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243 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why do we always describe the body in anatomical position?
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- It makes it easier for doctors to analyze the body
- it is a uniform way of describing the body so nobody gets confused. |
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What does the body look like when it is in anatomical position?
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-straightforward
-eyes facing the direction of the people observing -head at level position -feet on the ground facing same direction -person's palms are up facing observer -arms side of the body |
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prone
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standing with palms down
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supine
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stand with palms up
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anterior
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the front or belly side
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posterior
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the back
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distal
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further from the point of attachment
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medial
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towards the midline
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lateral
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away from the midline
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frontal
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cuts the body into anterior and posterior
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coronal
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cuts the body into anterior and posterior
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sagittal
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vertical cut that cuts the body into left and right sides
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parasagittal
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sagittal plane that is off to the side
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midsagittal
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sagittal plane down the midline
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oblique
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a plane that is on an angle
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contralateral
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something on the opposite side of the body
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ipsilateral
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something on the same side of the body
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superior
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towards the head or above
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inferior
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towards the feet or the tail of the body
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transverse (cross-section)
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cuts the body into superior and inferior sections
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coronal
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cuts the body into anterior and posterior
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sagittal
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vertical cut that cuts the body into left and right sides
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parasagittal
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sagittal plane that is off to the side
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midsagittal
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sagittal plane down the midline
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oblique
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a plane that is on an angle
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contralateral
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something on the opposite side of the body
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ipsilateral
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something on the same side of the body
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superior
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towards the head or above
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inferior
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towards the feet or the tail of the body
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transverse (cross-section)
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cuts the body into superior and inferior sections
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dorsal
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towards the back
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ventral
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near the front or underside of the body
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cranial
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towards the head or above
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caudal
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towards the tail
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extension
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to increase the angle at the joint
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abduction
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moving limbs away from the midline
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adduction
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moving limbs towards the midline
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circumduction
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rotation of a joint
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dorsiflexion
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flexion with toes up
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dorsal
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towards the back
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ventral
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near the front or underside of the body
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cranial
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towards the head or above
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caudal
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towards the tail
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extension
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to increase the angle at the joint
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abduction
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moving limbs away from the midline
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adduction
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moving limbs towards the midline
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circumduction
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rotation of a joint
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dorsiflexion
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flexion with toes up
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plantar flexion
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flexion causing toes to be pointed
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lateral flexion
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bending to the side
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dorsal surface
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the back
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palmar surface
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the palm
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plantar surface
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the foot
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pronation
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rotational movement of palm moving downward
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supination
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rotating from palms down to palms up (hold soup with palms up)
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inversion
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when the ankle rolls outward
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eversion
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roll your medial ankle inward
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flexion
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to decrease the angle of the joints
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hyperextension
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extension beyond 180 degrees
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isometric contraction
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holding the muscles in a stable position
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abdominal
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in your stomach
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antecubital
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front of the elbow. where the nurse draws blood
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axillary
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the armpit region
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brachial
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above the arm
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antebrachial
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lower arm
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buccal
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cheek
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carpal
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in the wrist
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cervical
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the front of the neck
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digital (phalangeal
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fingers and toes
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femoral
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thigh
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inguinal
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groin
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nasal
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nose
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oral
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mouth
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orbital
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eyes
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patellar
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knees
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peroneal
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lateral side of the shin
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pubic
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pubis region
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sternal
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chest more specifically the breast bone
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tarsal
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ankle
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thoracic
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entire chest from abdomen up
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umbilical
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navel
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pedal
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foot
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otic
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eye
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chin
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mental
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dorsum
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top of the foot
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hip
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coxsal
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crural
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lower leg
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cephalic
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head
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deltoid (acromial)
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shoulder region
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gluteal
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butt
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lumbar
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lower back
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occipital
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base of your skull
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popliteal
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behind your knee
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scapular
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shoulder blades
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sural
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back of the calf
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vertebral
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spine
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plantar
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sole of the foot
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calcaneal
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heel of the foot
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homeostasis
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-when a process is moving out of a typical range
-ex: temperature |
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positive feedback loop
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-when the response is accelerated
- ex: |
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negative feedback loop
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-a reversal of the initial response
-ex: |
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skeletal muscle
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-cylinder shaped
-striated: stiped, aids in contraction -voluntary -muscle that is attached to bones -provides external motion -works in motion |
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smooth muscle
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-cells are tapered on each end
-spindle -1 nuclei -provides involuntary contraction (breathing, stomach) -lines the insides of organs and blood vessels -no striations |
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cardiac muscle
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-tissue that is found in the heart
-involuntary -striated -branches -contains intercalated discs: holds the fibers all together |
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origin
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--
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insertion
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--
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simple epithelium
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-1 layer
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pseudostratified epithelium
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-fake stratified tissue (only one layer but the nuclei are scattered)
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homeostasis
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-when a process is moving out of a typical range
-ex: temperature |
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positive feedback loop
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-when the response is accelerated
- ex: |
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negative feedback loop
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-a reversal of the initial response
-ex: |
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skeletal muscle
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-cylinder shaped
-striated: stiped, aids in contraction -voluntary -muscle that is attached to bones -provides external motion -works in motion |
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smooth muscle
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-cells are tapered on each end
-spindle -1 nuclei -provides involuntary contraction (breathing, stomach) -lines the insides of organs and blood vessels -no striations |
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cardiac muscle
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-tissue that is found in the heart
-involuntary -striated -branches -contains intercalated discs: holds the fibers all together |
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origin
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--
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insertion
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--
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simple epithelium
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-1 layer
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pseudostratified epithelium
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-fake stratified tissue (only one layer but the nuclei are scattered)
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stratified epithelium
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-multiple layers of flat cells
-a lot of layers because lost or damages cells from the top are replaced with cells from underneath -multiple layers of different shaped cells -areas of very high friction -keratinized: waterproofing, areas like superficial layer of skin -nonkeratinized: found in moist sections (esophagus, tongue, mouth, vagina) - endure a lot of friction |
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squamous
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very skinny and flat like floor tile
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cuboidal
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as wide as they are tall
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columnar
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tall and skinny
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transitional
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cell shape is varied
-allows from expansion and shrinking |
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simple squamous epithelium
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-very skinny & flat like floor tile
-used in filtration and exchange -kidneys, lungs(alveoli) |
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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-cube shaped
-as wide as they are tall -used in secretion and excretion -thyroid gland, kidneys |
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non-ciliated simple columnar
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-contain microvilli that increase rate of absorption
-found in digestive, reproductive, urinary, and respiratory systems |
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ciliated simple columnar
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-have cilia
-help move eggs through fallopian tube - CSF through the central nervous system |
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pseudostratified columar epithelium
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-nuclei at different heights
-all cells reach basement membrane |
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stratified epithelium
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two or more layers of cells
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stratified squamous
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may or may not be keratinized
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transitional epithelium
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-only found in urinary system
-stretches when the bladder fills |
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fibroblasts
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secrete fibers and ground substance if the ECM
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macrophages
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engulf bacteria and cellular debris
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plasma cells
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secrete antibodies
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mast cells
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involved in inflammatory reactions
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adipocytes
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fat cells, store triglycerides
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white blood cells
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mediate immune system response
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collagen
(connective tissue fibers) |
-25% of all the bodies proteins
-found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments |
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stratified epithelium
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two or more layers of cells
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stratified squamous
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may or may not be keratinized
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transitional epithelium
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-only found in urinary system
-stretches when the bladder fills |
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fibroblasts
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secrete fibers and ground substance if the ECM
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macrophages
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engulf bacteria and cellular debris
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plasma cells
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secrete antibodies
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mast cells
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involved in inflammatory reactions
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adipocytes
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fat cells, store triglycerides
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white blood cells
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mediate immune system response
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collagen
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-25% of all the bodies proteins
-found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments |
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elastic
(connective tissue fiber) |
-can stretch up to 150% of their length
-found in lungs, blood vessels, and skin |
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reticular fibers
(connective tissue fiber) |
-forms the stroma or framework supporting most organs
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areolar connective tissue
(loose connective tissue) |
-abundant type
-may contain all types of connective tissue cells and fibers |
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adipose tissue
(loose connective tissue) |
-fat
-storage site for triglycerides -adipocytes |
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reticular tissue
(loose connective tissue) |
-form the framework of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes
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dense regular connective tissue
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-collagen fibers arranged in a regular fashion
-found in ligaments and tendons |
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dense irregular connective tissue
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-collagen fibers irregularly arranged
-found in skin, pericardium, periosteum, and perichondrium |
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elastic cartilage
(dense connective tissue) |
-"stretchable"
-found in lungs, heart valve, blood vessels |
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cartilage
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-composed of chondrocytes sitting in lacunae
-surrounded by the perichondrium |
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hyaline cartilage
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-provides support and flexibility in the joints
-reduces frictions -acts like a shock absorber -most abundant form in the body |
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fibrocartilage
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-strongest type of cartilage
-found in the intervertebral discs |
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elastic cartilage
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-helps maintain specific shapes
-outside of the ear and larynx |
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head
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bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
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ramus
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arm-like bar of a bone
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foramen
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round/oval opening through a bone
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facet
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smooth, nearly flat articular surface
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fossa
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shallow, basin-like, depression in a bone; often to articular surface
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fissure
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narrow, slit-like opening
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groove
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furrow
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meatus
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canal-like passage
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sinus
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cavity within bone lined with mucous & filled with air
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axial
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-runs down the axis of the body
-includes skull, vertebral column, pelvis, sternum, rib cage |
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how many bones does the skull have?
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22 bones
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cranial bones
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frontal bone, temporal bones (2), parietal bones (2), occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
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frontal bone
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-forehead and upper eye orbit
- supraorbital margin -supraorbital foramen |
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supraorbital margin
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eyebrow ridge
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supraorbital foramen
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nerves that innervate the eyelids
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temporal bone
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mastoid process, styloid process, external auditory meatus, mandibular fossa, zygomatic arch
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mastoid process
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-attaches the sternocleidomastoid muscle (the muscle that originates at the sternum and the clavicle and inserts at the mastoid process)
- insertion moves to the origin |
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styloid process
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where the tongue attaches
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condyle
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rounded articular projection
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external auditory meatus
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a canal like passage in the ear
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mandibular fossa
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attaches the jaw join to the temporal bone
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zygomatic arch
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posterior portion of the cheek bone
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parietal bones (2)
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sagittal suture, squamous suture, have grooves in them to hold the brain in tight
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sagittal suture
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divides the two parietals
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squamous suture
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separates the temporal bone from the parietals
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occipital
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forms the posterior inferior aspect of the skull
-lamdoid suture, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, external occipital protuberance |
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lamdoid suture
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the suture that separates the occipital bone from the parietals
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foramen magnum
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the hole at the base of the skull
-the medula oblongata attaches to the spinal cord here |
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occipital condyles
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anterior and later to the foramen magnum
-purpose is to articulate with C1 -atlas |
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external occipital protuberance
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where the muscles attach
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sphenoid
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-anterior temporal all the way across to anterior temporal
-sella turcica: saddle shaped -hypophyseal fossa -foramen ovale -optic foramen |
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hypophyseal fossa
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a structure that contains the pituitary gland
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foramen ovale
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nerves run through there, innervates the mandible
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optic foramen
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optic nerve rune through it to innervate vision
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facial bones (8)
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maxilla, nasal, mandible, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer
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maxilla (2)
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-makes up the upper lip bone; makes up anterior roof of mouth
-articulates w/ every bone in the face except the mandible -infraorbital foramen |
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infraorbital foramen
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nerves run through it to innervate the face
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nasal (2)
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makes up the bridge of your nose
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mandible
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-jaw bone, one of the few movable bones in the skull
-ramus, mental foramen, condylar process |
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ramus
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the lateral portion of the jaw bone
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mental foramen
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the nerve that innervates the lower mouth
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condylar process
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articulates with the mandibular fossa to make the temple mandibular joint
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zygomatic (2)
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makes up the later border of the eye socket
- the temporal process articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone |
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lacrimal (2)
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- small bones on the inner eye orbit
-each contains the lacrimal fossa (a vertical tunnel that houses the lacrimal process) - in the sac is where tears pass into nasal cavity |
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palatine (2)
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- a couple different locations
- sit behind the maxilla, L shape, runs behind the nose to the upper palate |
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inferior nasal conchae (2)
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-the ethmoid has superior and middle nasal conchae
-inc: 2 additional bones that sit directly under the ethmoid bone -purpose of them is to circulate and filter the air |
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vomer
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makes up the floor of the nasal cavity
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ethmoid
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- sit directly under the sphenoid
- makes up a large portion of the sinuses - names to be light -crista galli, ethmoidal sinuses, nasal conchae |
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crista galli
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-top part of the ethmoid
-brain attaches to it - sits right behind the nasal bone |
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ethmoidal sinuses
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-3-15 air pockets inside bone
-makes up sinus passages |
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nasal conchae
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longitude projections, facilitate air circulation
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cervical
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-7 vertebra
-C1-C7 -curves towards the front (anterior) |
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C3-C7
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-bifid spinous processes
-very small transverse processes -transverse foramen |
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C1
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-atlas
-superior articulating facets articulate with the occipital condyles -no body |
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C2
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-axis
-body, superior projection called Ondontoid Process (Dens) -C1 pivots around Dens (no) |
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thoracic
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-12 vertebra
-T1-T12 -curves towards back -all attach to ribs (costal facets on transverse process to attach) -spinous process |
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lumbar
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-5 vertebra
-biggest, hold the most weight -curve towards front -spinous process points outward |
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sacral
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-5 fused vertebra
-curves towards back -sacral promontory: the upper structure -sacral foramina: nerves go through -sacroiliac joints: the joint between sacrum and pelvis |
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crista galli
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-top part of the ethmoid
-brain attaches to it - sits right behind the nasal bone |
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ethmoidal sinuses
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-3-15 air pockets inside bone
-makes up sinus passages |
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nasal conchae
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longitude projections, facilitate air circulation
|
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cervical
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-7 vertebra
-C1-C7 -curves towards the front (anterior) |
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C3-C7
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-bifid spinous processes
-very small transverse processes -transverse foramen |
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C1
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-atlas
-superior articulating facets articulate with the occipital condyles -no body |
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C2
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-axis
-body, superior projection called Ondontoid Process (Dens) -C1 pivots around Dens (no) |
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thoracic
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-12 vertebra
-T1-T12 -curves towards back -all attach to ribs (costal facets on transverse process to attach) -spinous process |
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lumbar
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-5 vertebra
-biggest, hold the most weight -curve towards front -spinous process points outward |
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sacral
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-5 fused vertebra
-curves towards back -sacral promontory: the upper structure -sacral foramina: nerves go through -sacroiliac joints: the joint between sacrum and pelvis |
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cocyx
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3-4 fused vertebrae
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intervertebral foraminae
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spinal nerves run through here
|
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intervertebral discs
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cushion in between the vertebrae
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annulus fibrosus
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outside of the intervertebral disc
|
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nucleus pulposus
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-inner part of the intervertebral disc
-jelly |
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vertebral foramine
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the spinal cord runs through here
|
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manubrium
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top part of the sternum
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suprasternal notch (Jugular notch)
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top of manubrium
|
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sternal angle
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where manubrium meets the body ridge below the manubrium is what doctors use to locate RIB 2.
-across from RIB 2 |
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body
|
longest part of the sternum
-articulates with ribs 3-10 -body go in and out |
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xiphoid process
|
landmark of where to do CPR
|
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true ribs
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ribs 1-7
they have their own separate pathway to the sternum |
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false ribs
|
8-10
they fuse together and the cartilage inserts as one piece --there is not a direct attachment |
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floating ribs
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11&12
do no attach to anything |
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costovertebral angle
|
measures the angle from the spine to the end of rib 12
- locations of kidneys |