Anatomy Module 3 Part 2

Front 1

Ester

Back 1

formed from reaction of acid and alcohol - found in fats, oils also nerve chemical acetylcholine

Front 2

Hydroxyl

Back 2

Same as in bases. found in alcohols and sugars, makes organic molecules water-soluble

Front 3

Carboxyl

Back 3

organic acid (H+ easily donated) also written -COOH, usually charged at cellular pH

Front 4

Amino

Back 4

acts as base, binds H+ to form -NH3+ at cellular pH, amino + carboxyl in same molecule is an amino acid

Front 5

Phosphate

Back 5

found in energy storing molecules and in nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Front 6

Carbonyl

Back 6

carbon and oxygen in double covalent bond, found in ketones, formed when fats are broken down. water-loving groups

Front 7

Sulfhydryl

Back 7

like hydroxyl, but Sulfur + Hydrogen. important in protein structure

Front 8

fatty acids

Back 8

used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP

Front 9

Triglycerides

Back 9

protection, insulation, energy storage

Front 10

Phospholipids

Back 10

major component of cell membrane

Front 11

Cholersterol

Back 11

minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones

Front 12

bile salts

Back 12

needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

Front 13

Vitamin D

Back 13

Helps regulate calcium level in the body; needed for bone growth and repair

Front 14

Adrenocortical hormones

Back 14

help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance

Front 15

Sex Hormones

Back 15

Stimulate reproductive functions an sexual characteristics

Front 16

Eicosinoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes)

Back 16

Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction

Front 17

Carotenes

Back 17

needed for synthesis of Vitamin A, which is used to make visual pigments in the eyes. also function as antioxidants

Front 18

Vitamin E

Back 18

Promotes wound healing; prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system, and functions as an antioxidant

Front 19

Vitamin K

Back 19

Require for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

Front 20

Lipoproteins

Back 20

Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from the blood.

Front 21

Glycine

Back 21

(Small, can be Polar or Non-Polar) Side chain consists only of hydrogen atom and can fit either hydrophilic or hydrophobic environment. often resides at sites where two polypeptides come in close contact

Front 22

Cysteine

Back 22

(Makes Disulfide Bonds) Though side chain has polar uncharged character, it has the unique property of forming a covalent bond with another cysteine to form a disulfide link

Front 23

Proline

Back 23

(Kinky) Though side chain has hydrophobic character, it has the unique property of creating kinks in polypeptide chains and disrupting ordered secondary structure.

Front 24

Acidic Amino Acids

Polar Charged (Hydrophillic)

Back 24

Aspartic (Asp or D) Acid, Glutamic (Glu or E) Acid

Front 25

Amino Acid Bases

Polar Charged (Hydrophilic)

Back 25

Lysine (Lys or K), Arginine (Arg or R), Histidine (His or H)

Front 26

Polar Uncharged Amino Acids (Hydrophilic)

Back 26

Serine (Ser or S), Threonine (Thr or T), Glutamine (Gln or Q), Asparagine (Asn or N), Tyrosine (Tyr or Y)

Front 27

Non Polar Amino Acids (Hydrophobic)

Back 27

Alanine (Ala or A), Valine (Val or V), Leucine (Leu or L), Isoleucine (Ile or I), Methionine (Met r M), Phenylalanine (Phe or F), Tryptophan (Trp or W)

Front 28

Methionine

Back 28

Always the first amino acid in every protein as it is made

Front 29

Structural Protein

Back 29

Form structural framework of various parts of the body. Ex. Keratin in skin hair fingernails, collagen in bone and connective tissues

Front 30

Regulatory protein

Back 30

Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth and development; as neurotransmitters, mediate responses of nervous system

Front 31

Contractile protein

Back 31

Allow shortening of muscles, which produces movement. Ex. myosin and actin

Front 32

Immunological Protein

Back 32

Aid responses to protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens. Ex. Antibodies and interleukins

Front 33

Transport Proteins

Back 33

Carry vital substances throughout body. Ex. Hemoglobin, transports most oxygen and some CO2 in blood

Front 34

Catalytic Proteins

Back 34

Act as enzymes to regulate biochemical reactions. Ex. Salivary amylase, sucrase, and ATPase

Front 35

Enzyme

Back 35

Protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Front 36

Substrate

Back 36

Substance undergoing reaction of enzyme

Front 37

Electrical Energy

Back 37

Nerve Impulses

Front 38

Heat Energy

Back 38

Cellular Chemical Reactions

Front 39

Mechanical Energy

Back 39

Muscle Contractions

Front 40

Potential (Chemical) Energy

Back 40

Energy-Rich Covalent Bonds

Front 41

Radiant Energy

Back 41

Photosynthesis in Plants

Front 42

Vitamin A

Back 42

Poor teeth and gums, night blindness

Front 43

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Back 43

Scurvy (Bleeding gums, loose teeth, swollen joints, slow wound healing, weight loss)

Front 44

Vitamin D

Back 44

Rickets in children (low blood calcium, soft bones, distorted skeleton)

Front 45

Vitamin K

Back 45

Slow blood clotting

Front 46

B Vitamins

Back 46

Neural tube defects in pregnancy, pernicious anemia

Front 47

Flourine

Back 47

Structure of teeth and bones, deficiency- teeth caries osteoporosis

Front 48

Chromium

Back 48

Efficient use of insulin; deficiency - insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, elevated serum lipids

Front 49

Iron

Back 49

Oxygen & Electron transport; heme group of hemoglobin - Deficiency - Iron-deficiency anemia

Front 50

Iodine

Back 50

Constintuent of Thyroid Hormones. Deficiency - goiter, hypothyroidism