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243 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Why do we always describe the body in anatomical position?
- It makes it easier for doctors to analyze the body
- it is a uniform way of describing the body so nobody gets confused.
What does the body look like when it is in anatomical position?
-straightforward
-eyes facing the direction of the people observing
-head at level position
-feet on the ground facing same direction
-person's palms are up facing observer
-arms side of the body
prone
standing with palms down
supine
stand with palms up
anterior
the front or belly side
posterior
the back
distal
further from the point of attachment
medial
towards the midline
lateral
away from the midline
frontal
cuts the body into anterior and posterior
coronal
cuts the body into anterior and posterior
sagittal
vertical cut that cuts the body into left and right sides
parasagittal
sagittal plane that is off to the side
midsagittal
sagittal plane down the midline
oblique
a plane that is on an angle
contralateral
something on the opposite side of the body
ipsilateral
something on the same side of the body
superior
towards the head or above
inferior
towards the feet or the tail of the body
transverse (cross-section)
cuts the body into superior and inferior sections
coronal
cuts the body into anterior and posterior
sagittal
vertical cut that cuts the body into left and right sides
parasagittal
sagittal plane that is off to the side
midsagittal
sagittal plane down the midline
oblique
a plane that is on an angle
contralateral
something on the opposite side of the body
ipsilateral
something on the same side of the body
superior
towards the head or above
inferior
towards the feet or the tail of the body
transverse (cross-section)
cuts the body into superior and inferior sections
dorsal
towards the back
ventral
near the front or underside of the body
cranial
towards the head or above
caudal
towards the tail
extension
to increase the angle at the joint
abduction
moving limbs away from the midline
adduction
moving limbs towards the midline
circumduction
rotation of a joint
dorsiflexion
flexion with toes up
dorsal
towards the back
ventral
near the front or underside of the body
cranial
towards the head or above
caudal
towards the tail
extension
to increase the angle at the joint
abduction
moving limbs away from the midline
adduction
moving limbs towards the midline
circumduction
rotation of a joint
dorsiflexion
flexion with toes up
plantar flexion
flexion causing toes to be pointed
lateral flexion
bending to the side
dorsal surface
the back
palmar surface
the palm
plantar surface
the foot
pronation
rotational movement of palm moving downward
supination
rotating from palms down to palms up (hold soup with palms up)
inversion
when the ankle rolls outward
eversion
roll your medial ankle inward
flexion
to decrease the angle of the joints
hyperextension
extension beyond 180 degrees
isometric contraction
holding the muscles in a stable position
abdominal
in your stomach
antecubital
front of the elbow. where the nurse draws blood
axillary
the armpit region
brachial
above the arm
antebrachial
lower arm
buccal
cheek
carpal
in the wrist
cervical
the front of the neck
digital (phalangeal
fingers and toes
femoral
thigh
inguinal
groin
nasal
nose
oral
mouth
orbital
eyes
patellar
knees
peroneal
lateral side of the shin
pubic
pubis region
sternal
chest more specifically the breast bone
tarsal
ankle
thoracic
entire chest from abdomen up
umbilical
navel
pedal
foot
otic
eye
chin
mental
dorsum
top of the foot
hip
coxsal
crural
lower leg
cephalic
head
deltoid (acromial)
shoulder region
gluteal
butt
lumbar
lower back
occipital
base of your skull
popliteal
behind your knee
scapular
shoulder blades
sural
back of the calf
vertebral
spine
plantar
sole of the foot
calcaneal
heel of the foot
homeostasis
-when a process is moving out of a typical range
-ex: temperature
positive feedback loop
-when the response is accelerated
- ex:
negative feedback loop
-a reversal of the initial response
-ex:
skeletal muscle
-cylinder shaped
-striated: stiped, aids in contraction
-voluntary
-muscle that is attached to bones
-provides external motion
-works in motion
smooth muscle
-cells are tapered on each end
-spindle
-1 nuclei
-provides involuntary contraction (breathing, stomach)
-lines the insides of organs and blood vessels
-no striations
cardiac muscle
-tissue that is found in the heart
-involuntary
-striated
-branches
-contains intercalated discs: holds the fibers all together
origin
--
insertion
--
simple epithelium
-1 layer
pseudostratified epithelium
-fake stratified tissue (only one layer but the nuclei are scattered)
homeostasis
-when a process is moving out of a typical range
-ex: temperature
positive feedback loop
-when the response is accelerated
- ex:
negative feedback loop
-a reversal of the initial response
-ex:
skeletal muscle
-cylinder shaped
-striated: stiped, aids in contraction
-voluntary
-muscle that is attached to bones
-provides external motion
-works in motion
smooth muscle
-cells are tapered on each end
-spindle
-1 nuclei
-provides involuntary contraction (breathing, stomach)
-lines the insides of organs and blood vessels
-no striations
cardiac muscle
-tissue that is found in the heart
-involuntary
-striated
-branches
-contains intercalated discs: holds the fibers all together
origin
--
insertion
--
simple epithelium
-1 layer
pseudostratified epithelium
-fake stratified tissue (only one layer but the nuclei are scattered)
stratified epithelium
-multiple layers of flat cells
-a lot of layers because lost or damages cells from the top are replaced with cells from underneath
-multiple layers of different shaped cells
-areas of very high friction
-keratinized: waterproofing, areas like superficial layer of skin
-nonkeratinized: found in moist sections (esophagus, tongue, mouth, vagina)
- endure a lot of friction
squamous
very skinny and flat like floor tile
cuboidal
as wide as they are tall
columnar
tall and skinny
transitional
cell shape is varied
-allows from expansion and shrinking
simple squamous epithelium
-very skinny & flat like floor tile
-used in filtration and exchange
-kidneys, lungs(alveoli)
simple cuboidal epithelium
-cube shaped
-as wide as they are tall
-used in secretion and excretion
-thyroid gland, kidneys
non-ciliated simple columnar
-contain microvilli that increase rate of absorption
-found in digestive, reproductive, urinary, and respiratory systems
ciliated simple columnar
-have cilia
-help move eggs through fallopian tube
- CSF through the central nervous system
pseudostratified columar epithelium
-nuclei at different heights
-all cells reach basement membrane
stratified epithelium
two or more layers of cells
stratified squamous
may or may not be keratinized
transitional epithelium
-only found in urinary system
-stretches when the bladder fills
fibroblasts
secrete fibers and ground substance if the ECM
macrophages
engulf bacteria and cellular debris
plasma cells
secrete antibodies
mast cells
involved in inflammatory reactions
adipocytes
fat cells, store triglycerides
white blood cells
mediate immune system response
collagen
(connective tissue fibers)
-25% of all the bodies proteins
-found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
stratified epithelium
two or more layers of cells
stratified squamous
may or may not be keratinized
transitional epithelium
-only found in urinary system
-stretches when the bladder fills
fibroblasts
secrete fibers and ground substance if the ECM
macrophages
engulf bacteria and cellular debris
plasma cells
secrete antibodies
mast cells
involved in inflammatory reactions
adipocytes
fat cells, store triglycerides
white blood cells
mediate immune system response
collagen
-25% of all the bodies proteins
-found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
elastic
(connective tissue fiber)
-can stretch up to 150% of their length
-found in lungs, blood vessels, and skin
reticular fibers
(connective tissue fiber)
-forms the stroma or framework supporting most organs
areolar connective tissue
(loose connective tissue)
-abundant type
-may contain all types of connective tissue cells and fibers
adipose tissue
(loose connective tissue)
-fat
-storage site for triglycerides
-adipocytes
reticular tissue
(loose connective tissue)
-form the framework of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes
dense regular connective tissue
-collagen fibers arranged in a regular fashion
-found in ligaments and tendons
dense irregular connective tissue
-collagen fibers irregularly arranged
-found in skin, pericardium, periosteum, and perichondrium
elastic cartilage
(dense connective tissue)
-"stretchable"
-found in lungs, heart valve, blood vessels
cartilage
-composed of chondrocytes sitting in lacunae
-surrounded by the perichondrium
hyaline cartilage
-provides support and flexibility in the joints
-reduces frictions
-acts like a shock absorber
-most abundant form in the body
fibrocartilage
-strongest type of cartilage
-found in the intervertebral discs
elastic cartilage
-helps maintain specific shapes
-outside of the ear and larynx
head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
ramus
arm-like bar of a bone
foramen
round/oval opening through a bone
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
fossa
shallow, basin-like, depression in a bone; often to articular surface
fissure
narrow, slit-like opening
groove
furrow
meatus
canal-like passage
sinus
cavity within bone lined with mucous & filled with air
axial
-runs down the axis of the body
-includes skull, vertebral column, pelvis, sternum, rib cage
how many bones does the skull have?
22 bones
cranial bones
frontal bone, temporal bones (2), parietal bones (2), occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
frontal bone
-forehead and upper eye orbit
- supraorbital margin
-supraorbital foramen
supraorbital margin
eyebrow ridge
supraorbital foramen
nerves that innervate the eyelids
temporal bone
mastoid process, styloid process, external auditory meatus, mandibular fossa, zygomatic arch
mastoid process
-attaches the sternocleidomastoid muscle (the muscle that originates at the sternum and the clavicle and inserts at the mastoid process)
- insertion moves to the origin
styloid process
where the tongue attaches
condyle
rounded articular projection
external auditory meatus
a canal like passage in the ear
mandibular fossa
attaches the jaw join to the temporal bone
zygomatic arch
posterior portion of the cheek bone
parietal bones (2)
sagittal suture, squamous suture, have grooves in them to hold the brain in tight
sagittal suture
divides the two parietals
squamous suture
separates the temporal bone from the parietals
occipital
forms the posterior inferior aspect of the skull
-lamdoid suture, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, external occipital protuberance
lamdoid suture
the suture that separates the occipital bone from the parietals
foramen magnum
the hole at the base of the skull
-the medula oblongata attaches to the spinal cord here
occipital condyles
anterior and later to the foramen magnum
-purpose is to articulate with C1
-atlas
external occipital protuberance
where the muscles attach
sphenoid
-anterior temporal all the way across to anterior temporal
-sella turcica: saddle shaped
-hypophyseal fossa
-foramen ovale
-optic foramen
hypophyseal fossa
a structure that contains the pituitary gland
foramen ovale
nerves run through there, innervates the mandible
optic foramen
optic nerve rune through it to innervate vision
facial bones (8)
maxilla, nasal, mandible, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer
maxilla (2)
-makes up the upper lip bone; makes up anterior roof of mouth
-articulates w/ every bone in the face except the mandible
-infraorbital foramen
infraorbital foramen
nerves run through it to innervate the face
nasal (2)
makes up the bridge of your nose
mandible
-jaw bone, one of the few movable bones in the skull
-ramus, mental foramen, condylar process
ramus
the lateral portion of the jaw bone
mental foramen
the nerve that innervates the lower mouth
condylar process
articulates with the mandibular fossa to make the temple mandibular joint
zygomatic (2)
makes up the later border of the eye socket
- the temporal process articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
lacrimal (2)
- small bones on the inner eye orbit
-each contains the lacrimal fossa (a vertical tunnel that houses the lacrimal process)
- in the sac is where tears pass into nasal cavity
palatine (2)
- a couple different locations
- sit behind the maxilla, L shape, runs behind the nose to the upper palate
inferior nasal conchae (2)
-the ethmoid has superior and middle nasal conchae
-inc: 2 additional bones that sit directly under the ethmoid bone
-purpose of them is to circulate and filter the air
vomer
makes up the floor of the nasal cavity
ethmoid
- sit directly under the sphenoid
- makes up a large portion of the sinuses
- names to be light
-crista galli, ethmoidal sinuses, nasal conchae
crista galli
-top part of the ethmoid
-brain attaches to it
- sits right behind the nasal bone
ethmoidal sinuses
-3-15 air pockets inside bone
-makes up sinus passages
nasal conchae
longitude projections, facilitate air circulation
cervical
-7 vertebra
-C1-C7
-curves towards the front (anterior)
C3-C7
-bifid spinous processes
-very small transverse processes
-transverse foramen
C1
-atlas
-superior articulating facets articulate with the occipital condyles
-no body
C2
-axis
-body, superior projection called Ondontoid Process (Dens)
-C1 pivots around Dens (no)
thoracic
-12 vertebra
-T1-T12
-curves towards back
-all attach to ribs (costal facets on transverse process to attach)
-spinous process
lumbar
-5 vertebra
-biggest, hold the most weight
-curve towards front
-spinous process points outward
sacral
-5 fused vertebra
-curves towards back
-sacral promontory: the upper structure
-sacral foramina: nerves go through
-sacroiliac joints: the joint between sacrum and pelvis
crista galli
-top part of the ethmoid
-brain attaches to it
- sits right behind the nasal bone
ethmoidal sinuses
-3-15 air pockets inside bone
-makes up sinus passages
nasal conchae
longitude projections, facilitate air circulation
cervical
-7 vertebra
-C1-C7
-curves towards the front (anterior)
C3-C7
-bifid spinous processes
-very small transverse processes
-transverse foramen
C1
-atlas
-superior articulating facets articulate with the occipital condyles
-no body
C2
-axis
-body, superior projection called Ondontoid Process (Dens)
-C1 pivots around Dens (no)
thoracic
-12 vertebra
-T1-T12
-curves towards back
-all attach to ribs (costal facets on transverse process to attach)
-spinous process
lumbar
-5 vertebra
-biggest, hold the most weight
-curve towards front
-spinous process points outward
sacral
-5 fused vertebra
-curves towards back
-sacral promontory: the upper structure
-sacral foramina: nerves go through
-sacroiliac joints: the joint between sacrum and pelvis
cocyx
3-4 fused vertebrae
intervertebral foraminae
spinal nerves run through here
intervertebral discs
cushion in between the vertebrae
annulus fibrosus
outside of the intervertebral disc
nucleus pulposus
-inner part of the intervertebral disc
-jelly
vertebral foramine
the spinal cord runs through here
manubrium
top part of the sternum
suprasternal notch (Jugular notch)
top of manubrium
sternal angle
where manubrium meets the body ridge below the manubrium is what doctors use to locate RIB 2.
-across from RIB 2
body
longest part of the sternum
-articulates with ribs 3-10
-body go in and out
xiphoid process
landmark of where to do CPR
true ribs
ribs 1-7
they have their own separate pathway to the sternum
false ribs
8-10
they fuse together and the cartilage inserts as one piece
--there is not a direct attachment
floating ribs
11&12
do no attach to anything
costovertebral angle
measures the angle from the spine to the end of rib 12
- locations of kidneys