Anatomy Module 6

Front 1

Coccus

Back 1

Spherical

Front 2

Bacillus

Back 2

Rod

Front 3

Coccobacillus

Back 3

Oval

Front 4

Vibrio

Back 4

Comma-Shaped

Front 5

Spirilla

Back 5

Loosely Coiled, rigid spiral rods

Front 6

Spirochete

Back 6

Tightly Coiled,non-rigid spiral rods

Front 7

Enriched

Back 7

Media encourages the growth of most bacteria

Front 8

Selective

Back 8

Media encourages the growth of some bacteria while inhibiting others

Front 9

Differential

Back 9

Media groups bacteria based on the fermentation of carbohydrates

Front 10

Identifying Bacterium Step 1

Back 10

Specimen Collection

Front 11

Identifying Bacterium Step 2

Back 11

Gram Stain

Front 12

Identifying Bacterium Step 3

Back 12

Culture

Front 13

Identifying Bacterium Step 4

Back 13

Biochemical

Front 14

Identifying Bacterium Step 5

Back 14

Antibiotic Sensitivity

Front 15

Symbiosis

Back 15

"Living Together"

Front 16

Mutualism

Back 16

Both the host and the microorganism benefit

Front 17

Parasitism

Back 17

One organism benefits, the other is harmed

Front 18

Commensalism

Back 18

One organism benefits, the other is neutral

Front 19

Stationary Phase

Back 19

The number of new cells produced is the same as the number of cells dying

Front 20

Decline (Death) Phase

Back 20

Number of cells dying greater than the number of new cells arising from division

Front 21

Lag Phase

Back 21

Gear-up phase, organisms not greatly increasing in number but are metabolically active

Front 22

Log Phase

Back 22

Once the bacteria have adapted to their nutrient-rich environment, growth is exponential (logarithmic)

Front 23

Log Phase

Back 23

Generation Time: genetically determined period of logarithmic growth, how often organism divides varies by species (Minutes to hours)

Front 24

Mutualism Example

Back 24

E. Coli

Front 25

Parasitism Examples

Back 25

Tape worm, malaria

Front 26

Commensalism Example

Back 26

Skin Bacteria

Front 27

Normal Flora

Back 27

Organisms that live on or in body but do not usually cause disease (Commensals)

Front 28

Adherence

Back 28

Bacteria use their pili to cling to the surface of host cells, multiply and form colonies

Front 29

Colonization

Back 29

In place on host, bacterial replication forms colonies and may overcome host defenses.

Front 30

Formation of a capsule

Back 30

Contributes to organism's virulence because of thick, polysaccharide structure that helps organisms resist host defense process

Front 31

Hyaluronidase

Back 31

Attacks hyaluronic acid, the ground substance of loose connective tissue, contributes to ease of spread

Front 32

Coagulase

Back 32

Enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin. fibrin is clot-forming protein. limits spread of organism but allows the bacterium to wall itself off from the immune system

Front 33

Streptokinase and staphylokinase

Back 33

break down fibrin and prevent clotting

Front 34

Endotoxins

Back 34

Secreted primarily by Gram-positive organisms

Front 35

Endotoxins

Back 35

Released from Gram-negative bacteria when they die (cell wall and cell membrane components). non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, cramping, and generalized malaise

Front 36

endospores

Back 36

dormant stage of some bacteria, form when nutritional environmental conditions are unfavorable for growth, survival under harsh conditions, revert to active cells under favorable conditions

Front 37

Gram Positive

Back 37

Purple

Front 38

Gram Negative

Back 38

Pink

Front 39

antimicrobial agents

Back 39

substances used to specifically treat infectious microbial diseases

Front 40

antibiotics

Back 40

antimicrobial agents that contain substances derived from other organisms

Front 41

Broad Spectrum

Back 41

affect a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Front 42

Narrow Spectrum

Back 42

Affect a limited number of microorganisms

Front 43

Bacteriostatic

Back 43

Inhibits Organism Growth

Front 44

Bacteriocidal

Back 44

Kills the Organism

Front 45

Microbiology

Back 45

study of microbes - microorganisms, bacteria, parasites, fungi, Viruses, Prions

Front 46

Prokaryote Classification

Back 46

Belong to Kingdom Monera, do not have nucleus, have nucleoid, have inclusion bodies that store molecules essential to cell functions

Front 47

Bacteria Classification

Back 47

Prokaryotes, many classes, earth's most abundant life form, single celled organisms, size: 0.5-2um - among smallest organisms on the planet

Front 48

Cytoplasm

Back 48

semi-fluid substance that fills inner cellular space, primarily water and carbohydrates, lipids and enzymes

Front 49

Ribosomes

Back 49

Protein Synthesis center

Front 50

Nucleoid

Back 50

Nuclear Region

Front 51

Inclusion Bodies

Back 51

granules and vessicles: store molecules essential to cell function

Front 52

Some prokaryotes

Back 52

secrete a polysaccharide capsule: contributes to pathogenicity, have plasmids: extra-chromosomal DNA important for transfer of genetic material

Front 53

Plasmids

Back 53

self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA that carry one or more pieces of genetic information not required to sustain life.

Front 54

Pathogenicity

Back 54

ability for an organism to cause a disease

Front 55

Capsule

Back 55

protective structure that serves as a defense mechanism

Front 56

Bacteria size

Back 56

0.5-2 um

Front 57

Cell wall

Back 57

provides shape and stability, contains peptidoglycan, many antibiotics target cell wall

Front 58

Cell membrane

Back 58

regulates transport of material in and out of cell

Front 59

Peptidoglycan

Back 59

polymer that makes up bacteria cell walls

Front 60

Flagella

Back 60

organelles of locomotion possessed by bacteria

Front 61

motile

Back 61

bacteria that are capable of movement

Front 62

Pili

Back 62

tiny, tube like projections from cell's surface associated with adherence and sometimes exchange of genetic information

Front 63

Pili

Back 63

facilitate adherence, exchange genetic information

Front 64

1/2 of bacteria

Back 64

motile, possessing flagella

Front 65

How are bacteria characterized?

Back 65

Shape and arrangement

Front 66

Diplococci

Back 66

cocci found in pairs

Front 67

streptococci

Back 67

form chains

Front 68

staphylococci

Back 68

form grape-like clusters

Front 69

Gram Stain

Back 69

method groups medically important material into two categories

Front 70

gram positive bacteria

Back 70

purple, thick layer of peptidoglycan retains crystal violet (blue) dye

Front 71

gram negative bacteria

Back 71

Pink, thin layer of peptidoglycan and high lipoprotein content; releases crystal violet dye when rinsed with alcohol or acetone, the pink counterstain is retained

Front 72

Gram stain step 1

Back 72

sample smeared on slide and fixed with heat

Front 73

gram stain step 2

Back 73

slide is stained with crystal violet (purple) for 1-2 minutes

Front 74

gram stain step 3

Back 74

Gram's iodine is used to "fix" the crystal violet (helps retain the stain)

Front 75

Gram stain step 4

Back 75

acetone or alcohol is used to decolorize slide, this removes any crystal violet not retained by a particular structure

Front 76

gram stain step 5

Back 76

stain the slide with safranin (pink)

Front 77

Bacterium Culture Media

Back 77

Enriched, Selective, Differential

Front 78

Enriched Media

Back 78

media that encourages the growth of most bacteria (sheep's blood agar) used as a general overview of what's growing in the culture

Front 79

Selective Media

Back 79

encourages the growth of some bacteria while inhibiting others,

Front 80

Differential Media

Back 80

groups bacteria based on the fermentation of carbohydrates

Front 81

colonies

Back 81

dense masses that bacteria form when mixed with nutrients

Front 82

Obligate Aerobe

Back 82

requires free oxygen for aerobic respiration. Ex. mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

Front 83

obligate anaerobe

Back 83

require an environment with no oxygen. Ex. Clostridium species (botulism and tetanus)

Front 84

Facultative anaerobes

Back 84

can function in oxygen-poor or oxygen rich environment. Ex. E-coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

Front 85

Microaerophils

Back 85

Require reduced oxygen and increased CO2. Ex. Campylobacter

Front 86

Binary Fission

Back 86

also known as transverse fission, process by which most bacteria grown and divide

Front 87

Binary Fission, Transverse Fission

Back 87

Term used to describe cell division in bacteria

Front 88

Bacterial cells

Back 88

do not have cell cycle, continuously dividing and replicating their DNA

Front 89

Lag Phase

Back 89

bacteria metabolically active, synthesizing enzymes and producing energy as ATP, as well as increasing in size. some binary fission occurs, do not reproduce in significant numbers in this phase

Front 90

Log Phase

Back 90

period of rapid, exponential growth, will continue as long as there are sufficient nutrients and the environment has suitable conditions available for synthesis of ATP

Front 91

Generation time

Back 91

the genetically determined period of logarithmic growth which varies by bacterial species from minutes to hours

Front 92

Stationary Phase

Back 92

"leveling off" period in which non replicating cells are the same in numbers with those still reproducing new cells

Front 93

Decline (Death) phase

Back 93

essential atmospheric, temperature and nutritional conditions are depleted, cells lose their ability to maintain metabolic functions

Front 94

Symbiosis

Back 94

"Living Together" bacteria form three different symbiotic relationships

Front 95

Three symbiotic bacterial relationships

Back 95

Mutalism, Parasitism, Commensalism

Front 96

Commensals(Normal Flora)

Back 96

microbes that live on and with humans without causing disease

Front 97

Transient Microflora

Back 97

Come and go organisms that exist in same area occupied by resident flora. can be acquired almost everywhere, may persist for hours, monts or years.

Front 98

Opportunists

Back 98

cause opportunistic infections in host whose protective mechanisms have been compromised or population of resident microorganisms change.

Front 99

Measles Virus (Rubella)

Back 99

penetrate placenta and infect the fetus

Front 100

Herpes Virus and HIV Viruses

Back 100

if carried by mother also pose an infection threat to infants

Front 101

Pathogenicity

Back 101

an organism's ability to cause disease.

Front 102

Virulence

Back 102

intensity of bacterial and other microbial infections, varies greatly among different organisms

Front 103

Adherence

Back 103

Bacteria use pili to cling to surface of host cells, multiply and form colonies

Front 104

Colonization

Back 104

once in place within host tissue, bacterial replication forms

Front 105

formation of capsule

Back 105

contributes to the organism's virulence becaues this thick, polysaccharide structure helps organisms resist host defense processes

Front 106

Pathogenic Mechanisms of Bacteria

Back 106

Adherence, Colonization, Formation of a Capsule

Front 107

Invasiveness

Back 107

the ability of organisms to penetrate host tissue, usually via special enzymes

Front 108

enzymes contributing to invasiveness and pathogenicity

Back 108

Hyaluronidase, Coagulase, Streptokinase and Staphylokinase

Front 109

Three ways bacteria exchange genetic material

Back 109

Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation

Front 110

Genetic Recombination

Back 110

the ability of bacteria to exchange genes

Front 111

Transduction

Back 111

viruses called bacteriophages or phages transfer genes between bacteria when they are infected

Front 112

Transduction

Back 112

uses bacteriophage to insert the resistant DNA into bacterium

Front 113

Transformation

Back 113

DNA acquired directly from the environment

Front 114

Transformation

Back 114

when bacterium dies, fragments of its DNA are taken up by neighboring bacteria

Front 115

Conjugation

Back 115

requires cell-to-cell contact for DNA to be transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell. Through F pilus that DNA is transferred from one cell to another (in larger quantities than other two mechanisms)

Front 116

Conjugation

Back 116

requires contact between two bacteria, utilizes a pilus and a plasmid, transfers greater amount of DNA than transformation or transduction

Front 117

Plasmids

Back 117

extra chromosomal pieces of DNA in cytoplasm of some bacteria. Bacteria often develop drug resistance through these.

Front 118

Resistance Transfer Factors

Back 118

drug resistance bacteria develop through plasmids

Front 119

Genetic recombination

Back 119

by transformation, transduction and conjugation transfers DNA leading to new strains of bacteria including antibiotic-resistant strains

Front 120

Antimicrobial

Back 120

substances used specifically to treat infectious microbial diseases

Front 121

antibiotics

Back 121

antimicrobial agents containing substances derived from other organisms

Front 122

Spectrum of activity

Back 122

Broad or narrow

Front 123

Resistance to antibiotics

Back 123

occurs due to misuse or overuse

Front 124

Agar Disc Diffusion(Kirby Bauer Method)

Back 124

method of determining susceptibility or resistance of a clinical isolate, uses paper discs impregnated with specific concentration of antimicrobial to be tested. Test organism seeded over plate and incubated, zones of inhibition are measured and compared. Results reported as sensitive, intermediate or resistant

Front 125

Agar Disc Diffusion

Back 125

uses filter paper discs impregnated with a specific concentration of antimicrobial to be tested, determines antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance

Front 126

Upper Respiratory Tract infection

Back 126

Pharyngitis (Strep Throat) caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 127

Upper tract bacterial infections

Back 127

invade ears, eyes, sinuses, upper bronchioles

Front 128

Lower Respiratory tract infections

Back 128

bacteria-caused pneumonias. Caused by Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib), Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcal)

Front 129

Gastrointestinal Bacterial Infections

Back 129

acquired from contaminated food or water. include: Salmonella, shigella, staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli O157:H7

Front 130

Nervous System Infections

Back 130

Infections of cerebrospinal fluid and meninges. caused by: Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria Meningitidis (meningococcal). Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal)

Front 131

Toxin induced infections

Back 131

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum), tetanus (Clostridium tetani) and Toxic Shock Syndrome (Staphylococcus aureus)

Front 132

Prokaryotes

Back 132

No membrane bound nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, no DNA

Front 133

Kingdom Monera

Back 133

Includes Prokaryotes

Front 134

Types of Bacteria

Back 134

Archaeobacteria, gram positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, spirochetes, gram-negative bacteria, rickettsias(in a eukaryotic cell)

Front 135

bacteria

Back 135

have extensive surface area for absorption of nutrients

Front 136

Nucleoid

Back 136

nuclear region in prokaryotes which is the cell's chromosome

Front 137

Streptococcus pneumonia

Back 137

produces a capsule, makes it difficult for immune system to attack

Front 138

Where normal flora exist

Back 138

skin and hair, conjunctiva, mouth, nose and throat, reproductive and intestinal tracts. digestive tract.

Front 139

Hyaluronidase

Back 139

contributes to spreading factor of bacterium

Front 140

Coagulase

Back 140

Converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin forms clots

Front 141

Coagulase

Back 141

species of staphylococcus produce this enzyme

Front 142

Hyaluronidase

Back 142

produced by streptococci, staphylococci, and some other pathogens

Front 143

Streptokinase

Back 143

produced by streptococci, digest fibrin and prevent blood clotting

Front 144

Staphylokinase

Back 144

produced by staphylococci, digests fibrin and prevents blood clotting

Front 145

adsorption

Back 145

attatchment of virus to host cell

Front 146

penetration

Back 146

virus enters the host cell and uncoats

Front 147

synthesis

Back 147

utilizes host nucleus to make new genetic material

Front 148

Maturation

Back 148

virus is packaged into new complete virons

Front 149

release

Back 149

departure of new virons from host cell

Front 150

virus

Back 150

must replicate within host cell, provides RNA or DNA to replicate. contain RNA or DNA but not both

Front 151

Protozoa

Back 151

single celled parasite

Front 152

Helminth

Back 152

multi-cellular parasite

Front 153

Trophozoite stage

Back 153

motile, invasive form of organism

Front 154

Cyst stage

Back 154

Dormant stage of organism

Front 155

Definitive

Back 155

hosts harbor the parasite when it reproduces by sexual reproduction

Front 156

Intermediate

Back 156

hosts harbor the parasite at some developmental stage in life

Front 157

Accidental

Back 157

Hosts are not part of the normal life cycle of infectious parasite

Front 158

Giardia lamblia

Back 158

common disease found worldwide in water

Front 159

Cryptosporidium

Back 159

parasite spread in public pools

Front 160

Plasmodium

Back 160

causes malaria, transmitted by Anopheles Mosquito

Front 161

Helminths

Back 161

flukes, tapeworms, roundworms, tissue parasites

Front 162

Tapeworms

Back 162

segmented, contain head (Scolex) and segments called proglottids, contain both ovaries and testes

Front 163

Roundworms (intestinal)

Back 163

live in lumen of intestinal tract, human infection occurs by ingestion of mature egg, or penetration of skin by larval stages found in soil.

Front 164

Pinworms -

Back 164

Enterobius

Front 165

Ascaris

Back 165

Giant Intestinal Roundworms

Front 166

Strongyloids

Back 166

common intestinal roundworms

Front 167

Specific pathogenic mechanisms

Back 167

Adherence, colonization, formation of a capsule

Front 168

Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Back 168

Obligate Aerobes

Front 169

Clostridium - tetanus, botulism, gangrene

Back 169

Obligate Anaerobes

Front 170

Campylobacter

Back 170

Microaerophil

Front 171

Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E. Coli

Back 171

Facultative Anaerobes

Front 172

Gram stains, growth on special agars, chemical identification

Back 172

help differentiate and identify bacteria

Front 173

Normal flora areas

Back 173

skin, conjunctiva, mouth, nose, throat, female reproductive and GI tracts

Front 174

Babies

Back 174

must acquire microorganisms from interactions with environment

Front 175

Group B Strep, Yeast

Back 175

Pathogens acquired by some infants

Front 176

pathogenicity

Back 176

organism's ability to cause disease

Front 177

Pathogenicity depends on

Back 177

organism's ability to invade host, multiply, and avoid damage from the host's defenses

Front 178

Virulence

Back 178

intensity of bacterial infections

Front 179

Virulence

Back 179

a factor of infections

Front 180

contributors of virulence

Back 180

adherence, colonization, formation of a capsule

Front 181

Bacterial exotoxins cause

Back 181

botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus, staphylococcal food poisoning

Front 182

Endotoxins cause

Back 182

may cause anaphylactic shock, diarrhea, cramping, malaise, choleral, salmonella and other bacterial food or water bourne illnesses

Front 183

germination

Back 183

when endospores revert to active cells under favorable conditions

Front 184

Form endospores

Back 184

clostridia species - cause tetanus, botulism, and gas gangrene

Front 185

bacteria often develop drug resistance through

Back 185

plasmids

Front 186

ex. of narrow spectrum antibiotic

Back 186

using penicillin to treat streptococcal pharyngitis

Front 187

Penicillin

Back 187

affects cell wall

Front 188

Chlamydia

Back 188

obligate intracellular organism - require eukaryotic cell for replication

Front 189

Chlamydia causes

Back 189

Trachoma, sexually transmitted disease causing cervicitis, PID and Urethritis, Conjunctivitis in newborns

Front 190

Rickettsia

Back 190

obligate intracellular parasites, inhabit vectors such as ticks, lice, fleas and other arthropods

Front 191

Most prevalent rickettsial disesase in US

Back 191

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Front 192

Intracellular

Back 192

Chlamydia, Rickettsia

Front 193

Pleomorphic

Back 193

doesn't have a cell wall, assumes many different shapes

Front 194

Pleomorphic

Back 194

Mycoplasmas

Front 195

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Back 195

attaches to surface epithelial cell sites and causes respiratory disease called Primary Atypical Pneumonia (Walking Pneumonia)

Front 196

Virus Classification

Back 196

RNA or DNA based on make-up of genome

Front 197

Capsid

Back 197

protective coat that encloses the nucleic acid

Front 198

Capsomeres

Back 198

Individual protein subunits that compose capsids

Front 199

Nucleocapsid

Back 199

combined capsid/nucleic acid arrangement

Front 200

envelope

Back 200

present in some viruses, may have glycoprotein spikes. determine host specificity, may hide virus from host's immune system

Front 201

adsorption

Back 201

attachment of virus to host cell

Front 202

penetration

Back 202

process by which virus enters host cell

Front 203

uncoating

Back 203

virus immediately loses envelope and capsid

Front 204

Synthesis

Back 204

produces new genetic material

Front 205

maturation

Back 205

assembly of newly synthesized molecules into complete virions

Front 206

Release

Back 206

departure of new virions from host cell

Front 207

Acute infections

Back 207

disease cycle is relatively short, host cell ruptures and virus spreads through neighboring cells

Front 208

Latent/Persistent Infections

Back 208

Virus becomes relatively inactive but reemerges, provirus remains in cell, replicates new virions when triggered by some external event (Stress, fever)

Front 209

Examples of latent/Persistent Infections

Back 209

Herpes Virus, Epstein-Barr Virus, HIV

Front 210

Examples of acute infections

Back 210

Common cold viruses (rhinoviruses), Influenze Viruses (Types A and B), Hepatitis Viruses

Front 211

Provirus

Back 211

remains in host cell and replicates new virions when triggered

Front 212

herpes virus

Back 212

example of something that causes both acute and latent/persistent viral infection

Front 213

Interferon

Back 213

inhibit viral activity

Front 214

antiviral drugs

Back 214

slow down attachment of virus to host cell, suppress, do not cure viral infection

Front 215

vaccines

Back 215

best prevention for viruses - Polio, Gardisil, Hepatitis A, Hepatovax (Hepatitis B)

Front 216

Prions

Back 216

Infectious proteins without genetic material

Front 217

Prion Diseases

Back 217

affect cells of the brain

Front 218

Collective terminology for Prion Diseases

Back 218

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

Front 219

Prion diseases

Back 219

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Mad cow, chronic wasting disease

Front 220

Prion Characteristics

Back 220

resistant to inactivation by heating to 90 degrees, resistant to radiation treatments, not susceptible to enzymes that inactivate DNA and RNA, suseptible to protein-denaturing agents

Front 221

Multicellular Fungi

Back 221

Molds and mushrooms

Front 222

unicellular fungi

Back 222

yeasts

Front 223

Fungi

Back 223

important for the decomposition and recycling of organic material

Front 224

Example of Yeast

Back 224

Candida Albicans (Yeast infection)

Front 225

Example of Fungi

Back 225

Tinea (Ringworm)

Front 226

Spores

Back 226

beginning of the growth of mold

Front 227

mycelium

Back 227

filamentous threadlike masses made from spores

Front 228

pathogenicity of molds

Back 228

superficial infections of hair, nails and skin

Front 229

Infections from mold

Back 229

Athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm

Front 230

Candida albicans

Back 230

infection of mouth and pharynx called thrush

Front 231

Malaria

Back 231

biological vector-transmitted parasitic disease

Front 232

parasitic organisms (protozoa and helminths)

Back 232

trasmitted to humans by vectors

Front 233

Biological vectors

Back 233

e.g. mosquito transmitting malaria

Front 234

Mechanical Vectors

Back 234

e.g. transmission of parasite eggs to food by flies and other insects

Front 235

Parasite Classification

Back 235

Protozoa, Helminths

Front 236

Kingdom Protista

Back 236

All parasitic organisms belong here

Front 237

Tape worms most prevalent

Back 237

in beef, pork and fish

Front 238

Resistance to antibiotics occurs through

Back 238

Overuse, plasmids, genetic transfer mechanisms, development of neutralizing enzymes, alteration of pathways used, altering cell membrane permeability

Front 239

Haemophilus Influenzae

Back 239

Lower Respiratory Tract

Front 240

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Back 240

Lower Respiratory Tract

Front 241

Streptococcus Pneumonia

Back 241

Lower Respiratory Tract

Front 242

Gastrointestinal

Back 242

Shigella

Front 243

Gastrointestinal

Back 243

Salmonella

Front 244

Gastrointestinal

Back 244

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 245

Gastrointestinal

Back 245

E. Coli O 157:H7`

Front 246

Meningitis

Back 246

Haemophilus Influenzae

Front 247

Meningitis

Back 247

Nesseria Meningitidis

Front 248

Toxin induced infection

Back 248

botulism (Clostridium Botulinum)

Front 249

Toxin induced infection

Back 249

tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

Front 250

Toxin induced infection

Back 250

Toxic Shock Syndrome (Staphylococcus aureus)