Anatomy Module 1

Front 1

Embryology

Back 1

The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

Front 2

Developmental biology

Back 2

the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

Front 3

cell biology

Back 3

cellular structure and functions

Front 4

Histology

Back 4

Microscopic structure of tissues

Front 5

Gross Anatomy

Back 5

Structures that can be examined without a microscope

Front 6

Systemic Anatomy

Back 6

Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

Front 7

Regional anatomy

Back 7

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

Front 8

surface anatomy

Back 8

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)

Front 9

Imaging anatomy

Back 9

Body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans

Front 10

Pathological Anatomy

Back 10

Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

Front 11

neurophysiology

Back 11

functional properties of nerve cells

Front 12

endocrinology

Back 12

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

Front 13

Cardiovascular physiology

Back 13

functions of the heart and blood vessels

Front 14

Immunology

Back 14

The body's defense against disease causing agents

Front 15

respiratory physiology

Back 15

function of the air passageways and lungs

Front 16

renal physiology

Back 16

function of the kidneys

Front 17

exercise physiology

Back 17

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

Front 18

pathophysiology

Back 18

functional changes associated with disease and aging.

Front 19

four basic types of tissue

Back 19

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue

Front 20

Integumentary System Components

Back 20

skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands and oil glands

Front 21

Integumentary System Functions

Back 21

protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D, detects sensations such as pain, warmth, touch, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation

Front 22

Skeletal system Components

Back 22

bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages

Front 23

skeletal system functions

Back 23

supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats)

Front 24

muscular system components

Back 24

skeletal muscle tissue - muscle attached to bones

Front 25

muscular system functions

Back 25

participates in body movements such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat;

Front 26

nervous system components

Back 26

brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs such as eyes and ears

Front 27

nervous system functions:

Back 27

generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Front 28

Endocrine system components

Back 28

hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs

Front 29

Endocrine system functions

Back 29

regulates body activity by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)

Front 30

Cardiovascular System Components

Back 30

blood, heart and blood vessels

Front 31

Cardiovascular System Functions

Back 31

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

Front 32

Lymphatic System and Immunity Components

Back 32

Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymphnodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T Cells, and others)

Front 33

Lymphatic System and Immunity Functions

Back 33

returns protein and fluid to blood; carries lipids from GI tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes

Front 34

Respiratory System Components

Back 34

lungs and air passageways such as the pharnyx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes

Front 35

respiratory system functions

Back 35

transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produce sounds

Front 36

Digestive System Components

Back 36

organs of GI tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus. also includes organs that assist in digestive processes such as salivary glands, liver, galbladder, and pancreas

Front 37

Digestive System Functions

Back 37

achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

Front 38

Urinary System Components

Back 38

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Front 39

Urinary System Functions

Back 39

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

Front 40

Reproductive System Components

Back 40

Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or vas deferens, seminal vessicles, prostate and penis in males)

Front 41

Reproductive System Functions

Back 41

Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.

Front 42

infectious disease

Back 42

cause signs and symptoms of disease because of external factors - bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite

Front 43

autoimmune disease

Back 43

the immune system attacks the part of the body it identifies as not belonging, damages, continues attack

Front 44

nosocomial

Back 44

hospital acquired infection

Front 45

airborne

Back 45

transmission of disease where pathogens stay alive in droplets or dust traveling greater than one meter

Front 46

vehicle

Back 46

a method of carrying infection to the body - food, water, bodily fluid

Front 47

direct contact

Back 47

method of disease transmission where contact is direct (touching, kissing, intercourse)

Front 48

indirect contact

Back 48

method of disease transmission where disease is spread through indirect contact - (fomites shared objects)

Front 49

vector

Back 49

disease is transmitted by a third party (i.e. animal bite) the animal that transmits the disease

Front 50

fomite

Back 50

item through which disease is passed in indirect contact

Front 51

endemic

Back 51

spread of infection more common in one geographic location than elsewhere

Front 52

pandemic

Back 52

worldwide spread of infection

Front 53

5,280 feet

Back 53

1 Mile

Front 54

1 pound

Back 54

16 ounces

Front 55

1 ton

Back 55

2000 pounds

Front 56

1 pint

Back 56

16 ounces

Front 57

1 quart

Back 57

2 pints

Front 58

1 gallon

Back 58

4 quarts

Front 59

1 inch

Back 59

2.54 centimeters

Front 60

1 mile

Back 60

1.61 Kilometers

Front 61

1 pound

Back 61

.45 Kilograms

Front 62

1 Fluid Ounce

Back 62

29.57 Milliliters

Front 63

1 quart

Back 63

.95 Liters

Front 64

Dorsal Cavity

Back 64

Cranial Cavity, Vertebral Cavity

Front 65

Cranial Cavity

Back 65

Brain

Front 66

Vertebral Cavity

Back 66

Spinal Cord

Front 67

Thoracic Cavity

Back 67

Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum

Front 68

Pleural Cavity

Back 68

Lungs

Front 69

Mediastinum

Back 69

Thymus, esophogus, trachea, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, aorta, pericardial cavity

Front 70

pericardial cavity

Back 70

heart

Front 71

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 71

abdomen cavity, retroperitoneal cavity, pelvic cavity

Front 72

Abdomen cavity

Back 72

stomach, liver, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendix

Front 73

Retroperitoneal cavity

Back 73

kidneys

Front 74

Pelvic Cavity

Back 74

Urinary bladder, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus

Front 75

head

Back 75

cephalic

Front 76

neck

Back 76

cervical

Front 77

skull

Back 77

cranial

Front 78

base of skull

Back 78

occipital

Front 79

face

Back 79

facial

Front 80

forehead

Back 80

frontal

Front 81

temple

Back 81

temporal

Front 82

eye

Back 82

orbital, ocular

Front 83

ear

Back 83

otic

Front 84

cheek

Back 84

buccal

Front 85

nose

Back 85

nasal

Front 86

mouth

Back 86

oral

Front 87

chin

Back 87

mental

Front 88

spinal column

Back 88

vertebral

Front 89

chest

Back 89

thoracic

Front 90

breastbone

Back 90

sternal

Front 91

breast

Back 91

mammary

Front 92

shoulder blade

Back 92

scapular

Front 93

back

Back 93

dorsal

Front 94

abdomen

Back 94

abdominal

Front 95

navel

Back 95

umbilical

Front 96

hip

Back 96

coaxal

Front 97

loin

Back 97

lumbar

Front 98

between hips

Back 98

sacral

Front 99

pelvis

Back 99

pelvic

Front 100

groin

Back 100

inguinal

Front 101

pubis

Back 101

pubic

Front 102

buttock

Back 102

gluteal

Front 103

armpit

Back 103

axillary

Front 104

arm

Back 104

brachial

Front 105

front of elbow

Back 105

antecubital

Front 106

back of elbow

Back 106

olecranal, cubital

Front 107

forearm

Back 107

antebrachial

Front 108

wrist

Back 108

carpal

Front 109

hand

Back 109

manual

Front 110

thumb

Back 110

pollux

Front 111

palm

Back 111

palmar, volar

Front 112

back of hand

Back 112

dorsum

Front 113

fingers

Back 113

digital, phalangeal

Front 114

thigh

Back 114

femoral

Front 115

anterior knee

Back 115

patellar

Front 116

posterior knee

Back 116

popliteal

Front 117

leg

Back 117

crural

Front 118

foot

Back 118

pedal

Front 119

ankle

Back 119

tarsal

Front 120

sole

Back 120

plantar

Front 121

top of foot

Back 121

dorsum

Front 122

heel

Back 122

calcaneal

Front 123

toes

Back 123

digital, phalangeal

Front 124

great toe

Back 124

hallux

Front 125

Homeostasis

Back 125

the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes

Front 126

receptor

Back 126

monitors controlled condition

Front 127

control center

Back 127

receives input and provides output

Front 128

effectors

Back 128

bring about change in controlled condition

Front 129

Positive Feedback loop

Back 129

blood clotting, childbirth, lactation

Front 130

negative feedback loop

Back 130

high blood pressure, body temperature, High or low BG

Front 131

positive feedback loop

Back 131

strengthen or reinforce a change, action continues until it is interrupted, reinforces conditions that do not happen very often

Front 132

negative feedback loop

Back 132

reverses a change in a controlled condition, action stops automatically when a setpoint is reached, regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods

Front 133

signs of disease

Back 133

ex. swelling, redness, rashes, pus formation, fever, vomiting, and others

Front 134

symptoms of disease

Back 134

ex. nausea, pain, shortness of breath, headache, general malaise

Front 135

syndrome

Back 135

group of signs and symptoms that occur together

Front 136

disease from internal causes

Back 136

damage from aging, gene mutations, autoimmune diseases

Front 137

disruption of homeostasis from internal causes

Back 137

hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and autoimmune diseases

Front 138

diseases from external sources

Back 138

infectious diseases - bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite.