Anatomy - Ms I

Front 1

Compare vertebral bodies of C, T, L vertebrae

Back 1

CERVICAL - small, wider side to side then anterioposteriorly
THORACIC - heart shaped, one or two costal facets articulations
LUMBAR - massive, kidney shaped

Front 2

Compare vertebral foramen - C, T, L vertebrae

Back 2

CERVICAL - large and triangular
THORACIC - circular and smaller then cervical
LUMBAR - triangular, larger then thoracic but smaller then cervical

Front 3

Compare TP - C, T, L vertebrae

Back 3

CERVICAL - small or absent in C7, has vertebral arteries and sympathetic plexus EXCEPT C7 that only has vertebral veins
THORACIC - long and strong, extend posteriolaterally, length decreases from T1 to T12 (T1-T10 have costal articulating facets)
LUMBAR - long and slender, articulating processes on posterior base of process

Front 4

Articular processes - compare C, T, L vertebrae

Back 4

CERVICAL - Superior facets are directed superior and posterior, inferior facets are directed inferior and lateral
THORACIC - superior facets are posterior and slightly lateral, inferior facets are anterior and medial
LUMBAR - superior facets are medial and slightly posterior, inferior facets are anterolateral

Front 5

Spinous processes - compare C, T, L vertebrae

Back 5

CERVICAL - C3-C5 bifid, C6 short, C7 = vertebra prominens

THORACIC - long, slope posteroinferiorly - rule of 3s

LUMBAR - short and sturdy, hatchet shaped

Front 6

Name primary spinal curvatures

Back 6

THORACIC AND SACRAL - kyphosis, develop during fetal period, exaggerated kyphosis - " hump back"

Front 7

Name secondary spinal curvatures

Back 7

LUMBAR AND CERVICAL - lordosis, only start to be seen during infancy, exaggerated lordosis - "hollow back" - due to anterior rotation of pelvis and hips

Front 8

Scoliosis

Back 8

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine with the rotation of the vertebrae. Can be due to weakness of intrinsic back muscles, failure of half of the vertebra to develop properly or difference in lenght of the lower limb

Front 9

Movements of thoracic vertebral bodies

Back 9

- Attach to ribs and provide stability for ribs to attach to sternum - ALLOW ROTATION, LIMIT EXTENSION AND FLEXION

Front 10

Movements of lumbar vertebral bodies

Back 10

Allow flexion, extension and side bending - LIMIT ROTATION

Front 11

Zygapophyseal joints limit _

Back 11

Anterior and posterior sliding of vertebrae

Front 12

Which ligament prevents hyperextension

Back 12

Anterior longitudinal spinal ligament

Front 13

Posterior longitudinal spinal ligament

Back 13

Thin and serrate ligament to prevent hyperflexion

Front 14

Ligamentum flavum

Back 14

Located between lamina, contains elastic fibers, extends from edge of C2 to sacrum. Ligamentum flavum has intrinsic "recoil memory" to allow for flexion to return to extension

Front 15

Interspinal ligament

Back 15

Between spinous processes

Front 16

Supraspinal ligament

Back 16

Strong fibrous ligament that merges with nuchal ligament

Front 17

Nuchal ligament

Back 17

Thickened fibroelastic ligament from external occipital protuberance and posterior foramen magnum to spinous process of cervical vertebrae, also substitutes for bone in spinous processes C3-C5

Front 18

Movement of AO joint

Back 18

YES movement

Front 19

Movement of AA joint

Back 19

NO movement

Front 20

What gives AA joint major stability

Back 20

Transverse ligament - provides stability and allows skull to pivot on C2

Front 21

Which ligament limits rotation at AA joint

Back 21

ALAR Ligament - from skull to foramen magnum. Limits rotation, if you tear it can increase rotation by 30 degrees

Front 22

Blood supply of column and spinal cord

Back 22

SAME- blood from aorta and arteries such as intercostals flows into vertebral column, supplied by 3 spinal arteries - 2 posteriorly and 1 anteriorly

Front 23

Venous drainage of spinal cord and column

Back 23

Batsons plexus

Front 24

Advantages and disadvantages of Batsons plexus -

Back 24

NO VALVES

GOOD - brain needs low venous pressure and high arterial pressure

BAD - metastatic cells from prostate cancer spread through this

Front 25

Spina bifida occulta

Back 25

Lamina fail to develop normally and fuse posterior to vertebral canal. Defect is concealed by skin and sometimes covered with tuft of hair

Front 26

Spondylosis

Back 26

Bone spurs in the area of vertebral joints that compress spinal nerves coming from spinal cord. Often cause positive Babinski, loss of vibration sense, paresthesias or paresis of upper limb, ankle clonus and weakness of lower limb witnessed by circumduction of leg in walking

Front 27

Spinal stenosis

Back 27

Narrows spinal canal due to enlargement of inferior articular processes on superior vertebra - intervertebral foramen are shrunk, intervertebral discs are compressed and nerve root is compressed as it comes out of intervertebral foramen. Back is flat or convex with loss of normal lordosis

Front 28

Spondylolysis

Back 28

Defect in pars interarticularis which makes vertebra unstable and prone to damage. On x ray it looks like collar on Scottie dog image. Most common cause of spondylolisthesis

Front 29

Spondylolisthesis

Back 29

Anteroposterior translatory movement of two vertebrae toward each other. Most commonly occurs between L5 and S1 and on x ray it looks like Scottie dog is decapitated in the neck region (between articular facets)

Front 30

Rupture of anterior longitudinal ligament occurs how

Back 30

In hyperextension injury - whiplash injury - only ligament protecting against hyperextension

Front 31

Ruptured or herniated disks occur most commonly where

Back 31

L4-L5 or L5-S1

Front 32

Herniated dsk

Back 32

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrosus into intervertebral foramen or into vertebral canal compressing spinal nerve root, commonly occurs posterolaterally when annulus fibrosus is not reinforced by posterior longitudinal ligament and frequently affects lumbar region