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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which motions make up supination?
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inversion, adduction, plantarflexion
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which motions make up pronation?
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eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion
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this word means bent inward or toward the midline of the body
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varus
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this word means bent outward or away from the midline of the body
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valgus
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what covers the opposing bony surfaces of the synovial joint?
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hyaline (articular) cartilage
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what are the components of an articular capsule?
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fibrsoue (articular ligament) and cellular (synovial membrane)
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what is a capsular ligament?
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ligaments that are thickenings (distinct band) of the fibrous capsule or articular ligament
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what is an extracapsular ligament?
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ligaments that are separate from the articular capsule and outside the joint
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what is an intracapsular ligament?
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ligaments that are separate from the capsule and inside the joint
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every joint of the lower extremity is a synovial joint except for the ...
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tibiofibular syndesmosis
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what begins and ends the contact phase of the gait cycle?
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heel strike to full forefoot loading
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what begins and ends the midstance phase of the gait cycle?
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full forefoot loading until heel lift
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what begins and ends the propulsive phase of the gait cycle?
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heel lift until toe off
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what does the femur articulate with?
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os coxae. tibia and patella (NOT fibia, it is not part of the knee)
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the intertrochanteric line is located on which surface?
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anterior of femur
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the intertrochanteric crest is located on which surface?
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posterior of femur
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the linea aspera is located on which surface?
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posterior of femur
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the spiral line is located where?
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posterior surface of femur, medial, superior part
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the gluteal tuberosity is located where?
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posterior of femur. lateral, superior part.
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the medial supracondylar line is located where?
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posterior surface of femur, inferiorly and medially
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where is the patellar surface located?
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on the distal extremity of the femur, on the anterior surface
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where is the intercondylar notch located?
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on the distal extremity of the femur on the posterior surface
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which facet of the patella is larger?
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the lateral facet
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the apex of the patella is located..
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superiorly
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the patella articulates with..
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the distal extremity of the femur
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what kind of joint is the hip?
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ball and socket type synovial joint
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what are the axes of the hip joint?
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triaxial joint: axis for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and medial/lateral rotation
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what is the lunate surface?
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it is on the acetabulum
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what are the capsular ligaments of the hip joint?
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articular capsule, iliofemoral (iliocapsular), ischiofemoral (ischiocapsular), pubofemoral (pubocapsular)
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what are the intracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?
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ligamentum capitis femoris, transverse acetabular
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hip fractures in older people are usually where?
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femoral neck, but may be intertrochanteric (btwn trochs) or pertrochanteric (thru greater troch)
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what kind of joint is the knee joint?
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hinge type of synovial joint. ALLOWS slight medial and lateral rotation (biaxial joint) (functionally a bicondylar joint)
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what forms the knee joint?
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femus articulating w/ tibia and patella
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what are the capsular ligaments of the knee joint?
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articular capsule, ligamentum patellae, tibial collateral (MCL) , (oblique popliteal)
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what are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?
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fibular collateral (LCL)
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what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?
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ACL, PCL
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knee injuries commonly involve:
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medial meniscus, tibial collateral ligament, and/or ACL
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how do you test an ACL?
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Lachman test, ant drawer test
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genu valgum
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knock kneed
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genu varum
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bow legged
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chondromalacia patellae
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soreness and aching around and deep to patella. (runners, weight lifters)
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osteoarthritis
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(arthrosis) of knee involves breakdown of articular cartilage along w/ development of osteophytes. usually leads to joint replacement
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what is abswent at subcutaneous surfaces?
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superficial fascia is absent at palpable surfaces
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what muscles laterally rotate the thigh?
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piriformis, obturator internus, gemellus sup and inf, quadratus femoris
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what muscle extend the thigh?
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glut max
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what muscles steady the pelvis during gait?
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glut med and min (maybe tensor fascia lata (of ant compartment))
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what are the gluteal muscles?
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glut max, med, min, prififormis, gemellus sup and inf, quadratus femoris, (iliopsoas)
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gluteus maximus
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o: gluteal (external) surface of ala of ilium
i: gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract a: major extensor of thigh n: inf gluteal n |
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gluteus medius
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o: gluteal (external) surface of ala of ilium
i: greater trochanter of femus a: OKC = abducts and medially rotates the thigh *CKC = steadies the pelvis during gait (prevents dipping to contralateral side) n: sup gluteal n |
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gluteus minimus
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o: gluteal (external) surface of ala of ilium
i: greater trochanter of femus a: OKC = abducts and medially rotates the thigh *CKC = steadies the pelvis during gait (prevents dipping to contralateral side) n: sup gluteal n |
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piriformis
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o: ant surface of sacrum
i: greater trochanter of femus a: laterally rotate thigh n: n. to piriformis |
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obturator internus
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o: internal surface of obturator membrane
i: greater trochanter of femus a: laterally rotate thigh n: n to obt int and gem sup |
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gemellus superior
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o: body of ischium
i: greater trochanter of femus a: laterally rotate thigh n: n to obt int and gem sup |
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gemellus inferior
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o: body of ischium
i: greater trochanter of femus a: laterally rotate thigh n: n to quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior |
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quadratus femoris
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o: body of ischium
i: intertrochanteric crest a: laterally rotate thigh n: n to quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior |
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iliopsoas
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i: lesser trochanter (only one)
a: major flexor of thigh |
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what muscles extend the leg?
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quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis + intermedius + lateralis)
innervation by femoral nerve |
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what muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
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tensor fascia lata, sartorius, quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis + intermedius + lateralis), (articularis genu)
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tensor fascia lata
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o: gluteal surface of ant sup iliac spine
i: iliotibial tract a: stabilizes hip joint n: sup gluteal n |
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sartorius
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o: ant sup iliac spine
i: pes anserinus a: abducts, flexes, laterally rotates thigh. flexes and medially rotate leg n: femoral n |
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rectus femoris
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o: ant inf iliac spine (crosses hip)
i: patella and then into tibial tuberosity via the ligamentum patellae a: extends the leg. flexes thigh n: femoral n |
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vastus medialis
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o: shaft of femur ((does not cross hip))
i: patella and then into tibial tuberosity via the ligamentum patellae a: extends the leg. (pulls patella medially) n: femoral n |
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vastus intermedius
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o: shaft of femur ((does not cross hip))
i: patella and then into tibial tuberosity via the ligamentum patellae a: extends the leg n: femoral n |
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vastus lateralis
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o: shaft of femur ((does not cross hip))
i: patella and then into tibial tuberosity via the ligamentum patellae a: extends the leg. pulls patella laterally n: femoral n |
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what are the muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh?
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pectineus, gracilis, adductor longus + brevis + magnus, obt ext
mostly adducts thigh, mostly innervated by obturator n |
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what muscles adduct the thigh?
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pectineus, gracilis, the adductors
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pectineus
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o: pubis
i: shaft of femur a: adduct thigh n: femoral n |
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gracilis
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o: pubis
i: pes anserinus a adduct thigh n: obturator n |
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adductor longus
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o: pubis
i: shaft of femur a adduct thigh n: obturator n |
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adductor brevis
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o: pubis
i: shaft of femur a adduct thigh n: obturator n |
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adductor magnus
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o: pubis
i: shaft of femur a adduct thigh n: obturator n |
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obturator externus
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o: external surface of obturator membrane
i: greater trochanter a: laterally rotates the thigh n: obturator n |
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what are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
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semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
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what muscles compose the hamstrings?
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semitendinosus, semimembranosus, becips femoris - long head
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what muscles make up the pes anserinus?
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Sartorius, Gracilis, semiTendinosus
Femoral, Obturator, Sciatic (med to lat) |
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semitendinosus
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o: ischial tuberosity
i: pes anserinus a: extend thigh.flex and Medially rotate leg n: sciatic n |
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semimembranosus
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o: ischial tuberosity
i: post aspect of medial condyle of tibia a: extend thigh.flex and Medially rotate leg n: sciatic n |
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bicep femoris - long head
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o: ischial tuberosity
i: head of fibula a: extend thigh, flex and Laterally rotate leg n: sciatic n |
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biceps femoris - short head
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o: shaft of femus
i: head of fibula a: extend thigh, flex and Laterally rotate leg n: (common peroneal portion of) sciatic nerve |
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what is a trendelenburg's test for?
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osseomuscular integrity of the hip joint. can't fix pelvis since abductors paralyzed (affected side is higher on step)
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where are intragluteal injections done?
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upper lateral quadrant of gluteal region
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what is contained in the femoral triangle?
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femoral artery and vein (initially enclosed in femoral sheath (no nerve)),
profunda femoral artery and vein and their branches, femoral and and its branches |
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how can you do a left cardiac angiography?
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cannulate femoral artery in femoral triangle
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how can you do a right cardiac angiography?
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cannulate femoral vein in femoral triangle
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what is in the adductor canal?
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femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve
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where is the adductor hiatus, what happens there?
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located in adductor magnus m. femoray artery and vein course through it to become the popliteal vessels
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where do the superficial veins primarily flow into?
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great saphenous vein
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what is the blood supply to the gluteal region?
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sup and inf gluteal aa. they enter the region suprior and inferior to the piriformis m
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what is the blood supply to the various thigh regions?
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femoral and obturator aa.
femoral a. goes to anterior compartment profunda femoral a. goes to ant, medial, post compartments of thigh |
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what are the branches of the profunda a?
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branches of the 'deep' a.:
medial femoral circumflex lateral femoral circumflex perforating arterIES (thru add mag to the post thigh) |
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what is blood supply to head of femur?
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obturator gives off a. to ligament of head of femur.
if cut in older ppl may get avascular necrosis of the head (may happen in hip resurfacing) |
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what is the blood supply to the knee?
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popliteal a
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what are the branches of the popliteal a.?
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sural aa, genicular aa, ant tibial a, post tibial a
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what is the trifurcation?
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popliteal a. gives off ant tibial a, then the post tibial a. gives off fibular a. below that
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boundaries of popliteal fossa?
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laterally and inferiorly: lateral head of gastocnemius and plantaris
medially and inferiorly: medial head of gastrocnemius laterally and superiorly: biceps femoris medially and superiorly: semitendinosus and semimembranosus |
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contents of popliteal fossa?
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popliteal a. and v. and their genicular branches
tibial and common peroneal nn. popliteal lymph nodes termination of the small saphenous vein fatty tissue |
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what forms the lubosacral plexus?
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ventral rami of the lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral nn (S1-S5),
ventral ramus of coccygeal nerve (Co1), a communicating ramus from ventral ramus of T12 |
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what do the different regions of the lubosacral plexus innervate?
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lumbar and sacral portions: lower extremity, lower ab wall, most of perineum
coccygeal portion innervates the anococcygeal region |
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what composes the lumbar portion of the lumbosacral plexus? what are the mejor branches?
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T12-L4
lateral femoral cutaneous n femoral n (medial femoral cutaneous , intermediate femoral cutaneous, saphenous) obturator lubosacral trunk |
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what composes the sacral portion of the lumbosacral plexus? what are the major branches?
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L4-S4
sup gluteal inf gluteal post femoral cutaneous sciatic -tibial -> medial calcaneal, medial plantar, lateral plantar -common peroneal (fibular) -> superficirial peroneal, deep peroneal |
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what is the sural nerve formed from?
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contributions from the tibial and common peroneal nn.
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what spinal cord segments are involved in thigh and gluteal dermatomes?
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L1-S3
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what spinal cord segment correspons to the dermatome just below the groin?
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L2
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what would be some possible symptoms of L4 ventral ramus damage?
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weakness in leg (obturator n), lose patellar tendon reflex. loss of some sensation
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what innervates calf area, towards inside?
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saphenous n
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what happens with damage to the superior gluteal n?
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gluteal gait, positive trelenberg sign, lose hip extension
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what motion is the femoral n mainly responsible for?
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extension of leg
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what motion is the obturator n mainly responsible for?
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adduction of thigh
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what is the place called where the tibula and fibia meet at the proximal extremity?
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tibiofibular articulation
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what is the place called where the tibula and fibia meet at the distal extremity?
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tibiofibular syndesmosis
NONSYNOVIAL JOINT |
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where is the tibial tuberostiy located?
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anterior surface of proximal extremity of tibula
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where is the fibular notch?
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distal extremity of tibula on lateral surface
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where is the medial malleolar sulcus located?
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distal extremity of tibula. medial side, posterior surface
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what passes along the medial malleolar sulcus?
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tibial ?dig longus, post tib a.v.n.
do pulse here, nerve block... |
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which leg bone extends furtherst distally?
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fibula
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which bone of the ankle region does the tibia articulate with?
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talus
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what is another name for th distal extremity of the fibula?
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lateral malleolus
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where is the styloid process located?
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proximal extremity of fibula
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what is another name for the proximal extremity of the fibula?
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the head
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where do fractures of the fibula commonly occur?
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proximal to the lateral malleolus. commonly associated w/ fracture dislocation of ankle joint
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where is the fossa on the distal part of the fibula located?
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towards the posterior. facet is anterior.? and there is a smooth articular facet for talus on medial surface
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where are the sesamoids in the foot located?
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embedded in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis inferior to first metatarsal head, in ball of foot behind great toe
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what makes up the tarsus?
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calcaneus, talus, cuboid, nvaicular, the three cuneiforms
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what makes up the metatarsus?
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the 5 metatarsal bones
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what makes up the phalanges?
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proximal, middle, and distal phalanges of the toes (14)
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what makes up the medial portion in the biomechanical division of the foot?
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calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms,
1st 2nd 3rd metatarsals w/ their respective phalanges, and the constant sesamoids |
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what makes up the lateral portion of the biomechanical division of the foot?
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calcaneus, cuboid,
and 4th and 5th metatarsals w/ their respective phalanges |
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where is the midtarsal joint?
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the transverse tarsal joint is between the rearfoot and midfoot
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where is lisfranc's joint?
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the tarsometatarsal joint is between the forefoot and midfoot
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what are the surgical division of the foot?
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forefoot/ant unit: (metatarsals 5, phalanges 14, sesamoids 2)
midfoot/middleunit/lesstarsus: (navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms 3) rearfoot/post unit/hindfoot/greater tarsus: (calcaneu, talus) |
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where is the body of the talus? (which surface)
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on the dorsal surface
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which surface is the calcaneal tuberosity on?
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inferior (plantar) surface
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where is the sustentaculum tali located?
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medial surface of calcaneus
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where is the peroneal tubercle located?
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the peroneal trochlea is on the lateral side of the calcaneus
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where is the peroneal ridge?
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plantar surface of the cuboid
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where are heel spurs found?
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bony projections from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity
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fractures of the calcaneus...
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usually result of a fall, often result in a comminuted fracture that disrupts the subtalar joint
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(what might happen from pressing brakes in a head on auto collision?)
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talar neck fracture
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(what might happen if a heavy object falls on the foot?)
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metatarsal fractures. (sesamoid fracture?)
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what forms the ankle joint?
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the malleolar fork or ankle mortice (lat surf of med mall, inf surf distal extremity of tibia, med surf of lat mall) articulating w/
body of talus (medial, sup and lat surfaces of the body of talus or talar dome) |
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what are the lateral ankle ligaments?
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anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular
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which ligaments are usually involved in an ankle sprain?
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anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular
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what makes up the deltoid ligament?
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the medial ankle ligaments are:
superficial deltoid - tibionavicular, calcaneotibial, superficial posterior talotibial deep deltoid - anterior talotibial, deep posterior talotibial |
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how are ankle fractures usually acquired?
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indirect traums (such as twisting) with the foot in a supinated or pronated position
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what forms the subtalar joint? what does it do?
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3 articular areas on talus and calcaneus. important in supination and pronation.
major ligaments are ant talocalcaneal (cervical (neck of talus)), interosseous talocalcaneal |
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what forms the midtarsal joint? what does it do?
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talonvaicular and calcaneocuboid joints function together as the midtarsal joint
important in supination and pronation major ligaments: spring (plantar calcaneonavicular), bifurcate, short plantar, long plantar |
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which foramen does the piriformis go through?
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greater sciatic foramen
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