thoracic nerve. This nerve is clinically important because it is the efferent limb of the cutaneous trunci reflex which can be used to localize spinal lesions.
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pectoralis descendens origin
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Manubrium.
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pectoralis descendens insertion
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Crest of humerus and fascia of arm.
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pectoralis descendens action
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Adduct and advance the limb.
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pectoralis descendens innervation
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Pectoral nerves from brachial plexus.
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pectoralis transversus origin
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The cranial sternebrae.
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pectoralis transversus insertion
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Crest of humerus and fascia of the forearm.
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pectoralis transversus action
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Adductor the limb.
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pectoralis transversus innervation
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Pectoral nerves from brachial plexus.
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pectoralis profundus origin
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Caudal part of sternum.
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pectoralis profundus insertion
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Greater and lesser tubercles of humerus.
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pectoralis profundus action
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Adduct the limb.
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pectoralis profundus innervation
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Pectoral nerves from brachial plexus.
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subclavius origin
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Cranial part of sternum.
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subclavius insertion
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Epimysium of supraspinatus.
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subclavius action
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Adduct the limb.
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subclavius innervation
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Pectoral nerves from brachial plexus.
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Brachiocephalicus origin
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Mastoid area of the skull. Specifically, mastoid process, nuchal crest, wing of atlas, and the transverse processes of C2, C3, C4.
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Brachiocephalicus insertion
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Deltoid tuberosity and crest of humerus.
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Brachiocephalicus action
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Advance the limb, extend the shoulder, draw neck and head to side.
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Brachiocephalicus innervation
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Accessory, axillary, dorsal branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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Trapezius origin
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(cervical part) Funicular part of nuchal ligament.
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Trapezius origin
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(thoracic part) Supraspinous ligament of withers.
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Trapezius insertion
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(both parts) Spine of scapula.
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Trapezius action
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Both parts together elevate the shoulder. The cervical part alone swings scapula cranially. The thoracic part alone swings the scapula caudally.
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Trapezius innervation
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Accessory, dorsal branches of thoracic spinal nerves.
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Omotransversarius origin
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Transverse processes of the most cranial cervical vertebrae.
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Omotransversarius insertion
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Clavicular insertion (see brachiocephalicus description).
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Omotransversarius action
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Both sides working together flex the neck ventrally. Separately they bend the neck to one side.
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Omotransversarius innervation
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Accessory, axillary, dorsal branches of cervical spinal nerves.
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rhomboideus origin
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Nuchal and supraspinous ligaments (see Fig. 23-5 in Dyce).
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rhomboideus oinsertion
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Scapular cartilage.
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rhomboideus oaction
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Elevate the forelimb.
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rhomboideus oinnervation
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Dorsal branches of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves.
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latissimus dorsi origin
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Supraspinous ligaments and thoracolumbar fascia.
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latissimus dorsi insertion
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Teres major tuberosity of the humerus.
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latissimus dorsi action
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Pull trunk foreward on to an advancing limb.
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latissimus dorsi innervation
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Thoracodorsal nerve.
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serratus ventralis origin
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Arises in an inverted arc from C4 to the tenth rib (see Fig. 23-5 in Dyce).
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serratus ventralis insertion
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Serrated faces of the medial surface of the scapula (note that there are two triangular areas for insertion rather than the large single area in the dog).
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serratus ventralis action
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Support the trunk and rotate the scapula.
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serratus ventralis innervation
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Long thoracic nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves
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Deltoideus origin
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Caudal border and spine of scapula.
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Deltoideus insertion
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Deltoid tuberosity.
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Deltoideus action
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Flex shoulder.
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Deltoideus innervation
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Axillary nerve.
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Infraspinatus origin
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Arises from and occupies the infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
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Infraspinatus deep tendon insertion
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Caudal part of greater tubercle.
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Infraspinatus superficial tendon
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Greater tubercle.
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Infraspinatus action
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Primarily a shoulder fixator. Its superficial tendon of insertion acts as the lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder. It has a secondary action as a shoulder abductor.
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Infraspinatus innervation
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Suprascapular nerve.
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Supraspinatus origin
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Arises from and occupies the supraspinous fossa of the scapula. Its epimysium provides an insertion site for the subclavius.
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Supraspinatus insertion
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Cranial parts of the lesser and greater tubercles of the humerus.
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Supraspinatus action
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Stabilize the shoulder joint and also to extend the shoulder.
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Supraspinatus innervation
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Suprascapular nerve.
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subscapularis origin
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Arises from and occupies the subscapular fossa of the scapula.
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subscapularis insertion
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Lesser tubercle of the humerus.
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subscapularis action
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Primarily a shoulder joint stabilizer and secondarily an adductor of that joint.
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subscapularis innervation
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Subscapular nerve.
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teres major origin
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Caudal angle of scapula.
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teres major insertion
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Teres major tuberosity of the humerus with the latissimus dorsi.
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teres major action
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Flex the shoulder joint.
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teres major innervation
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Axillary nerve.
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coracobrachialis origin
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Coracoid process on the medial aspect of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
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coracobrachialis insertion
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Proximal aspect of shaft of humerus.
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coracobrachialis action
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Adduct the arm.
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coracobrachialis innervation
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Musculocutaneous nerve.
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triceps brachii origin
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(long head) Caudal border of the scapula.
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triceps brachii origin
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(lateral head) The deltoid tuberosity and the curved rough line that extends from it to the neck of the humerus (see Fig. 15-33/2 in Sisson).
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triceps brachii origin
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(medial head) The medial aspect of the body of the humerus on the roughened area caudal and distal to the teres major tuberosity.
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triceps brachii insertion
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All three heads insert on the olecranon of the ulna.
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triceps brachii action
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The triceps is the most important elbow extensor. Because of its origin on the scapula the long head has a minor role in flexing the shoulder.
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triceps brachii innervation
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Radial nerve (the radial nerve supplies all of the extensors of the forearm).
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biceps brachii origin
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Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
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biceps brachii insertion
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Radial tuberosity.
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biceps brachii action
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Primarily a fixator of the shoulder and flexor of the elbow.
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biceps brachii innervation
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Musculocutaneous nerve.
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Brachialis origin
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Proximal one-third and caudal surface of the humerus. It occupies the spiral groove (see Fig. 23-12/3 in Dyce). Also note its topographical relationship with the radial nerve.
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Brachialis insertion
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Craniomedial part of the proximal radius under the medial collateral ligament.
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Brachialis action
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Flex elbow.
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Brachialis innervation
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Musculocutaneous nerve and partially by the radial nerve.
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extensor carpi radialis origin
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Lateral epicondyloid crest of the humerus and adjacent rough area proximal to the capitulum (see Fig. 15-33, and 15-34/1 in Sisson).
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extensor carpi radialis insertion
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The metacarpal tuberosity along with the lacertus fibrosus.
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extensor carpi radialis action
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Prevent flexion of the carpal joint and to extend the carpus and flex the elbow.
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extensor carpi radialis innervation
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Radial nerve.
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extensor carpi obliquis origin
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Lateral border of the cranial surface of the radius.
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extensor carpi obliquis insertion
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Metacarpal II.
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extensor carpi obliquis action
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Extend carpus.
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extensor carpi obliquis innervation
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Radial nerve.
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common digital extensor origin
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(humeral head) Constitutes the bulk of the muscle and arises from the cranial aspect of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus in common with the extensor carpi radialis
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common digital extensor origin
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(radial head) The small radial head (not incorporated into the main muscle) arises from the lateral tuberosity on the proximal extremity of the radius.
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common digital extensor insertion
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Primarily on the extensor process of PIII but with smaller attachments on the dorsoproximal aspects of PI and PII.
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common digital extensor action
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Extend carpus and joints of the digits and flex elbow.
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common digital extensor innervation
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Radial nerve.
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lateral digital extensor (forelimb) origin
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The lateral tuberosity of radius, the lateral border of the radius, and the lateral aspect of the body of the ulna (see Fig 15-41/1 Sisson).
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lateral digital extensor (forelimb) insertion
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The eminence on the dorsal aspect of the proximal end of the proximal phalanges (see “ eminence for extensor tendons” on Fig. 15-60 in Sisson).
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lateral digital extensor (forelimb) action
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Extend the digit and carpus.
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lateral digital extensor (forelimb) innervation
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Radial nerve.
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ulnaris lateralis origin
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Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
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ulnaris lateralis insertion
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Accessory carpal bone and Metacarpal IV (see Fig. 6-26 in Hackett and Sack).
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ulnaris lateralis action
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Flex carpal joint.
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ulnaris lateralis innervation
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Radial nerve.
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flexor carpi radialis origin
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Medial epicondyle of humerus.
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flexor carpi radialis insertion
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Proximal end of Metacarpal II.
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flexor carpi radialis action
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Flex carpus and extend elbow.
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flexor carpi radialis innervation
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Median nerve.
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flexor carpi ulnaris origin
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Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
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flexor carpi ulnaris insertion
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Accessory carpal bone.
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flexor carpi ulnaris action
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Flex carpus and extend elbow.
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flexor carpi ulnaris innervation
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Ulnar nerve.
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superficial digital flexor (forelimb) origin
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Medial epicondyle of humerus.
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superficial digital flexor (forelimb) insertion
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Bifurcates to the lateral and medial aspects of the distal end of PI and the lateral and medial aspects of the proximal end of PII.
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superficial digital flexor (forelimb) action
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Flex digits and carpus and extend elbow.
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superficial digital flexor (forelimb) innervation
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Ulnar nerve.
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deep digital flexor (forelimb) origin
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(humeral head) Medial epicondyle of humerus.
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deep digital flexor (forelimb) origin
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(ulnar head) Medial surface of olecranon.
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deep digital flexor (forelimb) origin
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(radial head) Medial and caudal surface of radius.
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deep digital flexor (forelimb) insertion
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The plantar surface of the distal phalanx (semilunar line).
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deep digital flexor (forelimb) innervation
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Median and ulnar nerves.
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interosseus (forelimb) origin
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Palmar carpal ligament and adjacent parts of Metacarpal III.
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interosseus (forelimb) insertion
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Abaxial surfaces of proximal sesamoid bones and common digital extensor tendon via its extensor branches.
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interosseus (forelimb) action
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Prevent over extension of fetlock joint.
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interosseus (forelimb) innervation
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No contractile function.
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psoas major origin
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Ventral surfaces of bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae.
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psoas major insertion
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Lesser trochanter of femur.
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psoas major action
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Flex hip, rotate thigh.
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psoas major innervation
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Ventral branches of lumbar nerves, femoral nerve.
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Iliacus origin
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Ventral surface of wing and body of ilium.
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Iliacus insertion
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Lesser trochanter of femur.
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Iliacus action
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Flex hip, rotate thigh.
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Iliacus innervation
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Ventral branches of lumbar nerves, femoral nerve.
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tensor fasciae latae origin
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Coxal tuber.
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tensor fasciae insertion
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Lateral patellar ligament, cranial border of tibia, patella via fascia lata.
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tensor fasciae action
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Flex hip.
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tensor fasciae innervation
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Cranial gluteal nerve.
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superficial gluteal origin
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Coxal tuber, gluteal fascia.
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superficial gluteal insertion
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Third trochanter.
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superficial gluteal action
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Flex hip, abduct thigh.
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superficial gluteal innervation
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Cranial and caudal gluteal nerves.
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middle gluteal origin
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Longissimus dorsi muscle, coxal tuber, iliac wing, sacrum, sacrosciatic ligament.
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middle gluteal insertion
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Greater trochanter (caudal part).
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middle gluteal action
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Extend hip, abduct thigh.
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middle gluteal innervation
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Cranial and caudal gluteal nerves.
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deep gluteal origin
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Ischiatic spine.
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deep gluteal insertion
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Greater trochanter (cranial part).
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deep gluteal action
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Abduct thigh.
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deep gluteal innervation
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Cranial gluteal nerve.
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biceps femoris origin
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Sacrum, sacrosciatic ligament, ischiatic tuberosity.
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biceps femoris insertion
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1) fascia lata and patella, 2) lateral patellar ligament and tibial crest, 3) calcanean tuber.
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biceps femoris action
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Primary function is to extend hip.
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biceps femoris innervation
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Caudal gluteal and sciatic nerves.
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Semitendinosus origin
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Transverse processes of caudal vertebrae, ventral surface of ischiatic tuberosity, septum between this muscle and biceps femoris.
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Semitendinosus insertion
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Medial aspect of distal end of crest of tibia (on a conspicuous prominence, see Fig. 15-86/13 in Sisson) and on the calcanean tuber.
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Semitendinosus action
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Extend hip and hock, flex the stifle..
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Semitendinosus innervation
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Caudal gluteal and sciatic nerves.
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Semimembranosus origin
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Sarcotuberous ligament, ventral surface of ischiatic tuberosity.
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Semimembranosus insertion
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Medial epicondyle of femur.
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Semimembranosus action
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Extend hip.
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Semimembranosus innervation
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Sciatic nerve.
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Gracilis origin
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Pelvic symphysis.
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Gracilis insertion
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Medial patellar ligament, medial surface of tibia.
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Gracilis action
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Adduct limb.
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Gracilis innervation
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Obturator nerve.
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Sartorius origin
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Iliac fascia, tendon of psoas minor.
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Sartorius insertion
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Medial patellar ligament, tibial tuberosity.
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Sartorius action
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Flex hip, adduct limb.
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Sartorius innervation
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Saphenous nerve.
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Pectineus origin
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Cranial border of pubis.
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Pectineus insertion
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Medial border of femur.
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Pectineus action
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Flex hip, adduct thigh.
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Pectineus innervation
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Obturator nerve
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Adductor origin
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Ventral surface of pubis and ischium.
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Adductor insertion
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Caudal surface and medial epicondyle of femur.
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Adductor action
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Adduct thigh.
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Adductor innervation
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Obturator nerve.
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vastus medialis origin
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Medial surface of femur.
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vastus medialis insertion
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Patella.
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vastus medialis action
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Extend stifle.
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vastus medialis innervation
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Femoral nerve.
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vastus intermedius origin
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Cranial surface of femur.
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vastus intermedius insertion
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Patella.
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vastus intermedius action
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Extend stifle.
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vastus intermedius innervation
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Femoral nerve.
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vastus lateralis origin
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Lateral border of femur.
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vastus lateralis insertion
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Patella.
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vastus lateralis action
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Extend stifle.
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vastus lateralis innervation
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Femoral nerve.
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rectus femoris origin
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Body of ilium.
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rectus femoris insertion
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Patella.
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rectus femoris action
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Extend stifle, flex hip.
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rectus femoris innervation
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Femoral nerve.
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tibialis cranialis origin
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Lateral condyle of tibia and tibial tuberosity.
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tibialis cranialis insertion
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(1) medial or cunean branch on T1+2 (2) dorsal branch on T3 and Mt3 (3) lateral branch on T4.
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tibialis cranialis action
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Flex tarsus.
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tibialis cranialis innervation
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Peroneal nerve.
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peroneus tertius origin
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Extensor fossa of femur in common with the long digital extensor.
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peroneus tertius insertion
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(1) dorsal branch on T3 and Mt3 (2) lateral branch on calcaneus and T4.
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peroneus tertius action
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Links the actions of stifle and tarsal joints.
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peroneus tertius innervation
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No contractile function.
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long digital extensor origin
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Extensor fossa of femur in common with peroneus tertius.
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long digital extensor insertion
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Extensor process of PIII with smaller attachments on the dorsoproximal aspects of PI and PII.
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long digital extensor action
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Flex tarsus, extend stifle and digits.
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long digital extensor innervation
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Deep peroneal nerve.
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lateral digital extensor (hindlimb) origin
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Lateral collateral ligament of stifle and lateral condyle of tibia.
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lateral digital extensor (hindlimb) insertion
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Joins the tendon of the long digital extensor in the proximal third of metatarsus.
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lateral digital extensor (hindlimb) action
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Assists the long digital extensor in flexing the tarsus.
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lateral digital extensor (hindlimb) innervation
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Superficial peroneal nerve.
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Popliteus origin
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Lateral epicondyle of femur.
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Popliteus insertion
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Caudomedial border of tibia.
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Popliteus action
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Flex stifle.
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Popliteus innervation
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Tibial nerve.
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gastrocnemius origin Lateral head
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lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur
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gastrocnemius origin medial head
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medial supracondylar tuberosity of femur.
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gastrocnemius insertion
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Calcanean tuberosity.
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gastrocnemius action
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Extend tarsus, flex stifle.
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gastrocnemius innervation
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Tibial nerve.
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superficial digital flexor (hindlimb) origin
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Supracondylar fossa of femur (under the gastrocnemius).
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superficial digital flexor (hindlimb) insertion
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Bifurcates to the lateral and medial aspects of the distal end of P1 and the lateral and medial aspects of the proximal end of PII. (Also calcaneous) (see Fig. 23-28/3 in Dyce).
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superficial digital flexor (hindlimb) action
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Flex digits and extend tarsus and also functions in the reciprocal mechanism.
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superficial digital flexor (hindlimb) innervation
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Tibial nerve.
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deep digital flexor (hindlimb) origin Medial digital flexor
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on the lateral condyle of the tibia,
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superficial digital flexor (hindlimb) lateral digital flexor and the tibialis caudalis
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extensive origins on the caudal aspect of the tibia.
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superficial digital flexor (hindlimb) insertion
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Plantar surface of distal phalanx (semilunar line, see Fig. 23-25 in Dyce).
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superficial digital flexor (hindlimb) action
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Flex digits, extend tarsus.
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superficial digital flexor (hindlimb) innervation
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Tibial nerve.
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interosseus (also called suspensory ligament) origin
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Plantar surface of distal row of tarsal bones and the proximal plantar surface of Metacarpal III.
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interosseus (also called suspensory ligament) insertion
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Proximal sesamoid bones and long extensor tendon via its extensor branches.
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interosseus (also called suspensory ligament) action
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Prevent overextension of fetlock joint.
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interosseus (also called suspensory ligament) innervation
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No contractile function.
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external abdominal oblique origin
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The lateral surface of the ribs and the thoracolumbar fascia.
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external abdominal oblique insertion
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Linea alba, prepubic tendon, coxal tuber.
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external abdominal oblique action
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Compress the abdominal viscera and flex spine.
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external abdominal oblique innervation
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Intercostal, costoabdominal, and ventral branches of lumbar nerves.
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internal abdominal oblique origin
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Coxal tuber.
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internal abdominal oblique insertion
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Last 4-5 ribs, linea alba, prepubic tendon.
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internal abdominal oblique action
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Compress the abdominal viscera and flex spine.
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internal abdominal oblique innervation
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Intercostal, costoabdominal, and ventral branches of lumbar nerves.
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transversus abdominis origin
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The transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
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transversus abdominis insertion
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Xiphoid cartilage and the linea alba.
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transversus abdominis action
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Compress the viscera.
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transversus abdominis innervation
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Intercostal, costoabdominal, and ventral branches of lumbar nerves.
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rectus abdominis origin
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Fourth to ninth costal cartilages.
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rectus abdominis insertion
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The pubis by way of the prepubic tendons and accessory ligaments.
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rectus abdominis action
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Compress the viscera and flex spine.
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rectus abdominis innervation
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Intercostals, costoabdominals and lumbar nerves.
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Masseter origin
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Fascial crest and zygomatic arch.
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Masseter insertion
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Ramus of mandible.
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Masseter action
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Close the mouth.
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Masseter innervation
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Mandibular nerve.
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Temporalis origin
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Temporal fossa.
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Temporalis insertion
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Coronoid process of mandible.
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Temporalis action
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Close the mouth.
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Temporalis innervation
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Mandibular nerve.
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digastricus (occipitomandibular part) origin
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Paracondylar (also known as jugular) process of occipital bone.
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digastricus (occipitomandibular part) insertion
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Ventral border of mandible.
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digastricus (occipitomandibular part) action
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Open the mouth.
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digastricus (occipitomandibular part) innervation
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Facial and mandibular nerves.
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Caninus origin
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Maxilla near facial crest.
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Caninus insertion
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Lateral aspect of nostril.
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Caninus action
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Dilate the nostril.
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Caninus innervation
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Facial nerve.
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levator labii superioris origin
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Zygomatic, lacrimal and maxillary bones.
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levator labii superioris insertion
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Upper lip.
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levator labii superioris action
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Raise upper lip.
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levator labii superioris innervation
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Facial nerve.
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levator nasolabialis origin
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Nasal and frontal bones.
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levator nasolabialis insertion
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Wing of nostril, upper lip and commissure of lips.
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levator nasolabialis action
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Dilate the nostrils and raise the upper lip.
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levator nasolabialis innervation
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Facial nerve.
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depressor labii inferioris origin
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Mandible.
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depressor labii inferioris insertion
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Lower lip.
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depressor labii inferioris action
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Retract and depress the lower lip.
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depressor labii inferioris innervation
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Facial nerve.
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Cricothyroideus origin
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Cricoid cartilage.
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Cricothyroideus insertion
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Lamina of thyroid cartilage.
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Cricothyroideus action
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Tense the vocal folds.
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Cricothyroideus innervation
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Cranial laryngeal nerve.
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cricoarytenoideus dorsalis origin
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Lamina of cricoid cartilage.
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cricoarytenoideus dorsalis insertion
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Arytenoid cartilage.
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cricoarytenoideus dorsalis action
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Dilate the rima glottis.
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cricoarytenoideus dorsalis innervation
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
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cricoarytenoideus lateralis origin
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Arch of cricoid cartilage.
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cricoarytenoideus lateralis insertion
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Arytenoid cartilage.
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cricoarytenoideus lateralis action
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Close rima glottis.
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cricoarytenoideus lateralis innervation
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
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Ventricularis origin
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Lamina of the thyroid cartilage and cricothyroid ligament.
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Ventricularis insertion
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Muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.
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Ventricularis action
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Constrict the vestibular cleft.
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Ventricularis innervation
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
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Vocalis origin
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Thyroid cartilage.
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Vocalis insertion
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Muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.
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Vocalis action
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Tense the vocal folds.
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Vocalis innervation
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
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arytenoideus transversus origin
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Dorsal surface of arytenoid cartilage.
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arytenoideus transversus insertion
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Dorsal surface of contralateral arytenoid cartilage.
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arytenoideus transversus action
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Narrows the rima glottis.
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arytenoideus transversus innervation
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
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